Neuropathic Pain (WHAT DO I DO NOW PAIN MEDICINE)

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WHAT DO <
J PAIN
I DO NOW• MEDICINE

NEUROPATHIC
PAIN
L4

EDITED BY
Nadine Attal
and Didier Bouhassira

k]
i

Neuropathic Pain
What Do I Do Now? —​Pain Medicine

S E R I E S E D I TO RS

Mark P. Jensen and Lynn R. Webster

P U B L I S H E D A ND F ORT HCOMING T IT L E S

Psychiatric and Psychological Issues in Patients with Chronic Pain

by Daniel M. Doleys

Painful Conditions of the Upper Limb

by Ramon Cuevas-​Trisan

Headache
by Olivia Begasse de Dhaem and Carolyn A. Bernstein

Neuropathic Pain
by Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

Management of Sickle Cell Pain

by Wally R. Smith and Thokozeni Lipato
iii

Neuropathic Pain

Edited by
Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira
Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-​Billancourt, France, and UVSQ
Paris-​Saclay University, Versailles, France
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© Oxford University Press 2023
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Attal, N., author, editor. | Bouhassira, Didier, author, editor.
Title: Neuropathic pain / Nadine Attal, Didier Bouhassira.
Other titles: What do I do now?. Pain medicine
Description: New York : Oxford University Press, [2023] |
Series: What do I do now?. Pain medicine |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022040747 (print) | LCCN 2022040748 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780197616345 (paperback) | ISBN 9780197616369 (epub) |
ISBN 9780197616376 (online)
Subjects: MESH: Neuralgia—diagnosis | Neuralgia—therapy | Case Reports
Classification: LCC RC412 (print) | LCC RC412 (ebook) | NLM WL 544 |
DDC 616.8—dc23/eng/20221206
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022040747
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022040748
DOI: 10.1093/​med/​9780197616345.001.0001
This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other
professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on
the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with
respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and
knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications
are being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers
must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-​to-​date
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or incurred as a consequence of the use and/​or application of any of the contents of this material.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed by Marquis, Canada

v

Contents

Contributors ix

SECTION 1 CLINICAL CASES, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT

1 Is This Neuropathic Pain? 3

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

2 How to Implement First-Line Therapeutic Management 11

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

3 Itch and Herpes Zoster 17

Michael C. Rowbotham

4 Chronic Low Back and Leg Pain 23

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

5 Painful Legs and Diabetes (1) 31

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

6 Painful Legs and Diabetes (2) 39

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

7 Groin Pain After Hernia Repair 43

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

8 Pain and Paresthesia of the Hand 47

Anne-​Priscille Trouvin

9 Pain After Surgery for Hand Fracture 53

Manon Sendel, Janne Gierthmühlen, and Ralf Baron

10 Pain After Amputation 61

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

11 Pain and Breast Cancer Surgery 67

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

12 Cold-​Evoked Symptoms After Chemotherapy 71

Lise Ventzel and Nanna Brix Finnerup

13 Cervicobrachial Pain and Cancer 77

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira
vi

14 My Body Is Boiling 83
Nadine Attal, Didier Bouhassira, and Andrea Truini

15 Pain and COVID-​19 87

Daniel Ciampi de Andrade

16 Perineal Pain 93
Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

17 Burning Mouth 99
Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

18 Orofacial Pain 105

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

19 A Lightning in the Face 111

Andrea Truini and Gianfranco de Stefano

20 Brachial Plexus Avulsion 115

Daniel Ciampi de Andrade

21 Pain and Paraplegia 121

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

22 Pain and Multiple Sclerosis 127

Xavier Moisset

23 Sudden-​Onset Facial Pain 133

Sandra Sif Gylfadottir and Nanna Brix Finnerup

24 Pain and Parkinson Disease 139

Xavier Moisset

25 Red Feet and Hands 145

David LH Bennett and Andreas Themistocleous

26 Neuropathic Pain in a Child 151

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

SECTION 2 COMMON THERAPEUTIC OP T I O N S

27 Antidepressants and Antiepileptics 157

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

28 Topical Therapy 165

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

vi Contents
vi

29 Opioids 171
Michael C. Rowbotham

30 Physical Therapy 179

Nadine Attal, Grégory Tosti, and Didier Bouhassira

31 Psychotherapies: How, When, and Why 185

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

32 Complementary Medicine 189

Grégory Tosti

33 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation 195

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

SECTION 3 SPECIALIZED ASSESSMENT A N D TH E R A PY

34 Management of High-​Risk Patients 201

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

35 Management of Patients with Comorbidities 207

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

36 Management of Neuropathic Pain: Patient-​Reported

Outcome Measures 213
Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

37 Management of Neuropathic Pain: Quantitative Sensory

Testing 221
Dilara Kersebaum and Ralf Baron

38 Complementary Investigations 227

Andrea Truini and Eleonora Galosi

39 The Case of Cannabinoids 233

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

40 Nerve Blocks and Drug Infusions 239

Benjamin Portal, Ravneet Bhullar, and Charles Argoff

41 Noninvasive Brain Stimulation 243

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

42 When Do I Refer for Invasive Therapies? 249

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

Contents vii
vi

43 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Pulsed Radiofrequency 255

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

44 Spinal Cord Stimulation 259

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

45 Invasive Brain Stimulation and Intrathecal Therapy 265

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

Index 271

viii Contents
ix

Contributors

Charles Argoff, MD Ravneet Bhullar

Professor of Neurology Associate Professor of
Director, Division of Chronic Pain Anesthesiology
Management Director of the Division of Chronic
Associate Program Director, Pain Pain Management
Medicine Fellowship Associate Program Director
Department of Anesthesiology Chronic Pain Fellowship
Albany Medical Center Department of Anesthesiology
Albany, NY, USA Albany Medical Center
Albany, NY, USA
Nadine Attal, MD, PhD
Professor of Therapeutics and Pain Didier Bouhassira
Medicine INSERM Research Director
Head of Pain Clinical Center Head of INSERM U 987 Unit
INSERM U 987 and UVSQ Paris Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP
Saclay University UVSQ Paris-​Saclay University
Boulogne Billancourt, France Versailles, France

Ralf Baron, Dr Med Daniel Ciampi de Andrade,

Professor of Neurology MD, PhD
Head of Division of Neurological Professor of Neurology
Pain Research and Therapy Health Science and Technology
Head of Division of Neurological Faculty of Medicine
Pain Research and Therapy Center for Neuroplasticity and
Department of Neurology Pain, Aalborg Universitet
University Hospital Aalborg, Denmark
Schleswig-​Holstein
Gianfranco de Stefano, MD, PhD
Kiel, Germany
Department of Human
David LH Bennett, MB, PhD Neuroscience
Professor of Neurology Sapienza University
Nuffield Department of Clinical Rome, Italy
Neuroscience
University of Oxford
Oxford, UK
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x

Nanna Brix Finnerup, MD, Dilara Kersebaum, MD

Dr MedSc Resident
Professor of Neuropathic Pain Division of Neurological Pain
Research Research and Therapy
Department of Clinical Medicine Department of Neurology
Danish Pain Research Center University Hospital
Aarhus University Schleswig-​Holstein
Aarhus, Denmark Kiel, Germany

Eleonora Galosi Xavier Moisset, MD, PhD

Department of Human Professor
Neuroscience Department of Neurology
Sapienza University NeuroDol
Rome, Italy Université Clermont
Auvergne, CHU de Clermont
Janne Gierthmühlen MD PhD
Ferrand, Inserm
Professor of Neurology and Pain
Clermont Ferrand, France
Medicine
Chief of Pain Care Department Benjamin Portal, MD
Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology
Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Albany Medical Center
University Hospital Albany, NY, USA
Schleswig-​Holstein
Michael C. Rowbotham, MD
Kiel, Germany
Adjunct Professor of Anesthesia
Sandra Sif Gylfadottir MD and Emeritus Professor of
Associate Professor Neurology, UCSF
Department of Neurology and Attending Physician, UCSF Pain
Department of Clinical Medicine Management Center
Danish PainResearch Center Department of Anesthesia
Aarhus University Hospital and University of California
Aarhus University San Francisco, School of Medicine
Aarhus, Denmark San Francisco, CA, USA

x Contributors
xi

Manon Sendel, MD Anne-​Priscille Trouvin, MD

Resident Clinical Lecturer in Therapeutics
Division of Neuropathic Pain and Pain Medicine
Research and Therapy Department of Pain Medicine
Department of Neurology Cochin University Hospital—​
University Hospital Université Paris Cité
Schleswig-​Holstein Paris, France
Kiel, Germany
Andrea Truini, MD
Andreas Themistocleous, Professor of Neurology
MBChB, PhD, FCP(SA), MRCP Department of Human
Clinical Lecturer in Neuroscience
Neurophysiology Sapienza University
Nuffield Department of Clinical Rome, Italy
Neurosciences
Lise Ventzel, PhD
University of Oxford
Department of Oncology
Oxford, UK
Vejle Hospital, University Hospital
Grégory Tosti of Southern Denmark
Centre d’Evaluation et Traitement Lillebaelt Hospital Vejle, University
de la Douleur Hospital of Southern Denmark
Hôpital Ambroise Paré Vejle, Denmark
Boulogne-​Billancourt, France

Contributors xi
xi
 SECTION 1

Clinical Cases, Diagnosis,

and Management
2
1 Is This Neuropathic Pain?

Nadine Attal and Didier Bouhassira

A 66-​year-​old man with a 3-​year history of type II

diabetes treated by metformin visits you because of
pain involving the lower limbs. His lower limb pain
appeared 18 months ago and is rated as severe on
a 0–​10 numerical rating scale (7/​10). He states that
his pain is aggravated by stress and contact with
sheets at night, and it causes insomnia. Pain involves
the plantar surface and dorsum of the feet, extends
to the ankles, and is bilateral and symmetric. It is
mainly described as burning, associated with electric
shocks, tingling, pins and needles, and numbness.
Neurological examination shows decreased sensation
to pinprick and pain induced by brushing of the feet,
no motor impairment, no abnormal reflexes and
normal vibration sense. Blood tests are within normal
ranges except for hyperglycemia and a high low-​
density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Hemoglobin A1C
level is 10%.

What do you do now?

3
4

T his patient with uncontrolled type II diabetes reports chronic pain at the
feet. In the context of diabetes, pain at the lower limbs may correspond
to diabetic painful neuropathy (the most common type of neuropathy in the
Western world). However, other types of pain, such as nociceptive/​inflammatory
pains (e.g., ulcers, osteoarthritis, and arterial disease), are frequent in patients
with diabetes and may also involve the lower limbs (Figure 1.1; Table 1.1).

Inflammatory Neuropathic Nociplastic

pain pain pain

Nociceptor Lesion or Altered nociception

activation disease of the despite no evidence
(cancer, somatosensory for a lesion
infection, nervous system (fibromyalgia,
osteoarthritis, (diabetes, irritable bowel
arthritis) herpes zoster…) syndrome, idiopathic
orofacial pain...)

FIGURE 1.1 The three main chronic pain types. Nociceptive pain arises from actual or threatened
damage to non-​neural tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors. This term is designed to
contrast with neuropathic pain. The three arrows in the figure refer to increased nociceptor input
arising from nociceptor activation (generally due to inflammation). Neuropathic pain is induced
by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. The hatched arrows suggest that
neuropathic pain may arise despite partial to complete deafferentation (loss of afferent input).
Common mechanisms include ectopic discharges generated in lesioned nerves or dorsal toot ganglia,
central sensitization and dysfunction of modulatory controls. Nociplastic pain arises from altered
nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation
of peripheral nociceptors or evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system causing the
pain. Of note, patients can have a combination of nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain.

Source: Definitions from the International Association for the Study of Pain (https://​www.iasp-​pain.
org/​resour​ces/​term​inol​ogy).

4 WHAT DO I DO NOW? NEUROPATHIC PAIN

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Topic 1: Fundamental concepts and principles

Learning Objective 1: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Example 10: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 13: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 19: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Discussion 3: Experimental procedures and results
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 23: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 32: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 38: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 42: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 6: Current trends and future directions
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 51: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 54: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 55: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 7: Theoretical framework and methodology
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 8: Theoretical framework and methodology
Example 70: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 75: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 79: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 9: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Example 80: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 88: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 89: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Review 10: Case studies and real-world applications
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 92: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
References 11: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 100: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 101: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 102: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 102: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 105: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 107: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 108: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 109: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 12: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 111: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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