11/12

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter I - Module 3
Common Rock-forming Minerals

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING-INSTRUCTION KIT

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY

Earth and Life Science – Grade 11/12
Contextualized Learning-Instruction Kit (CLIK)
Quarter I - Module 3: Common Rock-forming Minerals
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Schools Division of Puerto Princesa City

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Merly P. Tabang (Puerto Princesa City NSHS)
Content Editor: Geraldine B. Dangan (Palawan NS)
Jane G. Favila (Puerto Princesa City NSHS)
Language Editor: Hazel Joyce A. Aquino (Palawan NS)
Reviewer: Minnie Maisie C. Salanga (San Miguel NHS)
Rolando A. Taha, EdD, EPS-Science
Proofreaders: Antonieta Curioso - Miguel (Puerto Princesa City NSHS)
Brandon C. Manglapus (Palawan NS)
Illustrators: John Lemuel J. Noche (Palawan NS)
Ronell N. Seracarpio (Palawan NS)
Layout Artists: Myla N. Gabinete (Palawan NS)
John Lemuel J. Noche (Palawan NS)
Peter Paul P. Paalan (Palawan NS)
Management Team:
Servillano A. Arzaga, CESO V, SDS
Mabel F. Musa, PhD, OIC-ASDS
Cyril C. Serador, PhD, CID Chief
Ronald S. Brillantes, EPS-LRMS Manager
Rolando A. Taha, EdD, EPS-Science
Eva Joyce C. Presto, PDO II
Rhea Ann A. Navilla, Librarian II
External Evaluator: Lovina Alolod-Hamora, PhD, College of Education,
Western Philippines University

Division of Puerto Princesa City-Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)

Sta. Monica Heights, Bgy. Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
Telephone No.: (048) 434 9438
Email Address: [email protected]
 11/12

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter I - Module 3
Common Rock-forming Minerals

This module was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

educators and program supervisors from public schools of the Division of
Puerto Princesa City. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations
to the Department of Education, Division of Puerto Princesa City at
[email protected].

We value your feedback and recommendations.

 Introductory Message

For the Teachers:

This learning material is designed to help learners enrich their learning
experiences by answering activities that are meaningful to their lives which can be
done by themselves. A variety of enjoyable tasks are presented.
Activities are provided as formative assessments to check from time to time the
learner’s understanding of the lesson. Given the range of learning activities in this
package, teachers are encouraged to freely adapt them to suit their school contexts
and learners’ needs, interests, and abilities.

For the Learner:

This Learning Resource Common Rock-forming Minerals is developed for
you to enjoy while learning. There are various activities and check-up tests you need
to take.
Take note of the instructions as you journey through this module to have a solid
understanding of what you are expected to accomplish. Carefully read and follow the
instructions to hit what you are expected to do.
Answer keys are provided which you can refer to when checking your answers.
Record your score at the Learner’s Progress Chart and inform your teacher on your
development.
Feel free to use this material and if progress is not evident, you can make use
of it again until such that the desired passing mark is achieved.

As you read through this module, you will notice the following icons. They will
help you find your way around the module more quickly.

What I Need This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in the
to Know module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to
take.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the

current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity, or a situation.
 This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic.

What I Have This includes questions or blank

Learned sentences/paragraphs to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity that will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skill in
real-life situations or concerns.

Additional In this portion, another activity will be given to

Activities you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level

of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

Just remember, this module is not intended to replace textbooks and other
existing learning resources but rather to provide an additional alternative that is
contextualized and resilient to education systems that address the challenges of the
current pandemic.

-The Development Team

 This module is packed with notes and essential information covering everything
you need to know about the common rock-forming minerals on earth.

There are warm-up and exam-style practice questions for every part to give you
an idea of how well you have already grasped the lesson. This also contains topic-
based questions for focused skills to test your understanding of the concepts of the
lessons under the Most Essential Learning Competencies.

Content Standard
The learner demonstrates an understanding of the origin and
environment of formation of common minerals and rocks.

Performance Standard
The learners should be able to make a plan that the community
may use to conserve and protect its resources for future generations.

Most Essential Learning Competency

➢ identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical
and chemical properties (S11/12ES-Ia-9)

By the end of this module, you should be able to cover the following lessons:

Lesson 1 – Common Rock-forming Minerals

Learning Objectives:

▪ Enumerate minerals’ physical and chemical properties;

▪ Identify each common rock-forming mineral; and

▪ Cite the importance of minerals.

1
 How much
do you already Directions: Choose and circle the letter of the correct answer.
know?

1. Which of the following characteristics should NOT be considered in identifying a

genuine mineral?
A. Crystalline structure C. Organic
B. Naturally-occurring D. Solid

2. Which of the following is NOT an example of a mineral?

A. Basalt C. Diamond
B. Carbon D. Galena

3. Which of the following is NOT a rock-forming mineral?

A. Feldspar C. Pyrite
B. Mica D. Quartz

4. What do you call the solid form of a mineral produced by a repeating pattern of
atoms?
A. Crystal C. Element
B. Density D. Fracture

5. Which of the following can be scratched by gypsum?

A. Calcite C. Talc
B. Corundum D. Quartz

6. What do you call a plane of weakness in the crystal structure along which
a mineral is likely to split smoothly?
A. Cleavage C. Fracture
B. Crystal defect D. Splitting point

7. Which of the following is TRUE about color as one of the characteristics of a mineral?
A. Minerals of the same type can only have one color.
B. Impurities can cause variety of colors in an individual mineral type.
C. It is enough to rely on color alone to identify a mineral.
D. It is the most useful diagnostic feature in identifying a mineral.

8. What is referred to as characteristic shape of a mineral unit (either an individual

crystal or an aggregate of crystals)?
A. Crystal contour C. Crystal habit
B. Crystal form D. Crystal structure

2
9. What is the measure of how resistant a mineral is to scratching?
A. Endurance C. Resistance
B. Hardness D. Tolerance

10. The surface of a mineral reflects light. What property of mineral this pertains to?
A. Luster C. Streak
B. Spark D. Strike

11. What property of mineral is exhibited as it leaves a color behind after being rubbed
against a piece of unglazed porcelain?
A. Hue C. Streak
B. Shade D. Stripe

12. What is the measurement done by mineralogists to describe the density of a

mineral? It represents the ratio of the mass of the mineral to the mass of equal
volume of water.
A. Mohs’s Scale
B. Petrographic Microscopy
C. Specific Gravity
D. Use of complex analytical techniques

13. What is the name of the large group of rock-forming silicate minerals that make
up over 50% of Earth’s crust?
A. Amphibole C. Mica
B. Feldspar D. Quartz

14. This rock-forming mineral occurs in many colors and has many industrial uses.
They are found throughout the world in metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary
rocks. Most of them are found near Earth's surface where they are formed when a
sedimentary rock with a high aluminum content, such as shale, is subjected to heat
and pressure intense enough to produce schist or gneiss. What is it?
A. Calcite C. Olivine
B. Garnet D. Pyroxene

15. They are usually green in color and have compositions that typically range
between Mg2SiO4 and Fe2SiO4. Many people are familiar with this rock-forming
mineral because it is the mineral component of a very popular
green gemstone known as peridot. What is it?
A. Amphibole C. Pyroxene
B. Olivine D. Quartz

3
 Lesson
Common Rock-forming
1 Minerals
Can you quickly and easily identify minerals from rocks? If not, take a deep
breath! In today’s lesson, we will distinguish minerals from rocks through their distinct
characteristics. Further, you will recognize rock-forming minerals using their physical
and chemical properties. Are you ready?

Activity: Catch Me If You Can

Directions: Look for words related to EARTH SUBSYSTEMS. Loop each of them once
found. There are fifteen (15) of them in the box. Have fun!
Note: Just beneath the puzzle, answers are jumbled. They will serve as your clues. Unscramble
the letters and get the right word to find in the puzzle.

Clues:
EEESGOHRP ICOGHCAEOBIMLE RTAWE
HSROAETMPE SPANTL TNOGINER
EOSREHPBI INSAAML ADONWTRGEUR
RRDHHYOESPE SNU COSRK
ATISRDBEUCN RBCNAO CYELC

4
 Did you enjoy searching for words related to earth’s subsystems? This time, I think
you already remembered the essential concepts from the previous lesson, and you are
now set for a new adventure of fun and learning. Are you ready?

Activity: Prime It
Directions: The following primer will connect you to the main lesson. Read it carefully.

Rock-forming Minerals

If cell is the smallest unit of a living thing and is the basic building block of all
organisms, the building block of rocks are minerals.

The first written descriptions of minerals and rocks and why they were
collected date back to Ancient Egypt. Minerals, then, were used for cosmetic purpose
and also for medical use and therefore collected in the field.

There are almost 5000 known mineral species, yet most rocks are formed from
the combinations of a few common minerals, referred to as “rock-forming minerals”.
The rock-forming minerals are: feldspars, quartz, amphiboles, micas, olivine, garnet,
calcite, and pyroxenes.

Minerals occurring within a rock in small quantities are referred to as “accessory

minerals”. Although accessory minerals are present in only small amounts, they may
provide significant insight into the geological history of a rock and are frequently used
to determine the age of a rock. Common accessory minerals include zircon, monazite,
apatite, titanite, tourmaline, pyrite, and other opaques.

The abundance and diversity of minerals depend on the abundance in the Earth’s
crust of the elements of which they are composed. Eight elements make up 98% of the
Earth’s crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and
potassium. The composition of minerals formed by igneous processes is directly
controlled by the chemistry of the parent body. For example, a magma rich in iron and
magnesium will form minerals such as olivine and pyroxene (as found in basalt).
Magma richer in silicon will form more silica-rich minerals such as feldspar and quartz
(as found in granite). It is unlikely that a mineral will be found in a rock with dissimilar
bulk chemistry unlike its own; thus it is unlikely that andalusite (Al2SiO5) would be found
in an aluminum-poor rock such as quartzite.
(Source: “Rock-forming Minerals,” Geological Society of Glasgow, accessed June 9, 2020,
https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/local-rocks/rock-forming-minerals.)

5
 The term “mineral” is used in health sciences as a substance that is beneficial
to the body. In the mining industry, it is any substance that has been extracted from a
mine. However, for geologists, a mineral is a naturally occurring substance that is
usually solid, crystalline, stable at room temperature, and inorganic.

What are the characteristics of a mineral?

To determine an Earth mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics:
✓ Naturally-occurring. It is a mineral if it has been formed by geologic
processes without any human intervention.

✓ Inorganic. A mineral is inorganic if it is formed by inorganic processes and

does not contain any organic compounds. However, minerals like calcite and
other shell-forming materials are formed through organic processes but are
still considered as minerals if they become part of a rock.

✓ Solid. A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only
be attained if it is solid.

✓ Crystalline structure. Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of

their atoms is ordered and repetitive. Thus, naturally occurring, inorganic
solids, such as obsidian, cannot be considered a mineral since they lack a
crystalline structure.

✓ Can be represented by a chemical formula. Most minerals are chemical

compounds and can be represented using a fixed or variable chemical
formula. An example of a mineral with a fixed formula is quartz (SiO2). This
indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen
atoms. Olivine is a mineral that has a variable chemical formula. It can be
represented as either Mg2SiO4 or Fe2SiO4.

(Source: "Five Characteristics of a Mineral," Sciencing, last modified April 13, 2018,
https://sciencing.com/five-characteristics-mineral-23695.html.)

The above characteristics are used to differentiate a mineral from a regular rock.
Moreover, a mineral is further identified by its unique sets of properties.

Some minerals are easily classifiable; others can only be recognized using a
petrographic microscope or by complex analytical techniques. The following
criteria are used to differentiate minerals in hand sample. Most minerals cannot be
identified from one particular property, and so, it is advisable to use several of the
diagnostic criteria below. A hand lens will help greatly.

6
Color
Color is one of the most obvious characteristics of a mineral, but generally not
the most useful diagnostic feature. Depending on impurities, individual mineral types
may come in a vast variety of colors. For example, ruby and sapphire are differently
colored types of mineral corundum (Al2O3). The red color of ruby is due to the presence
of the element chromium. Sapphires may come in a vast variety of colors; blue being
the most familiar color; but yellow, orange, green, pink, orange, and brown varieties are
also known. Garnets may also come in a large range of colors, depending on their
composition. They can be found with virtually any color, although blue garnets are
exceptionally rare. Therefore, it is not advisable to rely on color alone to identify a
mineral.

Crystal habit
It refers to the characteristic shape of a mineral unit (either an individual crystal
or an aggregate of crystals). Crystals with well- developed faces are referred to as
“euhedral”; for example, garnet crystals are often euhedral. Minerals may also occur
as aggregates of crystals; for example, asbestos is usually found as an aggregate of
very fine fibers. Here is a list of different crystal habits and examples of common
minerals that may exhibit each habit.

• Acicular - needle-like, e.g. natrolite, rutile

• Bladed - blade-like slender and flattened, e.g. kyanite
• Botryoidal - grape-like masses, e.g. hematite, malachite
• Columnar - long, slender prisms, e.g. calcite, gypsum
• Cubic - cube-shaped, e.g. pyrite, galena, halite
• Dendritic - tree-like, branching in multiple directions, e.g. pyrolusite,
native copper, native silver
• Fibrous - very slender prisms, e.g. asbestos, tremolite
• Foliated or lamellar - layered structure, parts easily into very thin sheets,
e.g. muscovite, biotite
• Granular - aggregates of crystals, e.g. bornite, scheelite
• Hexagonal - six-sided, e.g. quartz, hanksite
• Massive - no distinct shape, e.g. turquoise, realgar
• Octahedral - eight-sided, e.g. diamond, magnetite
• Platy - flat, tablet shape, e.g. wulfenite
• Prismatic - elongate, prism-like e.g. tourmaline, beryl
• Radial or stellate - radiating outwards from a central point, star-like, e.g.
wavellite, pyrophyllite

7
 Table 1. Crystal Habits of Some Common Minerals

Acicular habit (rutile) Botryoidal habit (malachite) Cubic habit (pyrite)

Fibrous habit (sillimanite) Foliated habit (biotite) Massive habit (realgar)

Hexagonal habit (sapphire) Platy habit (wulfenite) Prismatic habit

(Source: “Rock-forming Minerals,” Geological Society of Glasgow, accessed June 9, 2020,

https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/local-rocks/rock-forming-minerals.)

8
Hardness
It is a measure of how resistant a mineral is to scratching. Their physical property
is controlled by the chemical composition and structure of the mineral. Hardness is
commonly measured on the Mohs’s scale. This is defined by ten minerals, where each
mineral can scratch those with a lower scale number. Diamond (Hardness 10) can
scratch everything below it on the Mohs’s scale, whereas quartz (Hardness 7) can
scratch fluorite (Hardness 4) but not corundum (Hardness 9).

Table 2. Mohs’s Scale of Hardness

Hardness Scale Number Mineral
1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6 Orthoclase
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond

Streak
The streak of a mineral refers to the color of the mark it leaves behind after being
rubbed against a piece of unglazed porcelain. Hematite provides a good example of
how streak works. While this mineral is usually black, silver, or brown-red in hand
sample, its streak is always a dark blood-red. Chalcopyrite is usually golden-brown in
hand sample but has a green-black streak. Streak can be used only for minerals with
a Mohs’s hardness of 7 or less, as minerals with a hardness greater than 7 will
themselves scratch the streak plate. A streak plate is an unglazed porcelain is with a
hardness of approximately 7.0.
Luster
It refers to the way in which the surface of a mineral reflects light, and is controlled
by the kinds of atoms present and their bonding. It is described by the following terms:

• Adamantine - diamond-like luster; such minerals are usually transparent and

have a high refractive index; e.g. diamond, cerussite, cubic zirconia
• Dull or earthy - no reflections; e.g. kaolinite
• Greasy - the appearance of being coated with an oily substance; may also be
greasy to the touch; e.g. opal
• Pearly - the whitish iridescence of materials such as pearls; e.g. stilbite
• Vitreous - like glass; e.g. calcite, quartz, beryl
• Silky - like silk fabric; e.g. satin spar (a variety of gypsum)
• Resinous - like a resin; e.g. fire opal
• Metallic - metal-like in appearance; e.g. pyrite

9
 Adamantine luster (diamond) Resinous luster (fire opal)
(Source: “Rock-forming Minerals,” Geological Society of Glasgow, accessed June 9, 2020,
https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/local-rocks/rock-forming-minerals.)
Cleavage
Minerals are composed of atoms, which, for each mineral, have a characteristic
arrangement. Weaknesses in the chemical bonds between these atoms cause plane
of weakness in the crystal structure. Cleavage is an indication of how well a mineral
breaks along these planes of weakness and maybe a good diagnostic characteristic.
Cleavage may be described as “perfect”, “good”, “distinct” or “poor”. In transparent
minerals or in thin sections viewed through a microscope, cleavage may be seen as a
series or parallel lines.
The number of cleavage planes in a mineral may also aid in its identification.
Cleavage typically occurs in either one, two, three, four or six directions. Micas easily
split along their one plane of cleavage to form thin sheets. Amphiboles exhibit two
cleavage planes. Iceland spar, a variety of calcite, cleaves readily along three planes
of weakness into distinctive rhombs. Galena breaks along three cleavage planes
producing cubic fractions. Fluorite and diamond show cleavage in four directions.
Sphalerite exhibits cleavage in six directions. Not every mineral display cleavage. For
example, quartz does not have a weakness in its crystal structure and therefore does
not exhibit cleavage. When a quartz specimen is broken with a hammer, it displays
conchoidal (shell-like) fracture. Fracture is exhibited if the mineral does not have a
cleavage plane.
(Source: “Rock-forming Minerals,” Geological Society of Glasgow, accessed June 9, 2020,
https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/local-rocks/rock-forming-minerals.)

Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity, also known as SG, is a measurement that determines the density
of minerals. Two minerals may be the same size, but their weight may be very different.
The specific gravity of a mineral determines how heavy it is by its relative weight to
water. The specific gravity value is expressed upon how much greater the weight of the
mineral is to an equal amount of water. Water has a specific gravity of 1.0. If a mineral
has a specific gravity of 2.7, it is 2.7 times heavier than water. Minerals with a specific
gravity under 2 are considered light, between 2 and 4.5 average, and greater than 4.5
heavy. Most minerals with a metallic luster are heavy. The specific gravity may slightly
vary within a mineral because of impurities present in the minerals structure.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

(Source: “Mineral Properties: Specific Gravity,” Minerals.net, accessed September 28, 2020,
https://www.minerals.net/resource/property/specificgravity.aspx.)

10
Rock-forming minerals

1. Feldspar
“Feldspar” is the name of a huge group of rock-forming
silicate minerals that make up over 50% of Earth’s crust. They are
found in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks in all parts
of the world. Feldspar minerals have very similar structures,
chemical compositions, and physical properties. Common Figure 1. Feldspar
feldspars include orthoclase (KAlSi3O8), albite (NaAlSi3O8), and (Source: James St. John,
anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8). Potassium feldspar,
(Source: "Feldspar," Geology.com, accessed June 17, 2020, https://www.flickr.com/photo
https://geology.com/minerals/feldspar.shtml.) s/47445767@N05/3249952
8651, Creative Commons
Attribution 2.0 Generic.)
2. Quartz
Quartz or Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a chemical compound
consisting of one-part silicon and two parts oxygen. It is the most
abundant and widely distributed mineral found at Earth's surface
- present and plentiful in all parts of the world. Its unique properties
make it one of the most useful natural substances. Quartz forms
at all temperatures and is abundant in igneous, metamorphic,
and sedimentary rocks. It is highly resistant to both mechanical
and chemical weathering. This durability makes it the dominant
mineral in mountaintops and the primary constituent of beach,
Figure 2: Quartz
river, and desert sand. Quartz is ubiquitous, plentiful, and (Source: cobalt123, Quartz
durable. Minable deposits are found throughout the world. Lamps, Glow,
(Source: "Quartz," Geology.com, accessed June 11, 2020, https://www.flickr.com/photos/6
https://geology.com/minerals/quartz.shtml#:~:text= 6606673@N00/97465442,
Quartz%20is%20a%20chemical%20compound, Creative Commons Attribution-
Transparent%20%22rock%20crystal%22%20quartz.) NonCommercial 2.0 Generic.)

3. Amphibole
Amphibole is a crucial institution of usually darkish-
colored, inosilicate minerals, forming prism or needlelike
crystals, composed of double chain SiO4 (Silicon tetroxide)
and normally containing ions of iron and/or magnesium in
their systems. Amphiboles may be inexperienced, black,
colorless, white, yellow, blue, or brown. The International
Mineralogical Association presently classifies amphiboles
as a mineral supergroup with several subgroups. Figure 3: Amphibole
(Source: James St. John,
(Source: "Amphibole," Geologyscience.com, accessed June 11, 2020, Actinolite amphibole,
https://geologyscience.com/minerals/amphibole/.) https://www.flickr.com/photos/47
445767@N05/32545259415,
Creative Commons Attribution
4. Mica 2.0 Generic.)

Of the 28 known species of the mica group, only 6 are

common rock-forming minerals. Muscovite, the common
light-colored mica, and biotite, which is typically black or
nearly so, are the most abundant. Phlogopite, typically
brown, and paragonite, which is macroscopically
indistinguishable from muscovite, also are fairly
common. Lepidolite, generally pinkish to lilac in color,

11
 occurs in lithium-bearing pegmatites. Glauconite, a green species that does not
have the same general macroscopic characteristics as the other micas, occurs
occasionally in many marine sedimentary sequences. All of these micas except
glauconite exhibit easily observable perfect cleavage into flexible sheets.
Glauconite, often occurs as pelletlike grains, does not Figure 4: Mica
have apparent cleavage. (Source: The White Wolf, Mica
(Source: "Mica," Britannica, accessed June 11, 2020, (Muscovite),
https://www.britannica.com/science/mica.) https://www.flickr.com/photos/3524
8676@N08/4755450797, Creative
Commons Attribution- NoDerivs
2.0 Generic.)

5. Olivine
Olivine is typically found in mafic and ultramafic igneous
rocks such as basalt, gabbro, dunite, diabase, and peridotite.
They are usually green in color and have compositions that
typically range between Mg2SiO4 and Fe2SiO4. Many people
are familiar with olivine because it is the mineral of a very
popular green gemstone known as peridot.
(Source: “Olivine," Geology.com, Accessed June 11, 2020,
https://geology.com/minerals/olivine.shtml.) Figure 5: Olivine
(Source: James St. John, Olivine,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445
767@N05/31834223564, Creative
Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic.)

6. Garnet
Garnet is best known as a red gemstone and
birthstone of January. It occurs in many colors and has
many industrial uses. These minerals are found
throughout the world in metamorphic, igneous,
and sedimentary rocks. Most garnet found near Earth's
surface forms when a sedimentary rock with a high
aluminum content, such as shale, is subjected to heat
and pressure intense enough to
produce schist or gneiss. Garnet is also found in the Figure 6. Garnet
rocks of contact metamorphism, subsurface magma (Source: jaja_1985,Orange Garnet,
chambers, lava flows, deep-source volcanic https://www.flickr.com/photos/2532673
7@N00/167345135, Creative
eruptions, and the soils and sediments formed when Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic.)
garnet-bearing rocks are weathered and eroded. In
the United States, the major industrial uses of garnet in 2012 were waterjet cutting
(35%), abrasive blasting media (30%), water filtration granules (20%), and abrasive
powders (10%).
(Source: "Garnet," Geology.com, accessed June 11, 2020
, https://geology.com/minerals/garnet.shtml.)

7. Calcite
Calcite is a rock-forming mineral with a chemical formula of CaCO3. It is extremely
common and found throughout the world in sedimentary, metamorphic,
and igneous rocks. Some geologists consider it to be a "ubiquitous mineral" - one that
is found everywhere.

12
 Calcite is the principal constituent
of limestone and marble. These rocks are extremely
common and make up a significant portion of Earth's
crust. They serve as one of the largest carbon
repositories on our planet.
The properties of calcite make it one of the
most widely used minerals. Its uses include as a
construction material, abrasive, agricultural soil
treatment, construction aggregate, pigment,
Figure 7. Calcite
pharmaceutical, and more. It has more uses than (Source: subarcticmike, Fist-sized
almost any other mineral. Calcite Crystal,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/318563
(Source: "Calcite," Geology.com, accessed June 17, 2020, 36@N03/3108675089, Creative
https://geology.com/minerals/calcite.shtml.) Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic.)

8. Pyroxene
Pyroxene is any of a group of important rock-forming silicate minerals of
variable composition, among which calcium-, magnesium-, and iron-rich varieties
predominate.
Pyroxenes are the most significant and
abundant group of rock-forming ferromagnesian
silicates. They are found in almost every variety
of igneous rock and also occur in rocks of widely
different compositions formed under conditions of
regional and contact metamorphism. Pyroxene is
derived from the Greek pyro, meaning “fire,” and
xenos, meaning “stranger”.
(Source: “Pyroxene,”Britannica, accessed June 11, 2020, Figure 8. Pyroxene
https://www.britannica.com/science/pyroxene.) (Source: Peter Hyks, Pyroxene & small
andradite crystals in skarn,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/130789578
@N06/33995345026, Creative Commons
Attribution- NonCommercial 2.0 Generic.)
Significance of Studying Minerals
Rocks and minerals are all around us. By studying minerals, we develop awareness
about the benefits they bring to people. As we learn about these benefits, we become
mindful of their significance to mankind. This significance gives us thoughts on how we
can preserve them so that they will still be available in the future.

Rocks and minerals help us to develop new technologies that are used in our
everyday lives. They are utilized as building materials, cosmetics, cars, roads, and
appliances. They also play a valuable role in natural systems such as providing habitat
and provide soil nutrients where the tallest trees in the world grow.

Rocks and minerals are important for learning about earth materials, structure, and
systems. Studying these natural objects incorporates an understanding of earth
science, chemistry, physics, and math.

13
Mind Thriller

The lesson is about

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

The part/s of the lesson that amazed me is/ are

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

My conclusion in this lesson is that

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1: Crossword Puzzle

Directions: Write your answers across and down the boxes.

14
Across

1. Muscovite, biotite, phlogopite, paragonite, muscovite, lepidolite, glauconite

3. One of the most obvious characteristics of a mineral, but generally not the most useful diagnostic
feature.
7. It is a measure of how resistant a mineral is to scratching.
9. The measurement done by mineralogists to describe the density of the mineral. _______ gravity
11. The plane of weakness in the crystal structure.
12. Best known as a red gemstone and birthstone of January.
13. The color of the mark the mineral displays after being rubbed against a piece of unglazed porcelain.
14. A mineral found in basalt.

Down

1. The building blocks of rocks.

2. The name of a large group of rock-forming silicate minerals that make up over 50% of Earth’s crust.
4. The way in which the surface of a mineral reflects light.
5. It is the principal constituent of limestone and marble.
6. A rock-forming mineral.
8. A common accessory mineral.
10. Diamond-like luster

Activity 2: #OneWord
Directions: Say something about each rock-forming mineral using #oneword. The first
one is done for you.
Mineral #oneword
1. Quartz #abundant
2. Feldspar ____________
3. Amphibole ____________
4. Mica ____________
5. Garnet _____________
6. Olivine _____________
7. Calcite _____________
8. Pyroxene _____________

Activity 3: Fact or Fake

Directions: Write Fact if the statement is TRUE and Fake if it is FALSE.

_________1. Calcite is used as a construction material, abrasive, agricultural soil

treatment, construction aggregate, pigment, pharmaceutical and more.
_________2. Garnet is used in waterjet cutting (35%), abrasive blasting media (30%),
water filtration granules (20%), and abrasive powders (10%).
_________3. Feldspar is the mineral of a very popular green gemstone known as
peridot.
_________4. Mica’s shiny and glittery appearance makes it ultimate for toothpaste
and cosmetics.
_________5. Amphibole is the component of the rock amphibolite- a very popular
dimension stone in construction.

15
 Activity: Concept Mapping
Directions: Fill-in the concept map with the correct words/terms.

MINERALS

have characteristics that in hand sample, can be can be

include identified using several
diagnostic criteria

accessory mineral rock-forming

naturally-occuring such as mineral such as

crystal habit
monazite Mica

can be represented by
a chemical formula pyrite
specific gravity

Pyroxene

Activity: Research
Directions: Below are some of the rocks that are abundant or are found in Palawan.
Identify the minerals that compose such rocks. The first one is done for you.

Rocks that are found in Palawan Mineral composition

1. Limestone in Underground River, El Nido and Coron, Palawan Calcite
2. Marble in some parts of Palawan
3. Sandstone in San Vicente, Palawan
4. Capoas (shoreline in North Palawan) Granite
5. Metamorphic rocks in Langogan, Puerto Princesa City

16
Activity: That’s It!
Directions: Complete the sentences below:

1. In this lesson, my ultimate “take-out” is ___________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

2. I realized that _______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

17
Directions: Choose and circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following characteristics should NOT be considered in identifying a

genuine mineral?
A. Crystalline structure C. Organic
B. Naturally-occurring D. Solid
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of mineral?
A. Basalt C. Diamond
B. Carbon D. Galena
3. Which of the following is NOT a rock-forming mineral?
A. Feldspar C. Pyrite
B. Mica D. Quartz

4. What do you call the solid form of a mineral produced by a repeating pattern of
atoms?
A. Crystal C. Element
B. Density D. Fracture

5. Which of the following can be scratched by gypsum?

A. Calcite C. Talc
B. Corundum D. Quartz
6. What do you call a plane of weakness in the crystal structure along which
a mineral is likely to split smoothly?
A. Cleavage C. Fracture
B. Crystal defect D. Splitting point

7. Which of the following is TRUE about color as one of the characteristics of a mineral?
A. Minerals of the same type can only have one color.
B. Impurities can cause variety of colors in an individual mineral type.
C. It is enough to rely on color alone to identify a mineral.
D. It is the most useful diagnostic feature in identifying a mineral.

8. What is referred to as characteristic shape of a mineral unit (either an individual

crystal or an aggregate of crystals)?
A. Crystal contour C. Crystal habit
B. Crystal form D. Crystal structure

9. What is the measure of how resistant a mineral is to scratch?

A. Endurance C. Resistance
B. Hardness D. Tolerance

18
10. The surface of a mineral reflects light. What property of mineral this pertains to?
A. Luster C. Streak
B. Spark D. Strike
11. What property of mineral is exhibited as it leaves a color behind after being rubbed
against a piece of unglazed porcelain?
A. Hue C. Streak
B. Shade D. Stripe

12. What is the measurement done by mineralogists to describe the density of a

mineral? It represents the ratio of the mass of the mineral to the mass of equal
volume of water.
A. Mohs’s Scale C. Specific Gravity
B. Petrographic Microscopy D. Use of complex analytical techniques
13. What is the name of the large group of rock-forming silicate minerals that make
up over 50% of Earth’s crust?
A. Amphibole C. Mica
B. Feldspar D. Quartz

14. This rock-forming mineral occurs in many colors and has many industrial uses.
They are found throughout the world in metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary
rocks. Most of them are found near Earth's surface where they are formed when a
sedimentary rock with a high aluminum content, such as shale, is subjected to heat
and pressure intense enough to produce schist or gneiss. What is it?
A. Calcite C. Olivine
B. Garnet D. Pyroxene

15. They are usually green in color and have compositions that typically range
between Mg2SiO4 and Fe2SiO4. Many people are familiar with this rock-forming
mineral because it is the mineral component of a very popular
green gemstone known as peridot. What is it?
A. Amphibole C. Pyroxene
B. Olivine D. Quartz

19
 20
What I Have Learned Your improvement index:
Assessment / 15
X 100 = %
What I Know / 15
Rocks that are found in Palawan Mineral composition
1. Limestone in Underground River, El Nido and Coron, Palawan calcite
2. Marble in some parts of Palawan calcite
3. Sandstone in San Vicente, Palawan quartz
4. Capoas (shoreline in North Palawan) Granite feldspar
5. Metamorphic rocks in Langogan quartz, mica, feldspar
What’s More
What’s More
1. Fact 3. Fake 5. Fact
2. Fact 4. Fact
What I Know
1. C 6. A 11. C
2. B 7. B 12. C
3. C 8. C 13. B
4. A 9. B 14. B
5. C 10. A 15. B
What’s In
GEOSPHERE ANIMALS
ATMOSPHERE SUN
BIOSPHERE CARBON
What is it HYDROSPHERE WATER
What is the lesson all about? DISTURBANCE NITROGEN
Answer: The lesson is about rock-forming minerals BIOGEOCHEMICAL GROUNDWATER
What conclusion can you make out of the lesson? PLANTS ROCKS
Answer: Minerals are very important to us, people, CYCLE
because of their various uses. We live a convenient
living because of minerals.
Assessment
1. C 6. A 11. C
2. B 7. B 12. C
3. C 8. C 13. B
4. A 9. B 14. B
5. C 10. A 15. B
 References

Websites

Bressan, David. “A History Of Collecting Rocks And Minerals: Minerals As Early

Medicine ." Last modified September 30, 2016.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/09/30/a-history-of-collecting-
rocks-and-minerals-minerals-as-early-medicine/#20a22fd84ae7.

“Rock-forming Minerals.” Geological Society of Glasgow. Accessed June 9, 2020,

https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/local-rocks/rock-forming-minerals/.

"Mineral Properties: Specific Gravity.” Minerals.net. Accessed September 28, 2020.

https://www.minerals.net/resource/property/specificgravity.aspx.

Simmons, William B. “Pyroxene. ”Britannica. Accessed June 11, 2020.

https://www.britannica.com/science/pyroxene.

Dietrich, R.V. "Mica." Britannica. Accessed June 11, 2020.

https://www.britannica.com/science/mica.

Dinh, Ho-Diep. "Five Characteristics of a Mineral." Sciencing. Last modified April 13,
2018. https://sciencing.com/five-characteristics-mineral-23695.html.

King, Hobart M. "Calcite." Geology.com. Accessed June 17, 2020.

https://geology.com/minerals/calcite.shtml.

King, Hobart M. "Feldspar." Geology.com. Accessed June 17, 2020.

https://geology.com/minerals/feldspar.shtml.

King, Hobart M. "Garnet." Geology.com. Accessed June 11, 2020.

https://geology.com/minerals/garnet.shtml.

King, Hobart M. "Quartz." Geology.com. Accessed June 11, 2020.

https://geology.com/minerals/quartz.shtml#:~:text=Quartz%20is%20a%20che
mical%20compound,Transparent%20%22rock%20crystal%22%20quartz.

King, Hobart M. "Olivine." Geology.com. Accessed June 11, 2020.

https://geology.com/minerals/olivine.shtml.

"Amphibole." Geologyscience.com. Accessed June 11, 2020.

https://geologyscience.com/minerals/amphibole/.

21
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learner’s material is aimed at ensuring your worthwhile learning
through the help of your family members. For feedback
purposes, kindly answer the following questions: YES NO
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