Popular Autonomous University of Veracruz

Headquarters: Tihuatlán

Subject: criminal sociology

Professor: Eusebio Díaz Hernández
Roberto Méndez Alvarado
Trimester: third

Content
2.4. manifestation of crime in the states
2.4.1. totalitarian states
2.4.2. liberal states...............................................................................................................3
2.4.3. capitalist and communist states.....................................................................................3
2.5. the punitive powertfrom the state....................................................................................................5
2.5.1. social surveillance..........................................................5
2.5.2. public safety, state obligation
Sources of information.....................................................................................................................7

2.4. manifestation of crime in the states

Crime is a social phenomenon that depends both on the treatment it receives in the
media as well as public policies designed for their prevention. In
In this sense, young people are not exempt from playing a regrettable role
events that are influenced by the constructed public perception of crime
and of the perpetrator, as well as by the economic adjustments caused by globalization and its.
direct consequences in the increase of poverty and the unequal distribution of
wealth. It concerns young adults who become potentially vulnerable as
result of the living conditions and the levels of insecurity in which one lives.
We are then talking about certain conditions of exclusion and social segregation of young people.
adults in general, and particularly those who have committed any crime or offense to
the law, they are young people who mostly come particularly from the sectors
popular, who become recipients of an obsessive treatment by the media
informative, in which the narrative specifies the description of the young perpetrator with an endless
of qualifiers and stigmatizations, with which a public opinion is constructed that
justifies the climate of social violence towards young delinquents.
However, the problem of crime in contemporary societies is not only
find related to the imaginary construction of a public enemy; this image
it is confabulated with a structural violence edited by the media and by the
construction of a social scenario of fear, resulting from the insecurity identified in
certain groups and social spaces, with which their inhabitants are labeled and marked. In this
meaning, being young, belonging to a certain social group and living in a certain
space equates, according to this imagery, to being dangerous, drug-addicted, a pothead or violent.
Thus, when a crime occurs, the media shows the image of a young person.
unbalanced and they put a lot of emphasis on the description of certain ethnic appearance traits
the racial.
Consequently, we are interested in reflecting on the social conditions and
cultural factors that have become conditioning factors for young adults,
especially from the popular sectors and who are deprived of their liberty in the
Prevention and Social Reintegration Centers of the State of Mexico shall be the recipients
of a violence, exclusion, and authoritarianism that tend to fixate on them, obsessively,
the fears, misunderstandings, and concerns provoked by their state of vulnerability
extremes in society. It is about paying close attention and identifying those conditions
that not only identify them as public enemies, on the contrary, behind these
Circumstances underlie an undeliberated control and the exclusion of poverty.
2.4.1. totalitarian states
Totalitarianism is the term used to refer to ideologies, movements, and the
political regimes where freedom is seriously restricted and the State exercises all the
power without divisions or restrictions. Totalitarianism, or totalitarian regimes, are
differ from other autocratic regimes by being led by a political party that
pretends to be or behaves in practice like a single party and merges with the
state institutions. Generally, these regimes exalt the figure of a character
that has unlimited power that reaches all areas and manifests itself through the
authority exercised hierarchically. They a mass movement in which
it aims to frame society as a whole (with the purpose of shaping a new person in a
perfect society), and they make intense use of propaganda and various mechanisms of
social control and repression such as the secret police.
Totalitarianism is a form of State or government, that is to say, a way of organizing the
four components of it (territory, population, government, power and according to the author,
also the legal or the law). Totalitarianism is not simply a form of
government is an organization regarding the people who wield power, a whole form
of the state, of a non-democratic type that is characterized, like authoritarianism, by the lack
of recognition of freedom and human rights. However, it differs from the
authoritarianism in which totalitarianism exists a denial of freedom and rights
individuals, also ignoring the dignity of the human person, turning the
social classes in masses. Totalitarianism considers the State as an end in itself, and
therefore it maximizes it, and since power exists for the purpose of things, if we consider
to the State as an end, these two components of politics are correlative, as a consequence
A larger state gives us greater power. Thus, the power of the totalitarian state it
everything is possible because the end encompasses everything. Mussolini illustrated this in the slogan 'everything in the
State, everything for the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.

2.4.2. liberal states

The term liberal state refers to a certain configuration in the legal-political order of a state,
characterized by aspects such as the separation of public powers, democracy,
a free market economic system, the unconditional submission to the law and to the
constitution, the existence of a rule of law, and respect for individual freedoms
of the citizens and private property, among other things. The liberal state emerges as
consequence of the crisis of the absolutist political model, typical of regimes
monarchists, which gave rise to the liberal revolution, through which the model was replaced
monarchical, the ancien régime, by the liberal model or new regime. In this sense, the
The liberal state is a political system characteristic of the beginning of the Age
Contemporary, and as such, it remains relevant to our present time.
The liberal state is characterized, politically, by the separation of powers, the absolute
distinction between Church and State, and a democratic system of multipartite nature with
periodic elections that guarantee the alternation of power. In legal terms, it is established
about the principle of legality. In this sense, it offers the individual a state of law,
which guarantees their individual rights, the exercise of freedom, equality before the
law, freedom of expression, among other things, all of which translates into legal certainty.
In social matters, it offers a theoretical equality of opportunity for everyone to conquer the
place that corresponds to him in society according to his merits, abilities, or work,
leaving behind the privileges of caste or lineage of the estate society. In the economic aspect,
is characterized by the unrestricted respect for private property, the free market, and a
limited state intervention.
2.4.3. capitalist and communist states
Communism
it is a political system and a mode of socioeconomic organization, characterized by the
common ownership of the means of production, as well as the absence of classes
social, market, and state. Communism, as a project of socialization of the
means of production, emerged in the 16th century, in the form of various economic theories
based on agrarian collectivism. The most well-known was the work Utopia, by Thomas
Moro, and the babuvin revolutionary ideology, which derived from the Jacobin movement of the
French Revolution. The communist ideology became, at the beginning of the 19th century, a
complex industrial economic project, thanks to the different currents of the so-called
utopian socialism, anarchism, and the workers' branches of socialism and communism.
Currently, the most well-known of these movements was the scientific socialism of the
German thinkers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Both authors wrote in 1848 the
Manifesto of the Communist Party. Due to the influence of its work, the communist movement
adopted a revolutionary interpretation of history and the form of political party,
subsequently becoming a unified international organization under Marxist theses.
According to Marxism, history is understood as a constant class struggle whose beginning
it is due to the emergence of various forms of property, which stratify
society according to its relations of production (exploited or exploiters). These
relationships generate, over time, the conditions to be replaced by other forms
of exploitation and a new dominant class in a revolutionary sequence of modes of
production. In capitalism, the two main classes are the proletariat (class
worker), who makes up the majority of the population and sells their labor power; and the
bourgeoisie (capitalist class), which constitutes a small minority that makes profits from
through the use of wage labor through private ownership of the means
of production. However, the capitalist mode of production generates a growing series
of cyclical crises that can only be resolved with a proletarian revolution, which
requires in turn, the construction of communism. To achieve this end, it must be organized.
a communist party that conquers political power and puts the working class in the
power, in turn, would establish the social ownership of the means of production, which is the
main element in the transformation of society towards Christian communism.
Communism, in the political sense, is a movement whose doctrine is based on
Marxism and that, according to this doctrine, has as its main objective the takeover.
transitory power of the State for the establishment of a social revolution that, through
of three phases, set up a socialist/communist economic and social organization based on
the collective control of production. Communism is represented by an organization
international known as the Communist International that coordinates in each
region to a political party that usually bears the name of communist.

Capitalism
State capitalism is a model that prioritizes the State as a participant in the
economy through state-owned companies and competing with the private sector within the
economic system. In a capitalist social and economic environment, the institutions and
governments supervise and control the economic activity of the territory in question
following guidelines and practices of capitalist tone. In that sense, it is understood that it
apply the operation of a capitalist company to the way in which it is managed
Management of a State. To achieve this, very diverse microeconomic practices are applied.
to a macroeconomic and national level management. Its origin is attributed to the growth of
phenomenon of the bourgeoisie. Thus, the economic elites of diplomats, merchants and
bourgeois entrepreneurs took political and economic control in countries such as
England in its colonial phase. These agents applied methodologies to politics with the
who acted and made a fortune in their businesses.
Governments of this type seek to increase national benefit and the increase of
the country's wealth to subsequently invest these profits in new production points.
This is carried out through companies or state-type societies that participate in the
markets in the form of public enterprises, seeking to obtain economic benefits and not
leaving private companies to assume that activity completely (monopolistic capitalism
of the state), or at least competing with them. It is also common for the State to absorb or
nationalize companies, rescue them after bankruptcy or expropriate them for various reasons and take over
its control. The sectors most prone to this are energy resources (companies
state-owned oil companies), raw materials or distribution of goods and services.

2.5. the punitive power of the state

The punitive power of the State refers to the exclusive exercise that the State has to
to exercise legitimate violence for the benefit of the members of one's own community. It is about
of a monopoly established politically and legitimized in the Constitution, which must
rely on a comprehensive criminal policy that fundamentally has the
material, technical, and human capacity to carry it out; since it is irresponsible
legislate on paper, without even having the minimum elements to carry it out
legally stipulated. And we cannot overlook the example of the prison system
Mexican who recently lived through one of his worst moments, with the escape of one of the
most dangerous drug traffickers.
It should be noted that the punitive exercise that corresponds exclusively to the State has
motivated the organization of a penal system that does not refer only to the legal aspect, but to
other elements that formally or informally impact it. Thus, to address the analysis
of the Mexican penal system, it is necessary to review the variables that are articulated around the
Same, so we have: On one hand, the formally established legal system: Constitutions
federal and state, federal and state criminal legislation, special laws, organic laws,
regulations and, on occasions, circulars. b). A bureaucratic apparatus that is responsible for the
application of those criminal laws in the different areas of government, both at the level
preventive, like repressive. c). The economic and social policy established by the State that,
somehow it affects the prosecution and administration of justice and in the prevention of
crime. d). The international commitments that the Mexican state assumes and the image
international that wants to show.
Other variables that are undoubtedly independent of the configuration of power itself
punitive, they are: a). Crime in its different manifestations, from street crime and not
organized, including organized crime, and white-collar crime. b). Public perception
about security, crime, and the actions of the authorities; here we are talking about the
civil society but, regarding a specific subject which is crime and the levels of
insecurity that society perceives, where the participation of the
media. c). The economic and social situation that society is experiencing.
Mexican and that constitutes a fundamental factor, in various ways, for the incidence.
of criminal behaviors.

2.5.1. social monitoring

Surveillance, by literal definition, is the action of watching over a person or thing that is
one's charge. Accurate gaze on something. When we talk about "Social Surveillance,"
we must understand that this concept encompasses the set of actions carried out by the
population to ensure compliance with their duties and rights. The basis of the
Social surveillance is the participation of the population and the level of development of its
abilities for these purposes. A community prepared for participation, with
full knowledge of their rights and duties can exercise efficient oversight over
the actions carried out by the State, as a natural and spontaneous result that reveals the degree
of maturity reached by society To achieve this, it would only be necessary to discuss and create its own
mechanisms. But under the current circumstances, it is difficult for this to happen without processes that
sensitize, empower and involve the citizen in a permanent and sustained manner.
The active participation of civil society organizations, especially groups of
women, in the development of security policies and oversight of structures, policies
and practices of security institutions constitute a crucial element of accountability
of sector accounts and can:
Ensure that the different perspectives and security needs of various
groups within the population when planning and developing the measures of
national and local security;
Help strengthen the sense of ownership of the sector reform processes
security
Improve the value and relevance of community safety initiatives;
y
Promote the intensification of actions to end violence against
women and girls.
Civil society organizations need to be represented and contribute to the
political discussions in order to play an effective role in monitoring the
accountability of the sector. In this sense, the security oversight bodies
must include the participation of women's organizations, especially groups that
defend survivors of violence and work with them (for example, civil juntas of
review, public complaint commissions and independent monitoring groups). These
joint socio-governmental bodies can develop, review and coordinate the
implementation of national policies and action plans on violence against
women, ensuring they include specific measures and set key responsibilities
from the security institutions.

2.5.2. public security, state obligation

Public safety is a function entrusted to the State and municipalities, which has the purpose of
fines to safeguard the integrity and rights of individuals, as well as to preserve the
freedoms, public order and peace; it includes special and general prevention of the
crimes, the investigation to make it effective, as well as the investigation and prosecution of
the crimes, the social reintegration of the individual, and the sanctioning of the offenses
administrative, in the respective competencies.
Members of public security institutions:
Police institutions, that is, police forces, surveillance and custody of the
penitentiary establishments, preventive detention facilities, and centers for arraigo
Of the prosecution of justice
Of the penitentiary system
State and municipal public security dependencies
All must be governed by the principles of legality, objectivity, professionalism, integrity,
efficiency, honesty, and respect for human rights. Whenever public force is used
it will be done in a rational, consistent, timely manner and with respect for human rights.
To this end, the members of the police institutions must adhere to protocols,
regulatory and administrative provisions applicable such as article 21 of the
Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, the Code of Conduct for
officials responsible for enforcing the Law, the State Security Law of
Mexico and municipal ordinances.

Sources of information

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Totalitarianism refers to a political system where the state seeks to regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life. It is characterized by the concentration of power in a leader or a party, extensive propaganda campaigns, and the use of repression against political opposition. Totalitarian regimes often employ surveillance, censorship, and state-controlled media to maintain control over their citizens.
Significados.com. (09/08/2016). Liberal state.Invalid input. Please provide a text to translate.
liberal
Wikipedia contributors. (June 10, 2021). Communism. Wikipedia.
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State Capitalism
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UN women. (29 of December 2011). Surveillance social.
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Flores, R. (June 2001). Toward the definition of a social surveillance system of the
critical programs for social development. Asocam.
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Human Rights Commission of Mexico. (n.d.). Rights and obligations of the
institutions of Security Public.
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Cisneros, J. (June 2007). Culture, youth and delinquency in the State of Mexico. Scielo.
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