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 Social Psychology
and Human Nature

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
This page intentionally left blank
 SECOND EDITION

Social Psychology
and Human Nature

Roy F. Baumeister
Florida State University

Brad J. Bushman
University of Michigan
VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 Social Psychology and Human Nature, © 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Second Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be
Roy F. Baumeister, Brad J. Bushman reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic,
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 We dedicate this book to our mentors and to their mentors, in appreciation
of the teaching of psychology through these relationships.

Roy F. Baumeister (1953- ) Brad J. Bushman (1960- )

Ph.D. 1978, Princeton University Ph.D. 1989, University of Missouri
| |
Edward E. Jones (1926-1993) Russell G. Geen (1932- )
Ph.D. 1953, Harvard University Ph.D. 1967, University of Wisconsin
| |
Jerome S. Bruner (1915- ) Leonard Berkowitz (1926- )
Ph.D. 1941, Harvard University Ph.D. 1951, University of Michigan
| |
Gordon Allport (1897-1967) Daniel Katz (1903-1998)
Ph.D. 1922, Harvard University Ph.D. 1928, Syracuse University
| |
Herbert S. Langfeld (1879-1958) Floyd H. Allport (1879-1958)
Ph.D. 1909, University of Berlin Ph.D. 1919, Harvard University
|
Carl Stumpf (1848-1936) Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916) Edwin B. Holt (1873-1946)
Ph.D. 1868, University of Leipzig Ph.D. 1885, Leipzig University Ph.D. 1901, Harvard University
M.D. 1887, Heidelberg University
| |
Rudolf H. Lotze (1817-1881)
| William James (1840-1910)
M.D. 1838, University of Leipzig Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) M.D. 1869, Harvard University
M.D. 1856, Harvard University

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
This page intentionally left blank
about the authors
Roy F. Baumeister holds the Eppes Eminent Professorship in Psychology at
Florida State University, where he is the head of the social psychology graduate
program and teaches social psychology to students at all levels. He has taught
introductory social psychology to thousands of undergraduate students. He
received his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1978, and his teaching and research activi-
ties have included appointments at the University of California at Berkeley, Case
Western Reserve University, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of
Virginia, the Max Planck Institute in Munich (Germany), and the Center for
Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford. Baumeister is an active
researcher whose work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health
and by the Templeton Foundation. He has done research on the self (includ-
ing self-esteem and self-control), the need to belong, sexuality, aggression, and
how people find meaning in life. In 2005, the Institute for Scientific Information
concluded from a survey of published bibliographies that he was among the most
influential psychologists in the world. His publications have been cited over
5,000 times. The first edition of this textbook was his 300th publication, and he
now has over 400. Baumeister lives with his wife and daughter by a small lake
in Tallahassee, Florida. In his (very rare) spare time, he likes to play guitar and
piano or go windsurfing.

Brad J. Bushman is Professor of Psychology and Communication Studies at the

University of Michigan. He is also a professor at the VU University Amsterdam,
the Netherlands, where he teaches and does research in the summer. He received
his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1989. He has taught introductory
social psychology courses for about 20 years. Dubbed the “Myth Buster” by one
colleague, Bushman’s research has challenged several societal myths (e.g., violent
media have a trivial effect on aggression, venting anger reduces aggression, violent
people suffer from low self-esteem, violence and sex on TV sell products, warn-
ing labels repel consumers). His research has been published in the top scientific
journals (e.g., Science, Nature) and has been featured on television (e.g., ABC
News 20/20, Discovery Channel), on radio (e.g., NPR, BBC, CBC), in magazines
(e.g., Newsweek, Sports Illustrated), and in newspapers (e.g., New York Times, Wall
Street Journal). He lives in Ann Arbor, Michigan with his wife Tammy Stafford,
and their three children Becca, Nathan, and Branden. In his spare time he likes
to ride his bicycle (especially in Amsterdam), cross-country ski, and listen to jazz
music (e.g., Miles Davis, John Coltrane, and the BBG Trio [Han Bennink,
Michiel Borstlap, and Ernst Glerum]).

vii

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This page intentionally left blank
brief contents
Preface xix

CHAPTER 1 The Mission and the Method 1

CHAPTER 2 Culture and Nature 25

CHAPTER 3 The Self 57

CHAPTER 4 Choices and Actions: The Self in Control 97

CHAPTER 5 Social Cognition 125

CHAPTER 6 Emotion and Affect 159

CHAPTER 7 Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency 197

CHAPTER 8 Social Influence and Persuasion 223

CHAPTER 9 Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others 255

CHAPTER 10 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior 287

CHAPTER 11 Attraction and Exclusion 323

CHAPTER 12 Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality 351

CHAPTER 13 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations 391

CHAPTER 14 Groups 429

Application Modules
A Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior A1
B Applying Social Psychology to Health B1
C Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace B1
D Applying Social Psychology to Law C1
E Applying Social Psychology to the Environment D1

Glossary G1

References R1

Name Index N1

Subject Index S1

ix

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This page intentionally left blank
contents
Preface xix

chapter 1 The Mission and the Method 1

Social Psychology’s Place in the Overview of the Scientific
Social Sciences p. 7 Method p. 11 Food for Thought: Does
Social Psychology’s Place Within Scientific Theories p. 12 Chicken Soup Reduce
Psychology p. 8 Research Design p. 14 Cold Symptoms? p. 12

WHY PEOPLE HOW MUCH OF

STUDY SOCIAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY p. 9 IS TRUE? p. 20
Curiosity About People p. 9 Self-Correcting Nature
A BRIEF HISTORY Experimental Philosophy p. 9 of Science p. 20
OF SOCIAL Making the World Better p. 10 Reliance on Student
PSYCHOLOGY p. 3 Social Psychology Is Fun! p. 10 Samples p. 20
WHAT DO SOCIAL HOW DO SOCIAL Cultural Relativity p. 21
PSYCHOLOGISTS PSYCHOLOGISTS CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 21
DO? p. 6 ANSWER THEIR OWN
QUESTIONS? p. 11
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY’S
PLACE IN THE Accumulated Common
WORLD p. 7 Wisdom p. 11

chapter 2 Culture and Nature 25

CULTURE AND HUMAN Built to Relate p. 45
SOCIAL LIFE p. 32 Nature Says Go, Culture Says Money Matters: Nature,
Social Animal or Cultural Stop p. 46 Culture, and
Animal? p. 32 Selfish Impulse Versus Social Money p. 34
Culture Defined p. 33 Conscience p. 47 Food for Thought: Virtuous
Nature and Culture Tradeoffs: When You Can’t Have Vegetarians p. 35
Interacting p. 35 It All p. 48
The Social Side of Sex: Sex
What Makes Cultural Putting People First p. 50
and Culture p. 36
Animals? p. 37
NATURE AND SOCIAL CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 53
Are People the Same Tradeoffs: Political
BEHAVIOR p. 27
Everywhere? p. 39 Tradeoffs p. 50
Explaining the Psyche p. 27
Nature Defined p. 28 IMPORTANT FEATURES What Makes Us
Evolution, and Doing What’s OF HUMAN SOCIAL Human? Putting the
Natural p. 28 LIFE p. 41 Cultural Animal in
Social Animals p. 30 The Duplex Mind p. 41 Perspective p. 53
The Social Brain p. 31 The Long Road to Social
Acceptance p. 45

xi

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chapter 3 The Self 57
Looking at Others: Social How People Fool
Comparison p. 70 Themselves p. 83 Food for Thought: Eating
Self-Perception p. 71 Benefits of Self-Esteem p. 84 Binges and Escaping the
The Fluctuating Image(s) Why Do We Care? p. 85 Self p. 66
of Self p. 71 Is High Self-Esteem Always Money Matters: Doing It for
Why People Seek Good? p. 87 Money, Not Love p. 71
Self-Knowledge p. 73 Pursuing Self-Esteem p. 88
Tradeoffs: Self-
SELF AND INFORMATION SELF-PRESENTATION p. 89 Handicapping p. 75
WHAT IS THE SELF? p. 59 PROCESSING p. 77 Who’s Looking? p. 90
The Social Side of Sex: Self-
The Self’s Main Jobs p. 59 Anything That Touches Making an Impression p. 91
Esteem and Saying No to
Who Makes the Self: The the Self . . . p. 77 Self-Presentation and Risky
Sex p. 86
Individual or Society? p. 60 Can the Self-Concept Behavior p. 93
Self-Awareness p. 64 Change? p. 78 What Makes Us
CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 94
Human? Putting the
WHERE SELF-KNOWLEDGE SELF-ESTEEM, SELF-
Cultural Animal in
COMES FROM p. 67 DECEPTION,
AND POSITIVE Perspective p. 94
Looking Outside: The Looking-
Glass Self p. 68 ILLUSIONS p. 81
Looking Inside: Self-Esteem p. 81
Introspection p. 69 Reality and Illusion p. 82

chapter 4 Choices and Actions: The Self in Control 97

Free Action Comes From IRRATIONALITY AND SELF-
Inside p. 106 DESTRUCTION p. 117 Money Matters: How
Having an Out, Versus No Escape Self-Defeating Acts: Being Your Money Can Trick You
p. 107 Own Worst Enemy p. 118 Into Making Bad
Suicide p. 119 Decisions p. 101
GOALS, PLANS,
INTENTIONS p. 108 CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 122 The Social Side of Sex:
Setting and Pursuing Gender, Sex, and
Goals p. 108 Decisions p. 102
WHAT YOU DO, AND WHAT IT Hierarchy of Goals p. 109 Food for Thought: Dieting
MEANS p. 99 Multiple Goals and Goal as Self-Regulation p. 116
Making Choices p. 100 Shielding p. 110
Tradeoffs: Now Versus
Why People Don’t Reaching Goals: What’s
Tomorrow: Delay of
Choose p. 103 the Plan? p. 111
Gratification p. 120
Choice and Change p. 104 Common Mistakes
in Planning p. 112 What Makes Us
FREEDOM
Human? Putting the
OF ACTION p. 106 SELF-REGULATION p. 113
Cultural Animal in
More or Less Free p. 106
Perspective p. 122

xii • CONTENTS

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
chapter 5 Social Cognition 125
ATTRIBUTIONS: WHY DID Illusory Correlation p. 148
THAT HAPPEN? p. 135 Base Rate Fallacy p. 148 Food for Thought: It’s the
It’s Not My Fault: Explaining Gambler’s Fallacy and the Hot Thought That Counts (or
Success and Failure p. 136 Hand p. 149 Doesn’t Count!) the
You Looking at Me? The Actor/ False Consensus Effect p. 149 Calories p. 134
Observer Bias p. 137 False Uniqueness Effect p. 150 Money Matters: The
The Attribution Cube and Making Statistical Regression p. 150 Price of Being Mrs.
Excuses p. 139 Illusion of Control p. 151 Hisname p. 142
WHAT IS SOCIAL HEURISTICS: MENTAL Magical Thinking p. 151
The Social Side
COGNITION? p. 127 SHORTCUTS p. 141 Counterfactual Thinking p. 152
of Sex: Counting Sex
Thinking About People: A Special Representativeness ARE PEOPLE REALLY Partners p. 146
Case? p. 127 Heuristic p. 141 IDIOTS? p. 154
Availability Heuristic p. 142 What Makes Us
Why People Think, and Why They How Serious Are
Simulation Heuristic p. 143 Human? Putting the
Don’t p. 128 the Errors? p. 154
Anchoring and Adjustment Cultural Animal in
Automatic and Controlled Reducing Cognitive
Heuristic p. 144 Perspective p. 155
Thinking p. 129 Errors p. 154
Thought Suppression and Ironic ERRORS AND BIASES p. 145 CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 156
Processes p. 134 Confirmation Bias p. 147
Conjunction Fallacy p. 147

chapter 6 Emotion and Affect 159

SOME IMPORTANT GROUP DIFFERENCES IN
EMOTIONS p. 167 EMOTION p. 183 The Social Side of Sex:
Happiness p. 167 Are Emotions Different Across Can People Be Wrong
Anger p. 171 Cultures? p. 183 About Whether They Are
Guilt and Shame p. 174 Are Women More Emotional Than Sexually Aroused? p. 165
WHY DO WE HAVE Men? p. 185 Tradeoffs: Affect Intensity,
EMOTIONS? p. 177 AROUSAL, or the Joys of Feeling
Emotions Promote ATTENTION, AND Nothing p. 171
Belongingness p. 177 PERFORMANCE p. 186
WHAT IS EMOTION? p. 161 Food for Thought: Mood
Conscious Emotion Versus Emotions Cause Behavior— EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE and Food p. 179
Automatic Affect p. 162 Sort Of p. 178 (EQ) p. 188
Emotions Guide Thinking and Money Matters: Emotions
EMOTIONAL Learning p. 178
AFFECT and Prices p. 182
AROUSAL p. 162 REGULATION p. 189
(Anticipated) Emotions Guide What Makes Us
James–Lange Theory of How to Cheer Up p. 189
Decisions and Choices p. 180 Human? Putting the
Emotion p. 162 Affect Regulation Goals p. 190
Emotions Help and Hurt Decision Cultural Animal in
Cannon–Bard Theory of Gender Differences in Emotion
Making p. 181 Perspective p. 192
Emotion p. 163 Control Strategies p. 190
Positive Emotions Counteract
Schachter–Singer Theory of Is It Safe? p. 191
Negative Emotions p. 181
Emotion p. 164 CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 193
Other Benefits of Positive
Misattribution
Emotions p. 182
of Arousal p. 164

CONTENTS • xiii

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
chapter 7 Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency 197
CONSISTENCY p. 206 BELIEFS AND
Heider’s P-O-X Theory p. 206 BELIEVING p. 214 Money Matters: Would
Cognitive Dissonance and Believing Versus You Sell Your Soul for
Attitude Change p. 206 Doubting p. 214 $1? p. 208
Justifying Effort p. 207 Belief Perseverance p. 215 Food for Thought: Would
Justifying Choices p. 208 Belief and Coping p. 215 You Eat a Bug or a
Advances in Dissonance Religious Belief p. 217 Worm? p. 209
Theory p. 210 Irrational Belief p. 218
The Social Side of Sex: A–B
WHAT ARE ATTITUDES AND Is the Drive for Consistency CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 220 Inconsistency and Erotic
Rooted in Nature
WHY DO PEOPLE HAVE Plasticity p. 213
THEM? p. 200 or Nurture? p. 211
What Makes Us
Attitudes Versus Beliefs p. 200 DO ATTITUDES
Human? Putting the
Dual Attitudes p. 200 REALLY PREDICT
Cultural Animal in
Why People Have BEHAVIORS? p. 211
Perspective p. 219
Attitudes p. 201 Attacking Attitudes p. 212
HOW ATTITUDES ARE Defending Attitudes p. 212
FORMED p. 202 Conclusion: Attitudes
Formation of Attitudes p. 202 in Action p. 213
Polarization p. 205

chapter 8 Social Influence and Persuasion 223

TECHNIQUES OF SOCIAL To Whom: The Audience p. 242
INFLUENCE p. 228 Two Routes to Money Matters: Even a
Techniques Based on Persuasion p. 244 Penny Will Help p. 231
Commitment and Food for Thought: Convert
RESISTING
Consistency p. 228
PERSUASION p. 247 Communicators and
Techniques Based on Health Messages p. 237
Attitude Inoculation p. 248
Reciprocation p. 231
Forewarned Is The Social Side of Sex:
Techniques Based on
Forearmed p. 249 Scared Into Safe
Scarcity p. 233
TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL Stockpile Resources p. 249 Sex? p. 239
Techniques Based on
INFLUENCE p. 225 Defenses Against Influence
Capturing and Disrupting Tradeoffs: Should Speakers
Being Liked: Normative Techniques p. 250
Attention p. 234 Talk Fast or Slow? p. 247
Influence p. 225 CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 252
Being Correct: Informational PERSUASION p. 235 What Makes Us
Influence p. 227 Who: The Source p. 235 Human? Putting the
Says What: The Message p. 237 Cultural Animal in
Perspective p. 251

xiv • CONTENTS

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
chapter 9 Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others 255
Obedience p. 265 Too Busy to Help? p. 281
Conformity p. 267 Tradeoffs: The Prisoner’s
HOW CAN WE INCREASE
Dilemma p. 262
WHY DO PEOPLE HELP HELPING? p. 282
OTHERS? p. 269 Getting Help in a Public Money Matters: Money,
Evolutionary Benefits p. 270 Setting p. 282 Prosocial Behavior, and
Two Motives for Helping: Altruism Educate Others p. 282 Self-Sufficiency p. 263
and Egoism p. 271 Provide Helpful Models p. 282 Food for Thought:
Is Altruism Possible? p. 273 Teach Moral Inclusion p. 283 Restaurants, Rules,
WHAT IS PROSOCIAL WHO HELPS WHOM? p. 274 CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 285 and the Bad Taste of
BEHAVIOR? p. 257 Helpful Personality p. 275 Nonconformity p. 269
Born to Reciprocate p. 259 Similarity p. 275 The Social Side of Sex:
Born to Be Fair p. 259 Gender p. 275 Helping, Sex, and
COOPERATION, Beautiful Victims p. 275 Friends p. 276
FORGIVENESS, OBEDIENCE, Belief in a Just World p. 276
AND CONFORMITY p. 261 What Makes Us
Emotion and Mood p. 277
Cooperation p. 261 Human? Putting the
BYSTANDER HELPING IN Cultural Animal in
Forgiveness p. 264
EMERGENCIES p. 278 Perspective p. 284
Five Steps to Helping p. 278

chapter 10 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior 287

INNER CAUSES OF Unpleasant
AGGRESSION p. 297 Environments p. 306 Tradeoffs: Is Military Action
Frustration p. 297 Chemical Influences p. 306 an Effective Way to Fight
Being in a Bad Mood p. 298 Terrorism? p. 292
SELF AND CULTURE p. 309
Hostile Cognitive Biases p. 299 The Social Side of
Norms and Values p. 309
Age and Aggression p. 299 Sex: Sexual
Self-Control p. 310
Gender and Aggression p. 300 Aggression p. 302
Wounded Pride p. 311
INTERPERSONAL CAUSES OF Culture of Honor p. 312 Food for Thought: Is There
DEFINING AGGRESSION AGGRESSION p. 301 a Link Between Diet and
OTHER ANTISOCIAL
AND ANTISOCIAL Selfishness and Violence? p. 309
BEHAVIOR p. 314
BEHAVIOR p. 289 Influence p. 301
Lying p. 314 What Makes Us
Is the World More or Less Violent Domestic and Relationship
Detecting Liars p. 314 Human? Putting the
Now Than in the Past? p. 292 Violence: Hurting Those We
Cheating p. 315 Cultural Animal in
Love p. 301
IS AGGRESSION INNATE OR Stealing p. 316 Perspective p. 319
LEARNED? p. 294 EXTERNAL CAUSES OF Littering p. 317
Instinct Theories p. 294 AGGRESSION p. 303
CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 319
Learning Theories p. 295 Weapons Effect p. 303
Nature and Nurture p. 296 Mass Media p. 304

CONTENTS • xv

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
chapter 11 Attraction and Exclusion 323
Best Friends, Lovers, Behavioral Effects
and . . . p. 329 of Rejection p. 341 Tradeoffs: Testosterone—
Loneliness p. 342 A Blessing and
ATTRACTION: WHO LIKES
What Leads to Social a Curse p. 326
WHOM? p. 329
Similarity, Complementarity, Rejection? p. 343 Money Matters: Is
Oppositeness p. 330 Romantic Rejection and Manhood Measured in
Social Rewards: You Make Me Feel Unrequited Love p. 345 Dollars or Inches? p. 335
Good p. 331 CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 348 The Social Side of Sex:
THE NEED TO Tit for Tat: Reciprocity and What Is Beauty? p. 337
BELONG p. 325 Liking p. 332
Food for Thought: Social
Belongingness as a Basic You Again: Mere
Rejection and the Jar of
Need p. 325 Exposure p. 333
Cookies p. 340
Two Ingredients to Looking Good p. 335
Belongingness p. 328 What Makes Us
REJECTION p. 338
Not Belonging Is Bad Human? Putting the
Effects of Rejection: Inner
for You p. 329 Cultural Animal in
Reactions p. 339
Perspective p. 347

chapter 12 Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality 351

DIFFERENT TYPES OF Being Yourself: Is Honesty the Best
RELATIONSHIPS p. 359 Policy? p. 369 Tradeoffs: Sex In and Out
Exchange Versus of Marriage p. 357
SEXUALITY p. 372
Communal p. 359 Food for Thought: Eating
Theories of Sexuality p. 372
Attachment p. 361 in Front of a Cute
Sex and Gender p. 374
Loving People Who Love Guy p. 378
Homosexuality p. 377
Themselves p. 364
Extradyadic Sex p. 379 Money Matters: Mating,
MAINTAINING Jealousy and Money, and Men p. 384
WHAT IS LOVE? p. 354 RELATIONSHIPS p. 365 Possessiveness p. 381
I Love You More Each What Makes Us
Passionate and Companionate Culture, Female Sexuality, and the
Day (?) p. 366 Human? Putting the
Love p. 354 Double Standard p. 386
Investing in Relationships Cultural Animal in
Love and Culture p. 355 CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 389 Perspective p. 388
Love Across Time p. 356 That Last p. 366
Sternberg’s Triangle p. 358 Thinking Styles
of Couples p. 367

xvi • CONTENTS

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
chapter 13 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations 391
Ignorance? The Contact OVERCOMING
Hypothesis p. 406 STEREOTYPES, REDUCING Money Matters: Racial
Rationalizations for PREJUDICE p. 414 Discrimination in
Oppression p. 407 Conscious Override p. 414 Sports—Paying More to
Stereotypes as Contact p. 418 Win p. 394
Heuristics p. 407 Superordinate Goals p. 418 Food for Thought:
Prejudice and IMPACT OF PREJUDICE ON Prejudice Against the
Self-Esteem p. 408 TARGETS p. 418 Obese p. 399
ABCS OF INTERGROUP CONTENT OF PREJUDICE Self-Fulfilling and Self-Defeating
The Social Side of Sex:
RELATIONSHIPS: AND STEREOTYPES p. 409 Prophecies p. 419
Roots of Antigay
PREJUDICE, Stigma and
Are Stereotypes Always Wrong, Prejudice p. 401
DISCRIMINATION, AND Mostly Wrong, or Mostly Self-Protection p. 421
STEREOTYPES p. 393 Stereotype Threat p. 422 Tradeoffs:
Right? p. 409
Common Prejudices and Competition Versus
Are Stereotypes Always CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 425
Targets p. 396 Cooperation p. 405
Negative? p. 410
WHY PREJUDICE What Makes Us
INNER PROCESSES p. 411
EXISTS p. 402 Human? Putting the
Us Versus Them: Groups in Cultural Animal in
Competition p. 403 Perspective p. 425

chapter 14 Groups 429

Deindividuation and Mob POWER AND
Violence p. 441 LEADERSHIP p. 449 Tradeoffs: Diversity in
Shared Resources and the Leadership p. 449 Groups p. 432
Commons Dilemma p. 442 Toxic Leaders p. 450 Food for Thought: Is
What Is Power? p. 452 Binge Eating Socially
HOW GROUPS THINK p. 443
Effects of Power on Contagious? p. 439
Brainstorming, and the Wisdom
Leaders p. 453
of Groups p. 443 Money Matters:
Effects of Power on
Why Do People Love Money, Power, and
Followers p. 456
WHAT GROUPS ARE AND Teams? p. 445 Laughter p. 454
Legitimate Leadership p. 456
DO p. 432 Transactive Memory: Here, You
What Makes Us
Remember This p. 445 CHAPTER SUMMARY p. 457
GROUPS, ROLES, AND Human? Putting the
SELVES p. 434 Groupthink p. 446
Cultural Animal in
Foolish Committees p. 447
GROUP ACTION p. 436 Perspective p. 457
Group Polarization and the “Risky
Social Facilitation p. 436
Shift” p. 447
Social Loafing p. 439
Punishing Cheaters and Free
Riders p. 441

CONTENTS • xvii

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
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