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Cameron Cyr and Dustin Dorsey

Unlocking dbt
Design and Deploy Transformations in Your Cloud
Data Warehouse
Cameron Cyr
Chapel Hill, TN, USA

Dustin Dorsey
Murfreesboro, TN, USA

ISBN 978-1-4842-9699-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-9703-2

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9703-2

© Cameron Cyr and Dustin Dorsey 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
To my wife Tristyn, your belief in me has fueled my ambitions and pushed
me to achieve more than I ever thought possible. I have found strength
with you by my side, and I have discovered a love that knows no bounds.
—Cameron
To my wife Sarah and my wonderful children Zoey, Bennett, and Ellis, the
unwavering pillars of my life. I dedicate this to you all for your endless
patience, encouragement, and belief in me as I went through this journey.
—Dustin
Preface
In this book, we embark on a journey to explore the powerful world of
dbt and its transformative potential in the realm of data and analytics.
Whether you are a seasoned data professional or someone just starting
to dip their toes into the vast ocean of data, this book aims to equip you
with the knowledge and skills necessary to leverage dbt effectively.
Data is the lifeblood of modern organizations, driving informed
decision-making and enabling businesses to stay competitive in a
rapidly evolving landscape. However, the process of transforming raw
data into actionable insights is often complex and time-consuming. This
is where dbt comes into play: it provides a robust framework for
managing and executing data transformations in a more efficient,
scalable, and collaborative manner. While there are many tools and
services available that can do this, none utilize the foundational skill of
writing SQL as effectively as dbt does.
Our primary objective with this book is to demystify dbt and
empower you to unlock its full potential. While growing astronomically,
the product is still relatively new as far as technology goes, so finding
information can sometimes be difficult. We feel like some areas of
content creation are still growing and working to catch up, especially as
it relates to getting started or building understanding around
everything the product is capable of. When we started writing this
book, there were no books on dbt, sparse blogs and video creators, and
limited information outside of the content dbt Labs produces. This
book was our attempt to change this and provide users of dbt with a
new resource to help them on their journey.
Whether you are looking to design data models, orchestrate
complex workflows, or automate data pipelines, this book serves as
your comprehensive guide. Through a combination of practical
examples, best practices, and real-world use cases, we aim to make the
learning process engaging, interactive, and applicable to your own data
projects. This book is not a rehash of vendor documentation and
training videos, but it is based on our real-life experiences of using dbt
to build production enterprise data warehouses that are powering real
businesses today.
 Chapter by chapter, we delve into the key concepts and techniques
that underpin dbt and use them to continually build on each other. We
start by laying a strong foundation, covering the core principles and
architecture of dbt. We then move on to exploring the different
components and features of dbt, including setting up your project,
building models, testing, documentation, and deployments. Along the
way, we address common challenges and provide insights into
optimizing performance, ensuring data quality, and promoting
collaboration within your teams.
Moreover, this book acknowledges the growing trend of cloud data
warehouses and their integration with dbt. We delve into the nuances
of deploying dbt on popular cloud platforms such as Databricks,
Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, and Snowflake. With step-by-step
instructions, we guide you through the setup and configuration process,
enabling you to harness the full potential of dbt within your cloud
environment. All examples throughout the book were created using a
Snowflake instance but are simple enough that most will work with any
cloud data warehouse with minimal or no changes. We do not seek to
push you in a certain direction, but instead provide you with the know-
how to enable you on whatever direction you choose.
Throughout this book, we aim to foster a sense of curiosity,
experimentation, and continuous learning. The field of Data
Engineering and Analytics is constantly evolving, and dbt is at the
forefront of this revolution. By the time you reach the final page, we
hope that you will have acquired the necessary knowledge and
confidence to embark on your own dbt journey, unlocking the true
potential of your data and transforming the way your organization
operates.
So, let’s embark on this exciting adventure together and dive into
the world of dbt. Let’s unlock the transformative power of data and
revolutionize the way we build, analyze, and leverage it. The
possibilities are endless, and the time to start is now!
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on GitHub
(https://github.com/Apress). For more detailed information, please
visit https://www.apress.com/gp/services/source-code.
Acknowledgments
The opportunity to write this book is not something I anticipated, but I
have much to be thankful for because of and about this opportunity. To
start, I want to thank my wife, Tristyn, who always pushes me to grow
personally and professionally. More than anything, I want to thank her
for supporting me as I spent countless nights and weekends locked
away in my office writing. Tristyn, I thank you for your unwavering
love, for being my confidante, my best friend, and my beloved partner. I
love you more than anything.
Of course, I also want to thank my coauthor, Dustin Dorsey. From
the first time we met, Dustin has continuously challenged me to grow in
ways that I never thought were achievable. One of those challenges that
Dustin presented to me is this book, and I am eternally grateful that
together we were able to seize the opportunity to publish one of the
first books about dbt. As a colleague, Dustin is the most brilliant data
architect that I have ever had the pleasure to work with. As a friend, I
thank him for encouraging me during the times that writing became a
struggle.
To conclude, I want to also thank the many colleagues that I have
worked with throughout my career or within the data community.
Without the individual contributions that you all have made to inspire,
encourage, and motivate me, I wouldn’t be where I am today: Christy
Merecka, Carlos Rodriguez, Ericka Pullin, Trey Howell, Nick Sager,
Randall Forsha, Paul Northup, Ed Pearson, Glenn Acree.

—Cameron Cyr

I have a lot to be thankful for in my life, and the privilege to be able

to write this book is one of those. I want to first thank my beautiful
wife, Sarah, without whom none of this would be possible. While I
spent evenings after work and long weekends writing, she took care of
our newborn and other two kids and kept things running in the house.
She has been there every step of the way and has had to tirelessly listen
to all my complaining. I also want to thank my kids Zoey, Bennett, and
Ellis for giving up some of their time with Dad to allow me the time and
space to do this. I love you all more than anything and hope this book
inspires you all to dream big.
With regard to the book itself, I cannot thank my coauthor Cameron
Cyr enough. Cameron is one of the smartest people I have ever met, and
his adaptability to new things, eagerness to learn, and drive to grow is
awe-inspiring. He is the most knowledgeable person I have ever met in
regard to dbt, and I am so thankful that he was part of this book. I have
learned so much from him over the past couple years, and he has
helped make me a better engineer and a better person. I hope this book
is a platform that helps show the world the incredible talent and person
he is.
Throughout my career, there have been a lot of people who have
pushed, inspired, or provided me with the avenues to be able to write a
book. Jim St. Clair, Justin Steidinger, Jon Buford, Waylon Hatch, Adam
Murphy, and Randall Forsha are all former managers who gave me
opportunities, challenged, and supported me in growth and learning.
Also, numerous members of the community including Mark Josephson,
Matt Gordon, Denis McDowell, Tim Cronin, and Ed Pearson have
inspired and taught me so much over the years. And a big, special
thanks to Kevin Kline, who is a great friend and mentor to me. I would
not be an author without him. And lastly, thank you to everyone in the
data, dbt, and SQL communities for all that you do and for letting me be
a part of you.

—Dustin Dorsey

Together we want to acknowledge some people who helped make

this book a reality, starting with our amazing technical reviewer, Alice
Leach. When we thought about whom to reach out to about this project,
Alice was one of the first people who came to mind. We met her at the
Nashville Data Engineering meetups and quickly learned that she was
as passionate about dbt as we are and very knowledgeable about the
subject. Her comments and feedback really helped shape a lot of the
content you are reading today, and we are very thankful for her
involvement. We also want to thank Apress for giving us the
opportunity to write for them. Thank you Jonathan Gennick and Shaul
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Elson for all of your involvement throughout the process and your help
in making this book a reality.
Next, we want to thank dbt Labs and their team for the incredible
product that they produced. Without them, there is no content or book
to write. We truly believe dbt is one of the greatest data tools created in
recent memory and is one that will be used for years and years to come.
Also, we want to thank the dbt community, and particularly those in the
dbt Slack channels, who are always willing to share their experiences
and knowledge and answer questions. You all are amazing and continue
to be our go-to source for anything dbt related.

—Cameron and Dustin

Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Introduction to dbt
What Is dbt?​
The Analytics Engineer
The Role of dbt Within the Modern Data Stack
Modeling Your Data
The Skills Needed to Use dbt
Skill #1:​SQL
Skill #2:​Jinja
Skill #3:​YAML
Skill #4:​Python
Skill #5:​Data Modeling
Skill #6:​Source Control
The Benefits of dbt
Connecting to Your Database
dbt Cloud vs.​dbt Core
Project Structure
Directory #1:​Analyses
Directory #2:​dbt_​packages
Directory #3:​Logs
Directory #4:​Macros
Directory #5:​Models
Directory #6:​Seeds
Directory #7:​Snapshots
Directory #8:​Target
Directory #9:​Tests
 Supported File Extensions
Types of Models
Snapshots
Executing dbt Commands
Supported by Both
dbt Core Commands
dbt Command Flags
Case Sensitivity
What Is YAML?​
The Role of YAML with dbt
The Semantic Layer
Setting the Stage for the Book
Summary
Chapter 2:​Setting Up a dbt Project
Comparing dbt Core and dbt Cloud
Installing dbt Core
Installing dbt with pip
Installing dbt with Homebrew
Installing dbt Using Docker
Installing dbt from GitHub
Initializing a dbt Core Project
Configuring a dbt Cloud Project
Plan Structure
Getting Started
Connect to Snowflake
Connect to Postgres or Redshift
 Connect to BigQuery
Connect to Databricks
Connect to Spark
Set Up a Project Repository
Initializing a dbt Cloud Project
Project Structure
Models Directory Structure
Staging
Intermediate and Marts
Masterdata
Summary
References
Chapter 3:​Sources and Seeds
What Are Sources?​
Complete Source Properties Syntax
Benefits of Sources
Referencing Sources in Models
Source Freshness
Configuring Source Freshness
Executing Source Freshness Checks
Other Source File Options
Utilizing Sources in Multiple Environments
Generating Your Source File
What Are Seeds?​
Executing Seeds
Summary
Chapter 4:​Models
SQL Models
View (Plus, Model Basics)
Table
Incremental
Ephemeral
Python Models
Writing a Python Model
When to Use Python Models
Modular Data Transformations
Node Selection
Model Configurations
Summary
Chapter 5:​Snapshots
When to Use Snapshots
Example One
Example Two
Snapshot Meta Fields
Why dbt Adds These Fields
Monitor for Row Changes
Timestamp Strategy
Meta Fields with the Timestamp Strategy
Check Strategy
Check All Columns
Check Columns in a List
Check a Hash Column
 Additional Configurations
Hard Deletes
Target Database
Setting Snapshot Configurations
Setting Required Configurations
How dbt Handles Schema Changes
Adding New Columns
Removing Columns
Data Type Changes
Using Snapshots in Downstream Models
Referencing Snapshots
Query for the Active Record
Query for a Record at a Point in Time
Potential Issues with Snapshots
Summary
Chapter 6:​Jinja, Macros, and Packages
Jinja Basics
Common Syntax
Expressions
Variables
Conditionals and For Loops
Filters
Whitespace Control
Building Macros
Phone Number Formatter Macro Example
Return a List from a Macro Example
 Generate Schema Name Macro Example
dbt-Specific Jinja Functions
Target
This
Log
Adapter
Var
Env Var
Useful dbt Packages
Add a Package to Your Project
dbt Utils
Codegen
dbt Project Evaluator
dbt Artifacts
dbt Expectations
Summary
Chapter 7:​Hooks
Pre-hooks and Post-hooks
Change Database Role with a Pre-hook
Mask Sensitive Data with a Post-hook with Multiple SQL
Statements
On-Run-Start and On-Run-End
On-Run-Start Example
On-Run-End Example
Supplementary Hook Context
Transactions
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 Literature - Case Study
First 2024 - Division

Prepared by: Associate Prof. Johnson

Date: July 28, 2025

Introduction 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics

Learning Objective 1: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 2: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 15: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Review 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 22: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 23: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 26: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Critical analysis and evaluation
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 31: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 35: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 36: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 5: Best practices and recommendations
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 48: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 6: Literature review and discussion
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 56: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 58: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 7: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 61: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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