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 PALGRAVE STUDIES IN TRANSLATING
AND INTERPRETING

SERIES EDITOR: MARGARET ROGERS

SELF-TRANSLATION
AND POWER

NEGOTIATING IDENTITIES IN EUROPEAN

MULTILINGUAL CONTEXTS

EDITED BY OLGA CASTRO,

SERGI MAINER AND SVETLANA PAGE
Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting

Series editor
Margaret Rogers
Department of Languages and Translation
University of Surrey
Guildford, UK
This series examines the crucial role which translation and interpreting in
their myriad forms play at all levels of communication in today's world,
from the local to the global. Whilst this role is being increasingly recog-
nised in some quarters (for example, through European Union legisla-
tion), in others it remains controversial for economic, political and social
reasons. The rapidly changing landscape of translation and interpreting
practice is accompanied by equally challenging developments in their
academic study, often in an interdisciplinary framework and increasingly
reflecting commonalities between what were once considered to be sepa-
rate disciplines. The books in this series address specific issues in both
translation and interpreting with the aim not only of charting but also of
shaping the discipline with respect to contemporary practice and research.

More information about this series at

http://www.springer.com/series/14574
 Olga Castro • Sergi Mainer
Svetlana Page
Editors

Self-Translation and
Power
Negotiating Identities in European
Multilingual Contexts
Editors
Olga Castro Sergi Mainer
Aston University University of Edinburgh
Birmingham, UK Edinburgh, UK

Svetlana Page
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, UK

Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting

ISBN 978-1-137-50780-8    ISBN 978-1-137-50781-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-50781-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017949910

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans-
mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Bursting into Crevices by Olga Castro

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom
 Foreword

In this pioneering anthology, the editors Olga Castro, Sergi Mainer and
Svetlana Page, among the most promising of a new generation of trans-
lation studies scholars, address the important question of self-transla-
tion especially pertaining to minority languages within Europe.
European translation scholars, in many ways, have held tremendous
advantages within the field of translation studies, for it is there the dis-
cipline as such began. A strong group of scholars, including José
Lambert, Gideon Toury, André Lefevere, Theo Hermans, Itamar Even-
Zohar and Dirk Delabastita, defined a discipline and created research
paradigms, working to identify the role translations imported from
abroad played in the development of national literary systems. The
drawback of such a method, however, is that it neglected research into
non-national languages and minority language communities, which is
exactly the topic this collection addresses. As any immigrant or minor-
ity language speaker knows, living in any European culture involves
living in a constant state of translation.
Secondly, European scholars have had the advantage of European
Union (EU) support for research projects supplemented by one of the
largest troves of translational data, those derived from the body of EU
official translations. Yet, these huge databases, incredibly influential for
deriving patterns of translational behaviour, are only in the official lan-
guages. Admirably, the EU has expanded its number of official languages
v
vi Foreword

from the initial 6 to the current 24. Equally admirably, the EU spends
over €1 billion on translation each year, not an inconsiderable sum.
The problem, however, with such an institutional support of national
languages should be manifest to all. Since its inception in 1958, the EU
makes many claims about their commitment to multilingualism and lin-
guistic diversity. But once one begins considering the neglected languages,
the range of omission becomes increasingly manifest. Some national lan-
guages are not recognised, such as Luxembourgish and, perhaps more
controversial, Turkish. Secondly, some of the minority languages are rel-
egated to dialect status, including Scots, Sardinian, Sicilian, Breton,
Basque, Occitan, Romani, Ukrainian, Galician and Catalan. Further,
Russian maintains a major presence all over Europe, especially in Baltic
regions. Indigenous languages such as Sami only enjoy a limited status.
Finally, the lack of translational status for immigrant languages, such as
Arabic, Berber, Farsi, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, not to mention the sub-­
Saharan African languages, is particular glaring, especially in asylum
cases.
This anthology addresses that problem, and it is remarkable with its
range and insight. The focus of the translation problem shifts to minority
languages, or in a productive term coined by the editors, “minorised” lan-
guages, such as Arabic, Basque, Catalan, Ladino, Occitan, Russian, Swiss-
German and Turkish. The word “minorised” is productive, as the focus on
major languages serves to actively oppress the non-official languages,
thereby forcing those speakers to assimilate into the major languages,
especially in matters of state. Thus, power relations play a prominent role
in the discussions that follow. The editors assert that since languages and
cultures are invariably of unequal social status, any translation encounter
between them will be dominated by one of the language pair. While most
official translation programmes, including EU translation policies, claim
neutrality and objectivity, the visibility of the unequal power relations is
well demonstrated in the essays that follow. This book exposes the com-
plex relations among competing national interests, language policies and
cultural environments, and reveals how individual translators are caught
in the web. While most studies recognise how powerful governmental
forces, literary institutions and, yes, university programmes impinge free-
dom of expression, contributors to this book also note the possibility
 Foreword
   vii

of self-translation as an act of resistance by inserting the minority language

viewpoint into the paradigm of the majority language speakers. The reper-
cussions of such investigations may be far-­reaching, not just for transla-
tion studies scholars, but for studies of movement, migration, sociology,
cultural studies, globalisation and world literature.
The editors disagree with traditional definitions of self-translation,
once thought to be an anomaly in the field and only practised by a small
group of talented bilingual writers such as Beckett, Borges or Nabokov.
Instead, they argue that self-translation is not the exception, but a reoc-
curring practice that may in fact be the more prevalent form. In that
contact zone between major and minor language groups, contributors
demonstrate that translation is an always ongoing practice, and a very
fertile one at that. The majority practice, indeed, could very well be that
of the speakers of the minorised language translating themselves, or bet-
ter said, self-translating themselves, into the majority.
The focus on lesser-known languages and on the practice of self-­
translation opens the way to new insights, of which there are many. Not
only does the anthology enumerate a variety of self-translation practices,
but it also looks at seldom-examined issues such as censorship and self-­
censorship, individual and collaborative translation, as well as visible and
invisible translation. Indeed, a new discipline called “self-translation
studies” (Anselmi 2012) is emerging, which is solidified by this book. The
languages of African slaves, of Jewish refugees, of travelling Romani
groups, of pan-national languages such as Gaelic or Occitan, of Russian
exiles and, especially, of North African and Middle-Eastern refugees get
restored to discussions of translation.
This study is divided into three sections. The first concerns hegemony
and resistance, focusing on strategies of resistance adopted by self-­
translators. The second section is on self-minorisation and represents sig-
nificant innovation for the field, as the topic concerns the use of a
self-translated text as a source text when translating into a third language.
Thus, at times the author, and native speaker of the initial minor lan-
guage, is inadvertently morphed into a hegemonic speaker, often with
unintended effects. Translation, of course, plays a major role in putting a
minor language on the world literary map. The third section looks at
issues of collaboration, hybridisation and invisibility. Often minorised
viii Foreword

writers lack proficiency in the target language and turn to others for assis-
tance. The project, thus, evolves into a collaborative effort, the result of
which is more a hybrid text, with editors, other translators and native
speakers further erasing the voice of the self-translator.
The implications of such research for translation studies are profound.
Clearly one needs to reconsider distinctions between national borders or
national languages: borders are often arbitrary and shifting, and lan-
guages travel as peoples move and migrate, which has never been greater
than in today’s world. Notions of source and target text, already fragile
within the field, are exploded by the case studies presented, and more
thought needs to be given to the amount of authorship that goes into
traditional translation and the amount of translation that goes into
authorship. These self-translations are more transcreations than separate
entities, and most of the contributors emphasise how they create possi-
bilities of the form. In this age of transnational texts, rewriting in differ-
ent genres and media, secondary translation, creative transpositions, and
new and innovative hybrid forms, self-translation’s creative side can be
illuminating. Most importantly, the power dynamics are increasingly
exposed and exploited by self-translators; shifts can be easily seen between
the source and self-translation as the translators conform to or resist lin-
guistic and cultural norms.
As both a translator and a rewriter, the self-translator often can take
more liberties with the source text than the typical translator. This in turn
gives rise to individual agency in translation, a topic that systems-based
theorists have found difficult to assess, but one which contemporary
research on issues of translation and identity, especially among minorised
peoples, women and immigrants, has found paramount. This anthology
promises to be a landmark in that evolution, a must read for all scholars
of language, linguistics, translation, literary and cultural studies, sociol-
ogy, politics and postcolonial studies.

University of Massachusetts Amherst Edwin Gentzler,

Amherst, MA, USA
 Acknowledgements

We wish to express many thanks to all the people who have accompanied
us in this process and assisted us, in one way or another, at different stages
of this book—namely, Frank Austermühl, Susan Bassnett, Helena
Buffery, Michael Cronin, Emek Ergun, Xoán Estúa, Edwin Gentzler,
Rainier Grutman, María Liñeira, Christina Schäffner and Martín Veiga.
We are particularly indebted to Nathanael Page for his help in proofread-
ing and inputting the economics’ angle on power, as well as to all the
colleagues and reviewers who assisted us in the peer-review process.
Special thanks to our very supportive editors, Chloe Fitzsimmons,
Judith Allan and Rebecca Wyde, and to the series editor Professor
Margaret Rogers, for her careful reading and valuable feedback. And, of
course, we are thankful to all the contributors of this volume for their
dedication and hard work.
Last, we are immensely grateful to our families for their support.

ix
 Contents

I ntroduction: Self-Translating, from Minorisation

to Empowerment  1
Olga Castro, Sergi Mainer, and Svetlana Page

Part I Hegemony and Resistance 23

 abel in (Spite of ) Belgium: Patterns of Self-Translation

B
in a Bilingual Country 25
Rainier Grutman

 he Three Powers of Self-Translating or Not Self-Translating:

T
The Case of Contemporary Occitan Literature
(1950–1980) 51
Christian Lagarde

 elf-Translation as Testimony: Halide Edib Rewrites

S
The Turkish Ordeal 71
Mehtap Ozdemir

xi
xii Contents

Part II Self-Minorisation and Self-Censorship 93

 he Failure of Self-Translation in Catalan Literature 95

T
Josep Miquel Ramis

 he Power and Burden of Self-­Translation:

T
Representation of “Turkish Identity” in
Elif Shafak’s The Bastard of Istanbul119
Arzu Akbatur

 elf-Translation and Linguistic Reappropriation:

S
Juan Gelman’s Dibaxu143
Brandon Rigby

 elf-Translating Between Minor and Major Languages:

S
A Hospitable Approach in Bernardo Atxaga’s
Obabakoak165
Harriet Hulme

Part III Collaboration, Hybridisation and Invisibility 189

 ollaborative Self-Translation in a Minority Language:

C
Power Implications in the Process, the Actors and
the Literary Systems Involved191
Elizabete Manterola Agirrezabalaga

 ollaborative Self-Translation as a Catastrophe:

C
The Case of Vadim Kozovoï in French217
Julia Holter
 Contents
   xiii

 eyond Self-Translation: Amara Lakhous and

B
Translingual Writing as Case Study241
Rita Wilson

 riting Beyond the Border: Max Frisch, Dialect and

W
Place in Swiss-­German Literature265
Marc Cesar Rickenbach

Index289
 List of Figures

Chapter 2
Fig. 1 Belgian self-translators active between 1880 and 2015 35

Chapter 10
Fig. 1 Kozovoï’s poem “Себя ли ради?”, original and
English gloss 229
Fig. 2 French translation of Kozovoï’s poem “Себя ли ради?”
and English oral transcription 230

xv
 Introduction: Self-Translating,
from Minorisation to Empowerment
Olga Castro, Sergi Mainer, and Svetlana Page

Multilingualism, cultural awareness and ethnic diversity have become

staple terms of both academic and political ideologies across Europe.
Whether these features are promulgated via the European Union (EU)
guidelines for its member states or by globalisation and international
trade deals for non-EU European countries, multilingualism is—and has
been for centuries—one of the trademark features of European geogra-
phies. Be it within Europe or elsewhere, one of the aspects of multilin-
gualism is a power differential between languages. Indeed, since various

O. Castro (*)
Aston University, Birmingham, UK
S. Mainer
University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
S. Page
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

© The Author(s) 2017 1

O. Castro et al. (eds.), Self-Translation and Power, Palgrave Studies in Translating
and Interpreting, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-50781-5_1
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