Name: Key
Unit 1: The Atomic Structure of the Atom
Lesson 1: Matter Basics
Essential Question: What is matter? How are physical properties different from chemical
properties?
Learning Targets: I can…
1) explain how elements differ from compounds
2) describe the differences between physical/chemical properties and physical/chemical
changes
Do Now: Answer the following questions:
1) What is matter?
Something that has mass and volume (takes up space).
2) What are the three different states of matter? What process changes one state of matter into
another?
Solid, liquid, gas. Adding thermal energy will change a solid → liquid → gas. Removing
thermal energy will change a gas → liquid → solid.
Mini-Lesson: Matter Review
What is Matter?
● anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
○ Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms
Physical vs Chemical Properties
Physical vs Chemical Changes
Classwork
Directions: Read the following passages on the next page and answer the following questions.
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1) Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless gas. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a
carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth's
atmosphere as a trace gas.
Photoautotrophs (i.e. plants and cyanobacteria) use the energy contained in sunlight to photosynthesize
simple sugars from CO2 absorbed from the air and water:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Carbon dioxide is colorless. At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently high
concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor. At standard temperature and pressure, the density of carbon
dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m3, about 1.53 times that of air.
Carbon dioxide has no liquid state at pressures below 5.1 atm. At a pressure of 1 atm, the
gas deposits directly to a solid at temperatures below 194.6 K (−78.4°C) and the solid sublimes directly to
a gas above this temperature. In its solid state, carbon dioxide is commonly called dry ice.
Carbon dioxide enters the ocean to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and carbonate
(CO32−). There is about fifty times as much carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans as exists in the
atmosphere. The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO2 emitted
by human activity.
a) Based on the reading, choose if carbon dioxide is an element, compound or mixture. Justify your
answer with information from the reading.
ELEMENT - COMPOUND - MIXTURE
Justification: Carbon dioxide is a compound because it is a chemical combination of two different
elements: carbon and oxygen.
b) Based on the reading give two physical properties of carbon dioxide.
Physical Property 1: See green highlight in paragraph
Physical Property 2: See green highlight in paragraph
c) Based on the reading, give one chemical property of carbon dioxide.
Chemical Property: See blue highlight in paragraph
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d) Based on the reading give the definition of the word deposits.
Definition:
Gas → Solid
e) Based on the reading give the definition of the word sublimes.
Definition:
Solid → Gas
f) In the equation below fill in the phases of carbon dioxide which would show the process of
sublimation.
Equation:
CO2 (s ) → CO2 ( g)
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2) Arsenic has a symbol of As and atomic number of 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in
combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid (an imprecise term
used to describe a chemical element that forms a simple substance having properties intermediate between
those of a typical metal and a typical nonmetal.) It has various allotropes (the existence of a chemical
element in two or more forms, which may differ in the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids or in the
occurrence of molecules that contain different numbers of atoms.) The three most common arsenic
allotropes are gray, yellow, and black arsenic, with gray being the most common.
Gray arsenic adopts a double-layered structure consisting of many interlocked, ruffled, six-membered
rings. Because of weak bonding between the layers, gray arsenic is brittle and has a relatively low Mohs
hardness of 3.5.
Yellow arsenic is soft and waxy. Yellow arsenic has four atoms arranged in a tetrahedral structure in
which each atom is bound to each of the other three atoms by a single bond. This unstable allotrope, being
molecular, is the most volatile, least dense, and most toxic.
Black arsenic is glassy and brittle. It is also a poor electrical conductor. Arsenic does not have a
melting point at standard pressure but instead sublimes from solid to vapor at 887 K (615 °C or
1137 °F).
Arsenic has a similar electronegativity and ionization energies to its lighter groupmate phosphorus and
accordingly readily forms covalent molecules with most of the nonmetals. Though stable in dry air,
arsenic forms a golden-bronze tarnish upon exposure to humidity which eventually becomes a black
surface layer. When heated in air, arsenic oxidizes to arsenic trioxide or arsenic pentoxide; the fumes from
formation of arsenic trioxide have an odor resembling garlic.
a) Based on the reading, choose if carbon dioxide is an element, compound or mixture. Justify your
answer with information from the reading.
ELEMENT - COMPOUND - MIXTURE
Justification: Arsenic is an element because it consists only of one type of atom (arsenic atoms).
b) Based on the reading give two physical properties of arsenic
Physical Property 1: See green highlight in paragraph
Physical Property 2: See green highlight in paragraph
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c) Based on the reading, give two chemical properties of arsenic
Chemical Property 1: See blue highlight in paragraph
Chemical Property 2: See blue highlight in paragraph
d) Based on the reading give the definition of the word metalloid.
Definition:
An element with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.
e) Based on the reading give the definition of the word allotrope.
Definition:
Different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state. These
different forms arise from a different arrangement of the atoms, which leads to
distinct chemical and physical properties. Example: carbon can exist as a
diamond, graphite, fullerenes.
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f) Based on the reading state how grey and yellow arsenic have different structures.
Statement:
Gray arsenic: layered rings, brittle structure
Yellow arsenic: tetrahedral molecules, soft, volatile
g) In the space below show the equation that would represent the phase change that arsenic
undergoes at 887K.
Equation: As (s) → As (g)
3) The atmosphere of Earth, commonly known as air, is the layer of gases retained by Earth's
gravity that surrounds the planet and forms its planetary atmosphere. The atmosphere of Earth
protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface,
absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect),
and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation).
By mole fraction (i.e., by number of molecules), dry air contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen,
0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable
amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere.
a) Based on the reading, choose if carbon dioxide is an element, compound or mixture. Justify your
answer with information from the reading.
ELEMENT - COMPOUND - MIXTURE
Justification: Air is a mixture because it contains multiple substances (N2, O2, Ar, CO2, H2O vapor, etc.)
that are not chemically bonded.
A diatomic element is a molecule composed of two of the same atoms. The word diatomic comes from
‘di’ meaning two, and ‘atomic’ meaning atom. A monatomic element is stable with just one atom.
These diatomic elements are most stable in this paired form because it allows them to follow the octet
rule. This means that generally there are no single atoms of oxygen or chlorine floating around.
Instead, they are in the form of O2 or Cl2, the diatomic element or molecular element form. The seven
diatomic elements are: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.
b) The atmosphere contains two diatomic elements in large quantities. Define a diatomic element. State
those two diatomic elements.
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Definition: A diatomic element is a molecule made of two atoms of the same element bonded together.
Examples in the atmosphere: N2 and O2.
c) The atmosphere contains one monoatomic element in a large quantity. Define a monoatomic element.
State that element.
Definition: A monatomic element consists of stable single atoms. Example in the atmosphere: argon (Ar)
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