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THE NEW URBAN ATLANTIC

BARON DE VASTEY
AND THE ORIGINS OF
BLACK ATLANTIC HUMANISM
MARLENE L. DAUT
The New Urban Atlantic

Series editor
Elizabeth Fay
University of Massachusetts Boston
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
The early modern period was witness to an incipient process of transcul-
turation through exploration, mercantilism, colonization, and migration
that set into motion a process of globalization that continues today. The
purpose of this series is to bring together a cultural studies approach—
which freely and unapologetically crosses disciplinary, theoretical, and
political boundaries—with early modern texts and artefacts that bear the
traces of transculturalization and globalization in order to deepen our
understanding of sites of exchange between and within early modern
culture(s). This process can be studied on a large as well as on a small
scale, and this new series is dedicated to both. Possible topics of interest
include, but are not limited to: texts dealing with mercantilism, travel,
exploration, immigration, foreigners, enabling technologies (such as
shipbuilding and navigational instrumentation), mathematics, science,
rhetoric, art, architecture, intellectual history, religion, race, sexuality,
and gender.

More information about this series at


http://www.springer.com/series/14425
Marlene L. Daut

Baron de Vastey
and the Origins
of Black Atlantic
Humanism
Marlene L. Daut
Carter G. Woodson Institute
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA, USA

The New Urban Atlantic


ISBN 978-1-137-47969-3 ISBN 978-1-137-47067-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-47067-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017944610

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: © Nina Dietzel

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature


The registered company is Nature America Inc.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A.
Merci, les enfants
Acknowledgements

This book on the life and works of Baron de Vastey represents the cul-
mination of nearly nine years of research. I have a very patient family.
My partner (Sam) and our two children (Samy and Sébastien) probably
know more about Vastey than they do about me … but perhaps that is
the point of academic scholarship when it turns around a single historical
figure: to live and breathe one individual’s life as much as it is possible
to do so nearly 200 years after his death. I can only hope that my enthu-
siasm for bringing Vastey’s writing to a larger audience will incite infec-
tious interest outside of my family, whose members are hardly the only
people who have had to listen to me discuss the painstaking details of
Vastey’s life. Indeed, there has rarely been an academic talk I have given
in the last decade when I didn’t sneak in some reference to Vastey.
There are so many people I have to thank, starting with Deborah
Jenson who, in 2011, organized a Baron de Vastey colloquium as a
part of Duke University’s Haiti Lab. The comments of my fellow par-
ticipants in that two-day experience, including Nick Nesbitt, Jean
Casimir, Chris Bongie, and Cary Hector, were extremely helpful. Bongie
deserves special mention since he may be the only person on earth who
cares about Vastey as much as I do. I’d like also to thank Vastey’s biog-
rapher, Laurent Quevilly, for his spirited dialogue about the ongoing
controversies of the baron’s life. I also want to thank Laurent Dubois

vii
viii Acknowledgements

for invaluable friendship and for helping me to perform emergency sur-


gery at the 11th hour. Julia Gaffield, Lesley Curtis, Chelsea Stieber,
Sara Johnson, Nathan Dize, and Grégory Pierrot have been enthusias-
tic friends (and patient listeners). The entire Duke Haiti crew deserves
recognition, including, Mary-Caton Lingold, Laurent Dubois (again),
Laura Wagner, Claire Payton, and Jonathan Katz, who all managed to
keep me sane during a year’s sabbatical alone with two children at the
National Humanities Center in Research Triangle Park, NC.
At the Humanities Center, I also had the pleasure of making new
friends, including Tsitsi Jaji and Adriane Lentz-Smith, and re-connect-
ing with old ones like Harry Karahalios. Fellow humanists at the Center
including Benjamin Kahan, Kim Hall, Richard Turits, James Mulholland,
and Hannah Rosen also provided much needed laughs. My former advi-
sors Glenn Hendler, Ivy Wilson, Julia Douthwaite, and Karen Richman
have championed my work from the beginning.
Several colleagues at the Claremont Colleges lent an ear when it
was most needed: Eve Oishi, April Mayes, Myriam Chancy, Marie-
Denise Shelton, Terri Geis, Sheila Walker, and David Luis-Brown.
New colleagues at the University of Virginia: Deborah McDowell,
Anna Brickhouse, Cindy Hoelhler-Fatton, Robert Fatton, Jr., Njelle
Hamilton, Tom Klubock, and Christina Mobley. Elizabeth Maddock
Dillon and Michael Drexler gave me the opportunity to bring Vastey
to early American studies circles. I must also thank Nazera Wright,
Doris Garraway, Flora Cassen, Barbara Pelet, Maxine Reger, Gina Rho,
Misty Schieberle, Christoper Freeburg, Gina Ulysse, Nadège Clitandre,
Matthew Smith, and Daniel Desormeaux.
This work has been supported with funds from the University of
Miami, the Claremont Graduate University, and the University of
Virginia. My large family supported this work in non-monetary ways too.
Sincere thanks to Rodney Daut I and Martha Flores, Leydy and Donald
Kemper; Rodney Daut II and Anna Caples Daut; Tatiana and Deshano
Kelly; Austin and Veronica Daut; Erika and Daniels Stewart; David
Kemper; Jennifer and Matt Grubaugh; Samy Zaka, Sr. and Chantal
Temple; and Roselinde and Dean Otto. I should also mention that my
work was completed in Dakar, Senegal in the summer of 2016, and the
Acknowledgements ix

many people I met, dined with, and who cared for me all enriched this
book.
Sustenance comes in many forms. My partner loved me. My children
and their hugs saved me.
Contents

Prologue: On the Origins of Black Atlantic Humanism xv

1 Introduction: Baron de Vastey in Haitian (Revolutionary)


Context 1

2 What’s in a Name? Unfolding the Consequences


of a Mistaken Identity 27

3 The Uses of Vastey: Reading Black Sovereignty


in the Atlantic Public Sphere 63

4 Baron de Vastey’s Testimonio and the Politics of Black


Memory 111

5 Baron de Vastey and the Twentieth-Century Theater


of Haitian Independence 135

Epilogue: Colonialism After Sovereignty:


The Colonial Relation in René Philoctète’s
Monsieur de Vastey (1975) 183

xi
xii Contents

Bibliography
201

Author Index 231

Subject Index 237

Names of Publications (Newspapers, Journals, Magazines) 241

Places 243
List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Acte de Mariage de Jean Vastey and Élisabeth


“Mimi” Dumas, 1777 30
Fig. 2.2 Acte de Baptême, Jean Louis Vastey, 29 March 1788 33
Fig. 2.3 Baron de Vastey, Notes à M. le Baron de V.P. Malouet
(1814). Reprinted courtesy of the John Carter Brown
Library 34
Fig. 2.4 Baron de Vastey, Essai sur les causes de la révolution et des
guerres civiles d’Hayti (1819) 36
Fig. 2.5 1850 edition of Édouard Marie Oettinger’s Bibliographie
Biographique, ou, Dictionnaire de 26.000 Ouvrages 42
Fig. 2.6 1851 Catalogus Librorum Impressorum Bibliothecae
Bodleianae in Academia Volume 4 43
Fig. 2.7 Alphabetical Catalog of the Library of Congress from 1864 44
Fig. 4.1 Le Roi Henri 1er, Le Baron de Vastey (1953) by Evans
Pierre Augustin. Courtesy of Figge Museum 133

xiii
Prologue: On the Origins of Black
Atlantic Humanism

Baron de Vastey, pronounced Vâtay (Romain 67), is best remem-


bered as the most prolific secretary of early nineteenth-century Haiti’s
King Henry Christophe I and as the author of a scathing indict-
ment of colonial slavery entitled, Le Système colonial dévoilé (1814).
Although he is largely unknown outside of academic circles today, in
the early nineteenth century Vastey was an international public figure,
well known for his anti-colonial and black positivist writing. Vastey’s
damning exposé of the inhumanity of the “colonial system” circulated
all across the nineteenth-century Atlantic World and was reviewed
in French, US, German, and British journals and newspapers (Daut
“The ‘Alpha’” 60, Fanning 70, Schuller 40). By the time of his execu-
tion in 1820, Vastey’s works had become so well-regarded that his
two most widely referenced and reviewed books almost immediately
appeared in English translation as Reflections on the Blacks and Whites
(1817) and Political Remarks on Some French Works and Newspapers
(1818); while a third British translation of Vastey’s writing, An Essay
on the Causes of the Revolution and Civil Wars of Hayti, would appear
posthumously in 1823.
Translations of Vastey’s writings helped his words travel far and wide
in transatlantic abolitionist networks. In 1821, Vastey’s Essai sur les causes
de la révolution et des guerres civiles d’Hayti (1819), the first full-length

xv
xvi Prologue: On the Origins of Black Atlantic Humanism

history of Haiti written by a Haitian, appeared in Dutch translation.1 In


1817, the Swiss anti-slavery historian Jean Charles Léonard (Sismonde)
de Sismondi produced an important review, with large sections trans-
lated into Italian, of Vastey’s Réflexions politiques sur quelques ouvrages et
journaux francais concernant Hayti (1817), demonstrating that Vastey’s
reach had extended into the Mediterranean.2 Reprints of the English
translation of Vastey’s Réflexions sur une lettre de Mazères (1816), prob-
ably one of the first examples of what is now known as critical race the-
ory, appeared in 1828 and 1829 in the first African American newspaper
Freedom’s Journal.3
Many other anti-slavery writers from the Atlantic world incorporated
the Haitian baron’s publications into their analyses of slavery in smaller
but no less significant ways.4 Referred to by one nineteenth-century
reviewer as “the most able Haytian of the present era” (“Review of New
Books,” 1818), Vastey’s writings were often quoted in U.S. newspapers
to produce compelling arguments for the humanity of black people or to

1 The first of Vastey’s works to be translated into English was his much less well-

known Communication officielle de trois lettres de Catineau Laroche, ex-Colon, Agent de


Pétion (1816), which was published for the British historian Marcus Rainsford in 1816.
Although Le Système colonial dévoilé was not fully translated into English until 2014 when
Chris Bongie produced The Colonial System Unveiled for Liverpool University Press, in
November of 1816 The Scots Magazine, and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany did publish a
lengthy of summary of the text along with a brief excerpt in English translation (Bongie,
The Colonial System, 74 ftn19). The Dutch translation was called, De Negerstaat van Hayti
of Sint Domingo, geschetst in zijne geschiedenis en in zijnen tegenwoordigen toestand.
2 The Italian review of Riflessioni Politiche sovra alcune Opere e Giorgnali francesi riguar-

danti Haytì was apparently prevented from being published due to Austrian censorship
(Pagliai, Sismondiana, 85). Sismondi’s review was eventually published much later, how-
ever, in the Museo del Risorgimento Nazionale’s Pagine inedite del “Conciliatore” Publicate
per Cura Del Comune di Milano (1930), edited by Marcello Visconte di Modrone. See
Cordié.
3 For the excerpts in Freedom’s Journal, see, “Extracts from the Baron De Vastey’s

work in answer to the ex-colonist Mazeres and others.” Freedom’s Journal. December 12,
1828; “AFRICA. Extract from Baron De Vastey,” Freedom’s Journal. February 7, 1829;
“AFRICA. Extracts from Baron De Vastey.” Freedom’s Journal. February 14, 1829.
4 For abolitionist works that refer to Vastey see, for example, John Wright’s A

Refutation of the Sophisms, Gross Misrepresentations, and Erroneous Quotations Contained


in ‘An American’s ‘Letter to the Edinburgh Reviewers’ (1820, 33), William Newnham
Blane’s Travels through the United States and Canada (1824, 219), and Jeremy Bentham’s
Canada: Emancipate Your Colonies! (1838, iv).
Prologue: On the Origins of Black Atlantic Humanism xvii

demonstrate “African” literary abilities (see, Daut “Alpha and Omega”).


Perhaps, most notably, the U.S. abolitionist James McCune Smith referred
to Vastey’s life and works as evidence of the inherent degradations of slav-
ery in his famous Lecture on the Haytian Revolutions (1841, 4–5).
Although Vastey’s popularity appears to have briefly waned in the
later nineteenth-century, by the early 1900s, his writings began to once
again distinctly enter U.S. African-American discourse. W.E.B. Du Bois
(1904, 45), Alain Locke (1925, 425), Arthur Schomburg (1925, 671),
and Mercer Cook (1948, 12) all reference Vastey’s contributions to the
cause of promoting racial justice. And his life was intriguing enough for
several twentieth-century playwrights to promote him as the subject for
dramatic performance.
Vastey was first immortalized in the theatrical work of May Miller in
Christophe’s Daughters (1935), and he would once again appear as a prin-
cipal character in Selden Rodman’s three-act play, The Revolutionists in
1942. In 1945, Dan Hammerman produced his own historical drama
featuring Vastey called Henri Christophe. In 1963 Aimé Césaire placed
Vastey center stage in his famous dramatization of the northern king-
dom of Haiti, La Tragédie du roi Christophe (1963). The Haitian poet
and playwright René Philoctète, one of the founders of the postmodern
technique of “spiralism,” would go even further by staging an important
homage to the baron with the eponymous Monsieur de Vastey (1975).
Perhaps most famously, Nobel prize winner Derek Walcott published a
complicated vision of Vastey in two of the plays that make up his Haitian
Trilogy (2002): Henri Christophe (1949) and The Haitian Earth (1984).5
The object of this exploration into the legacy of Vastey’s writing is
two-fold: to bring attention to a thinker who produced at least eleven
different anti-slavery and anti-colonialist book-length publications in
a span of only five years (1814–1819),6 and to document how these

5 Vastey does not appear in Walcott’s Drums and Colours (1958).


6 Le Système colonial dévoilé (1814); Notes à M. le Baron V.P. de Malouet (1814); Le Cri de
la patrie (1815); Le Cri de la conscience (1815); À mes concitoyens, Haytiens! (1815); Réflexions
adressées aux Haytiens de partie de l’ouest et du sud, sur l’horrible assassinat du Général Delvare,
commis au Port- au-Prince, dans la nuit du 25 décembre, 1815, par les ordres de Pétion (1816);
Communication officielle de trois lettres de Catineau Laroche, ex-colon, agent de Pétion (1816);
Relation de la fête de la Reine S. M. D’Hayti (1816); Réflexions sur une lettre de Mazères, ex-
colon français, […] sur les noirs et les blancs, la civilization de l’Afrique, le Royaume d’Hayti,
etc. (1816); Réflexions politiques sur quelques ouvrages et journaux français concernant Hayti
(1817); and Essai sur les causes de la Révolution et des guerres civiles d’Hayti (1819).
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