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Imagining Global Amsterdam History Culture and
Geography in a World City 1st Edition Marco De Waard
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Marco de Waard
ISBN(s): 9789048515134, 9048515130
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.18 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
 imagining
global
amsterdam
edited by marco de waard

History, Culture,
and Geography
in a World City
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

AMSTERDAM
UNIVERSITY
PRESS

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 Imagining Global Amsterdam
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 Cities and Cultures

Cities and Cultures is an interdisciplinary humanities book series addressing the

interrelations between contemporary cities and the cultures they produce. The
series takes a special interest in the impact of globalization on urban space and
cultural production, but remains concerned with all forms of cultural expression
and transformation associated with contemporary cities.

Series editor: Christoph Lindner, University of Amsterdam

Advisory Board:

Ackbar Abbas, University of California, Irvine

Nezar AlSayyad, University of California, Berkeley
Derek Gregory, University of British Columbia
Stephanie Hemelryk Donald, University of New South Wales
Shirley Jordan, Queen Mary, University of London
Geoffrey Kantaris, University of Cambridge
Bill Marshall, University of London
Ginette Verstraete, VU University Amsterdam
Richard J. Williams, University of Edinburgh
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 Imagining Global
Amsterdam:
History, Culture, and Geography in a World City

Edited by Marco de Waard

Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

amsterdam university press

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 This book is published in print and online through the online OAPEN library (www.oapen.org)

OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) is a collaborative initiative to develop

and implement a sustainable Open Access publication model for academic books in the Humani-
ties and Social Sciences. The OAPEN Library aims to improve the visibility and usability of high
quality academic research by aggregating peer reviewed Open Access publications from across
Europe.

Cover illustration: Photographer: TESS

Cover design: Kok Korpershoek, Amsterdam

Lay-out: Heymans & Vanhove, Goes

isbn 978 90 8964 367 4

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Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND

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M. de Waard / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2012

Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of
this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).

Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced
in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact
the publisher.

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgments 7

Introduction 9
1. Amsterdam and the Global Imaginary 9
Marco de Waard

Part I: Historicizing Global Amsterdam 25

2. Imagining Social Change in Early-Modern Amsterdam:
Global Processes, Local Perceptions 27
Ulrich Ufer
3. Amidst Unscrupulous Neighbours: Amsterdam Money
and Foreign Interests in Dutch Patriotic Imagery 45
Dorothee Sturkenboom
4. Visualizing Commerce and Empire: Decorating the Built Environment
of Amsterdam 67
Michael Wintle
5. Romance and Commerce: Imagining Global Amsterdam
in the Contemporary Historical Novel 83
Joyce Goggin and Erinç Salor
6. Dutch Decline Redux: Remembering New Amsterdam
in the Global and Cosmopolitan Novel 101
Marco de Waard

Part II: Amsterdam Global Village: (Inter)National Imaginings 123

Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

7. Form, Punch, Caress: Johan van der Keuken’s Global Amsterdam 125
Patricia Pisters
8. Rembrandt on Screen: Art Cinema, Cultural Heritage,
and the Museumization of Urban Space 143
Marco de Waard
9. Imagining a Global Village: Amsterdam in Janwillem
van de Wetering’s Detective Fiction 169
Sabine Vanacker
10. Amsterdam, City of Sirens: On Hafid Bouazza’s Short Story ‘Apolline’ 187
Henriette Louwerse

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 Part III: Global Amsterdam’s Cultural Geography 199
11. Amsterdam and/as New Babylon: Urban Modernity’s
Contested Trajectories 201
Mark E. Denaci
12. Amsterdam’s Architectural Image from Early-Modern Print Series
to Global Heritage Discourse 219
Freek Schmidt
13. Amsterdam Memorials, Multiculturalism, and the Debate
on Dutch Identity 239
Jeroen Dewulf
14. Graphic Design, Globalization, and Placemaking
in the Neighbourhoods of Amsterdam 255
Bharain Mac an Bhreithiún
15. A Global Red-Light City? Prostitution in Amsterdam as
a Real-and-Imagined Place 273
Michaël Deinema and Manuel B. Aalbers
16. Global Eros in Amsterdam: Religion, Sex, Politics 289
Markha Valenta

Contributors 305
Index 309
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

6 imagining global amsterdam

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 Acknowledgments

This collection of essays originates in the conference Imagining Amsterdam: Vi-

sions and Revisions, held at the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam on 19-21 November
2009. Most of the essays brought together here were first presented on that oc-
casion, and subsequently revised and expanded for inclusion in this book. In
preparing their papers for publication, contributors were asked to connect them
to the themes of globalization, the modern urban imaginary, and Amsterdam as
‘global village’ in ways that they thought best given their expertise and concep-
tual interests and concerns. It goes without saying that a project of this scope
and kind cannot take shape without incurring some substantial debts, which I
am very keen to acknowledge here. First of all, my warm thanks go to Joyce
Goggin and to Christoph Lindner for their encouragement, support, and tacti-
cal and practical advice throughout this project’s different stages. Back in 2008,
Joyce joined me in organizing the Imagining Amsterdam conference. Her help in
getting this project off the ground has been essential, and working together was
good fun along the way. Christoph’s support and advice, too, have been crucial,
and I consider it an honour that Imagining Global Amsterdam now launches the
Cities and Cultures book series under his general editorship at AUP. Next, thanks
are due to the Institute of Culture and History at UvA for supporting the con-
ference organizationally and financially, and to Amsterdam University College
for offering additional encouragement and support. I would also like to thank
Miriam Meissner for doing an expert job on the images for this book in her role
as editorial assistant, and AUP for their continued confidence in me and in this
project despite some delays. My final debt is to the students at Amsterdam Uni-
versity College who took my undergraduate courses on ‘Literary Cities’ and ‘The
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Modern Urban Novel’ in the Spring terms of 2010 and 2011. Their readiness to
discuss a range of ideas and texts with me that ended up having a role in the mak-
ing of this book was exemplary and inspirational; I can only hope they learned as
much from the experience as I feel I gained by it myself. I dedicate this collection
to all the students that I have had the good fortune to work with at AUC, that
most international of colleges – as another way in which to cheer them on as they
give meaning to what it is to be ‘global citizens’ in Amsterdam.

MdW

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 Introduction

1. Amsterdam and the Global Imaginary

Marco de Waard

Cultural Mobility, Global Performativity

A young woman – immersed, it appears, in her reading – sits on a large, beanbag-

shaped stone chair on Amsterdam’s Dam Square. Her pose, if not exactly com-
fortable, seems balanced enough, although she may have had to put herself into
a squat first over her sizeable black travelling bag. Behind her we see a museum
poster, one of a series put up there by the Amsterdam (Historical) Museum to
advertize its collection when a large bank building was temporarily fenced off in
2009 and 2010. The scene on the poster forms a striking contrast with the calm
of the woman’s pose: a monumental canvas by Jan Abrahamsz. Beerstraaten,
it evokes the fire that destroyed Amsterdam’s old town hall in the night of 7
July 1652. The inflamed sky, rendered in part in screaming colours, suggests
the event may have seemed to spell apocalypse to some of those who witnessed
it, including perhaps the painter himself. The fact that the Exchange Bank, too,
was destroyed (it was housed in the same building) offers the potential of a stern
cautionary tale in this city of Calvinists and commerce, of seventeenth-century
republicans and burghers. In fact, a new town hall was already being built; seen
in its entirety, the painting shows the scaffolding behind the waaghuis, suggesting
that the fire only sealed the old building’s appointed fate – and so, could just as
well be cast as a providential sign of benevolence, divine arrangements meshing
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

nicely with worldly ones.1

The woman, in any case, is oblivious to the painting, as she is to the tourist
draws near where she sits. We know that on her right stands the Nieuwe Kerk,
which regularly houses art and heritage exhibitions. Just in front of her is the
city’s Madame Tussauds; if she looks up, she is likely to see people queue up to
see Rembrandt, Lady Gaga, and the Dalai Lama in wax. Just across from her is
the Palace on the Dam, the building which Beerstraaten saw completed during
his lifetime, and which now functions as a museum and a place for royal recep-
tions. And finally, surrounding all this, we may sense the hustle and bustle and
noise of Amsterdam itself: the shops, the street vendors and ‘living statues’ who
often punctuate Damrak and Dam Square, and other city users, residents, and
travellers. Strikingly, though, in the photograph the modern city is mainly there
by suggestion: it only intrudes in the form of the litter on the woman’s side, on

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 the square’s characteristic cobblestones. She, meanwhile, reads Jack Kerouac’s
On the Road (1957) as if nothing could disturb her peace. What to make of this
rich assemblage of images, sensations, and cultural markers? What kind of urban
experience is conjured up by it? How should we understand the woman’s some-
what enviable, but also rather curious moment of poise?
In the context of a collection of essays on ‘imagining global Amsterdam’,
the point to make is that the photograph, which is shown in detail on the cover
of this book, points to three different kinds of cultural mobility, each of which
firmly belongs to the present ‘age of globalization’. They are: the mobility of the
tourist or corporeal traveller, moving across countries and continents to visit
‘capitals of culture’ (if not, to stay in Kerouac’s beatnik idiom, to be simply ‘on
the road’); the mobility of the image – potentially any image – across time and
space, a trend only intensifying now that the ‘society of the spectacle’ announced
in the 1960s by Guy Debord has spiralled into hypermediacy and into incessant,
neurotic re-mediation; and finally, the mobility of the ‘city’ as an imagined or
mental construction in its own right, in the sense that it leads a life independent
of its existence as a physical place, appealing to visitors, media users, and art
and architecture lovers in contexts ranging from the Netherlands and Europe to
America and Asia, and articulated by a spate of narratives and re-mediations.
Paradoxically, this city as an imagined construct could be said to live a shadowy,
shimmering existence while the images proliferate: under today’s conditions, the
most successful ‘cities of culture’ – at least in commercial or cultural-economic
terms – may be those where one has ‘always already’ been, even if one has never
actually set foot in them.
Indeed, if we stay with the example of the woman on Dam Square for just a
little longer, we see several cultural scripts being played out in this photograph,
none of which is unique to Amsterdam as a place. First, the ‘romance’ of a road
novel like On the Road could be projected onto one’s travel experience in many
other places. The novel scripts the woman’s encounter with Amsterdam in ways
that make it ‘American’ or ‘global’ as well as Dutch or European. Second – and
notwithstanding the special charm of this photo’s composition – a thematically
comparable photo of a similar situation could have been taken in any other ‘capi-
tal of culture’, hypermediated places such as Dam Square being available in every
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

tourist city today. (It is worth recalling here that in their seminal book Remedia-
tion, Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin compare heavily mediated cities to
‘theme parks’. Although the pull of historical gravity in this photograph is palpa-
ble, the Dam Square it gives us hardly escapes this ‘logic of hypermediacy’ [Bolter
and Grusin 1999, 169]). Third and last, even my own reading of the photograph
and the museum poster in the above could not entirely avoid slipping into the
language of the art catalogue or travel guide, and thus into the conventions of a
globally circulating script, best summed up perhaps as the master script of ‘Euro-
pean cultural heritage’ (more about which later). The point is that all these scripts
are intensely repeatable across media and places, which means that none of them
can define the singular experience of an urban space or place in its uniqueness.
It is this free play of cultural mobilities and global performativities, of images on
the move and people responding to their movements, that the present collection

10 introduction

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 seeks to address – using Amsterdam as a strategic lens for bringing into focus the
dynamics of urban image formation under conditions of globalization in society
and culture.

Imagining Amsterdam, Imagining Globality

However, if the emphasis put here on the power and autonomy of images some-
how suggests that Amsterdam is placed ‘under erasure’ in this collection, I should
wish to disabuse the reader of this impression at once. Imagining Global Amster-
dam turns to Amsterdam as a singularly fascinating case study for the manifold
impact which globalization exerts, specifically in how it transforms urban life
and culture, produces new relations to place, space, and travel, and generates
new visions of both the city’s future and its past. In so doing, the collection takes
as its subject not only articulations of Amsterdam as a ‘world city’ – indeed,
‘global Amsterdam’ as one may find it today, a major hub for international com-
merce and tourism and the place where nearly 180 nationalities cohabit2 – but
also globally circulating images of Amsterdam as produced and received over
time, and finally, if somewhat elusively, what could be described as Amsterdam-
themed imaginings of the ‘global’ as such – i.e., representations of the city that
use it as a focal point for reflecting on the kind of global order which historically
it has had a hand in creating, and, by implication, on that to which we now seem
headed for the future.
The existing scholarship on Amsterdam as a global or world city is large and
diverse, but so far, historical and urban-geographical studies substantially prevail
over studies of city imagery; what is more, Amsterdam’s global dimension, both
in the seventeenth century and today, is still more often assumed as part of the
background of other and more specialized inquiry than submitted to scrutiny in
its own right, as the subject of reflective practice and representation.3 In brief,
then, let me consider three compelling reasons why (the idea of) Amsterdam
should offer a unique and exceptional case study for exploring the relationship
between globalization, urban culture, and today’s ‘society of the image’ from a
broad and international humanities perspective. The first is Amsterdam’s persis-
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

tent, but dynamic and contradictory association with the ‘global village’ idea:
i.e., of a city relatively free of the darker connotations of global citydom which
attach to primary or ‘core’ world cities such as London, Tokyo, or New York,
while intensely globally (inter)connected through various worldwide networks
and flows. To some extent, Amsterdam may owe its ‘global village’ image quite
simply to its physical geography and scale, as when it is dubbed ‘the world’s
smallest metropolis’ or ‘the smallest world city’ (Westzaan 1990, 27; Deben et al.
2007, back cover); indeed, if world cities form the ‘faces’ of globalization, as has
often been suggested, then Amsterdam provides it with a face that seems compar-
atively friendly and humane. To some extent, also, the image borrows continued
resonance and appeal from the ‘global village’ concept so famously promoted
by Marshall McLuhan in the 1960s, as a utopian metaphor for a democratic
and egalitarian world society integrated by global media. That Amsterdam has

amsterdam and the global imaginary 11

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 been considered directly in light of McLuhan’s concept/ideal speaks from the
Amsterdam-based films of Johan van der Keuken, among others – discussed in
chapter 7 in this book.4 However, if the ‘global village’ image of the city has long
held special attraction, it is complicated by the international interest in contem-
porary Amsterdam as the epitome of an open society, or as a space where an
unequalled degree of tolerance and permissiveness, and an historically evolved
culture of legal pragmatism, can be seen to co-exist with the possibility of li-
centiousness or even the breakdown of social morals. Let me turn to Jonathan
Blank’s feature-length documentary film Sex, Drugs & Democracy (1994) for
a particularly resonant example. Exploring ‘the Dutch idea of a free society’ to
wide American media coverage when it came out, Blank’s film documents Dutch
policies regarding abortion and euthanasia, the legalization of ‘vices’ such as
hashish, marijuana, and brothels, the Dutch wealth distribution system, and sex
education for schoolchildren (among other subjects) through largely sympathetic
interviews with local Amsterdammers, combined with evidence about low rates
in teen pregnancy, HIV infection, and drug abuse. For many (foreign) online re-
viewers, the image that is conjured up approximates a paradise on earth, at least
by suggestion, thereby setting up an implicit standard for comparison. As one
American reviewer put it in 2002: ‘I’m sure it is not a perfect society. … But it is
as perfect a society that we could ever hope to see. And the film really does make
one re-evaluate what freedom, liberty, justice for all and democracy really mean.
And how far the USA has so profoundly regressed from those utopian elements
on which it was founded’.5 Yet what also sticks is the image of a precarious bal-
ance, of a socio-cultural lifeworld highly dependent on participation and civic
consensus – which throws up the question how proof this society is against dif-
ficulty and change and how capable it is of self-perpetuation.
If for a long time, the image prevailed of Amsterdam as a place of radical
freedom from prohibitions and legal constraints, a laboratory for ‘alternative’
lifestyles, if one with a dangerous edge – typically popularized in such 1990s
texts as Irvine Welsh’s story ‘Eurotrash’ (1994) and Ian McEwan’s noir novel
Amsterdam, which carried the Booker Prize in 1998 – in the early 2000s new po-
litical developments and socio-cultural trends introduced a sea change in how the
city was regarded, at home as well as abroad. In January 2000, Dutch publicist
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Paul Scheffer published a controversial article in NRC Handelsblad that ques-

tioned the multiculturalist consensus that had prevailed so far in Dutch public
discourse. The ensuing debate – about the direction of the multicultural society,
and on a deeper level about the meaning and constitution of ‘community’ in
the Netherlands and about the terms of social inclusion, integration, and cohe-
sion – gained further momentum in the wake of ‘9/11’, as several essays in this
collection note.6 If initially this debate remained largely domestic, international
media coverage of the murder of Theo van Gogh (2 November 2004) was quick
to locate Amsterdam at the forefront of transformations that were felt to be
underway or imminent in European society at large, specifically in terms of the
‘dangers’ posed to freedom of speech – of which van Gogh had styled himself a
provocative proponent – and in terms of the pressures placed on tolerance by
new fundamentalisms, real or perceived. No matter what degree of exaggeration

12 introduction

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 or misreading was involved, the global image of the city was changing for a fact,
and so was its self-image at home. In the United States, readers with an interest in
the Netherlands could now read Ian Buruma’s Murder in Amsterdam: The Death
of Theo van Gogh and the Limits of Tolerance (2006) as well as watch Blank’s
movie – even though, it should be added, the idea of Amsterdam as a pars pro
toto of European-style social policy and welfarism also continued to have cur-
rency, and still does so to this day (e.g. Shorto 2009; Fainstein 2010).
I am, it must be obvious, sketching some highly complicated developments
in very broad strokes here. In the context of the present collection, the point to
make is that the cultural reorientation towards specifically Dutch traditions of
liberty, tolerance, and civic life which was set in motion in the early 2000s has not
only taken place in political forums and news media but also through literature,
film, urban architecture, the visual arts, and graphic design, and that the impulse
for this reorientation originates in international as well as domestic perceptions
and concerns. Some of the essays that follow trace a response to the present cul-
tural moment through re-imaginings and re-articulations of Amsterdam that are
keenly alive to the utopian, dystopian, heterotopian, and various other inflections
carried by the idea and image of the city in the eye of (inter)national beholders.
It is hoped that such studies add to our understanding of the intensity of global
exchange which has been invited by Amsterdam’s city image over time, and that
they expand the imaginative and intellectual space in which current socio-politi-
cal discussions are being played out.
The second reason why Amsterdam’s place in modern urban and global imag-
inaries deserves attention and study in its own right is its inscription, qua ‘world
city’, in two historical moments that are powerfully linked by contemporary
resonances. On the one hand, the idea of Amsterdam remains inextricably tied
up with the Dutch ‘moment of world hegemony’ during the seventeenth century,
when for some fifty years the city formed the heart of a capitalist world system
maintained through the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische
Compagnie or VOC) and the West India Company (WIC), among others – the
former, famously, often ‘considered to have been the first transnational [trad-
ing] company in the world’ (Nijman 1994, 211). As the historical sociologist
and world-systems theorist Giovanni Arrighi has written, these ‘Dutch chartered
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

companies were both beneficiaries and instruments of the ongoing centralization

in Amsterdam of world-embracing commerce and high finance ... [and] the me-
dium through which the Dutch capitalist class established direct links between
the Amsterdam entrepôt on the one side, and producers from all over the world
on the other’ (1994, 143; italics in original). This situation had a powerful impact
on local self-images and on the ‘global consciousness’ that emerged in the city
in the course of the seventeenth century – as Ulrich Ufer’s essay in this collec-
tion attests. Nor was the Dutch mercantilist effort short-lived, even if by the late
1670s world supremacy was lost. By 1728, ‘Daniel Defoe was still referring to
the Dutch as “the Carryers of the World, the middle Persons in Trade, the Factors
and Brokers of Europe”’ (Wallerstein 1982, 102); the VOC took until the close of
the eighteenth century to expire. A walk through Amsterdam’s historic inner-city
centre testifies abundantly to this global past and its legacy, as Michael Wintle’s

amsterdam and the global imaginary 13

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 chapter shows in discussing colonial iconography still decorating many buildings
and gables in the city today.
On the other hand, Amsterdam and the Netherlands are in various ways
caught up in the present ‘age of globalization’ – contemporaneous with that
multiheaded gorgon now commonly known as neoliberalism, roughly stretching
from the late 1970s into the present day (for periodization, see Harvey 2005).
Neoliberal globalization makes itself felt in Amsterdam in various ways. It gener-
ates transformations of urban space, most notably in the Zuidas district and the
city centre, which is often said – and feared – to fossilize into a ‘theme park’ of
some kind.7 It also works on the level of the (immigrant) neighbourhood or wijk,
where it creates new kinds of urban literacy, new forms of urban identification,
and new models of local and communal belonging. Finally, it makes itself felt
through processes of city branding and city marketing that are omnipresent in
some of Amsterdam’s lived, physical spaces, as they are in images in the media
(the I amsterdam branding campaign, considered by Bharain Mac an Bhreithiún
in chapter 14, being a conspicuous case in point). ‘Global Amsterdam’ provides
us with plenty of examples, then, of the intertwinement of the local and the glob-
al so often discussed under the rubric of ‘glocalization’, in the term promoted by
Roland Robertson (1995). ‘Glocalization’ refers to the local inflections – through
urban spaces and practices, subjectivities and identities – given to globally circu-
lating trends, and thereby to the intense and dynamic interdependence of the two.
In this sense the concept throws up important questions about determination and
resistance, about ‘strategy’ (hegemonic) and ‘tactics’ (from below). In Part III
of this book, about global Amsterdam’s cultural geography, the reader finds in-
depth discussion of examples of localized inscriptions in global processes: from
the elevation to ‘global heritage’ status of Amsterdam’s inner-city grachtengordel
in 2010, which Freek Schmidt considers in the conclusion to his chapter, to the
place of Amsterdam’s Red Light District in the city’s image and self-representa-
tion at home and abroad, discussed from different angles in chapters 15 and 16.
If Imagining Global Amsterdam studies how globalization impacts on the
city’s cultural geography, another – and closely related – aim it hopes to achieve
is this: to show that some of the literary and artistic articulations of Amsterdam
of recent years, specifically in the English-speaking world, go a long way towards
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

throwing the current ‘age of globalization’, as a moment of critical conjuncture,

into historical relief. Several essays in this collection suggest that the city’s hegem-
onic moment in the mercantilist era on the one hand, and the current moment
of neoliberalism on the other encounter each other in recent re-imaginings of the
city – as if Amsterdam has the capacity to inscribe itself in a double temporal-
ity which maps different historical layers onto each other. Let me refer to two
notable trends in recent Anglo-American cultural production to elaborate on the
idea. For nearly two decades now, one significant trend in historical fiction has
been that of the Amsterdam-themed heritage novel which, characteristically, de-
velops either an art-historical or a global-markets-and-finance plot that is set in
the seventeenth-century ‘Golden Age’. These fictions can often be seen to medi-
ate ambiguously between the readerly desire for ‘romanticizations of commerce’
and the need for economic ‘cautionary tales’ – an oscillation that has everything

14 introduction

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 to do, as Joyce Goggin and Erinç Salor show in an astute analysis of two novels
of this kind, with current anxieties about volatile markets, risk financing, and
the ‘financialization of everyday life’ (chapter 5). The other trend is that of the
pronounced surge of interest, in the Netherlands but also in the English-speaking
world, in the historical and cultural relations between Amsterdam and New York
– an interest one could date back at least to Russell Shorto’s bestselling The
Island at the Centre of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the
Forgotten Colony That Shaped America (2004), and which has gathered steam
with the 400th anniversary of New York-Amsterdam relations in 2009. Let me
emphasize the novelty of this interest, before considering its relevance for current
urban and global imaginaries. From an American and New York perspective, it
could be said as recently as 1999 that ‘the unflattering caricatures of backward
and inept Dutch people that permeate our culture’ lent the ‘colonial Dutch’ who
governed New Netherland ‘a timeless quality that tends to separate them from
the stream of historical action’ (Goodfriend 1999, 19). Thus New York colonial
history remained firmly Anglocentric, its Dutch episode a mere prelude to post-
1664 or post-1674 English rule. The recent renascence of interest, by contrast,
marks a new desire to experience American history through the lens of other, in-
tersecting continental and national cultural paradigms. That this trend has trav-
elled from academic historiography to popular histories like Shorto’s, and from
thence to representations in literature, film, and the visual arts, may indicate an
imaginative need on the part of audiences and readers to ‘imagine globality’ or
become ‘globally conscious’ in new ways. This would certainly go some way
towards explaining the re-articulation of markers of ‘Dutchness’ in notable New
York-based novels such as Joseph O’Neill’s Netherland (2008) and Teju Cole’s
Open City (2011), or in a film such as Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010),
and it would suggest a global context for interpreting such cultural expressions
and their role in cultural memory. (In chapter 6, the case of Netherland is used to
explore how the idea and image of (New) Amsterdam mediates between differ-
ent spatial and temporal orders, in ways that are formative of this novel’s ‘global
aesthetic’ and of the cosmopolitan ideal expressed in it).
The third and final reason why Amsterdam merits special attention from the
perspective of humanities-based globalization research is that articulations of the
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

city – both in commercial and political discourses and in literature, film, and the
visual arts – have in recent years become deeply implicated in Europe’s cultural
heritage industries and in the processes of politicization and commodification
with which they are tied up. In a recent study titled Tracking Europe: Mobil-
ity, Diaspora, and the Politics of Location, Ginette Verstraete has mounted a
searching critique of the official, hegemonic discourses of European citizenship
and transnational identification through which EU member states engage in the
‘worldwide marketing of unity-in-diversity’, specifically through the promotion
and practice of cultural tourism that is centred on ‘cultural capitals’. European
cities, Verstraete argues, are increasingly given to standardizing the cultural-his-
torical markers of ‘difference’ and ‘authenticity’ that constitute their ‘identity’
within a geography which converts such markers into vital political/economic
currency. In this argument, the European promotion of cultural mobility and

amsterdam and the global imaginary 15

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 travel is seen as highly ideologically charged: ‘In a borderless Europe of cultural
diversity, tourists from Europe and far beyond flock around with pictures and
cultural narratives that connect Europeanness to a variety of unique destinations,
sight-seeing (the viewing of images) to site-seeing (the viewing of places), and
citizenship to imaginary transportation within a stereotypically differentiated ge-
ography of cultural heritage’ (Verstraete 2010, 10). In a sense, Verstraete’s argu-
ment forms a – richly contextualized – variation on the long-standing debate in
globalization scholarship about the relations and tensions between cultural het-
erogenization and homogenization, inviting us to look at European heritage cities
as invested in something like the standardized performance of ‘heterogeneity’. As
will be seen, this argument is particularly relevant for the concerns of the present
book, and it is important to keep in mind as a background for some of the critical
questions that are asked in the chapters that follow – about Amsterdam’s place
in Europe’s cultural economy and geography, but also about new subjectitivies
and performativities that can be seen to surface in the global heritage city. Indeed,
from the ‘museumization’ of urban space in Rembrandt Year 2006 (chapter 8), to
the commodified performance of the ‘authentically’ local or national in a popular
neighbourhood like De Pijp (chapter 14), the incorporation of the culturally ‘dif-
ferent’ and ‘distinctive’ in a new dynamics of commercialization and branding
throws up urgent questions about place and space, about identity and memory,
and about cultural agency and power.
Imagining Amsterdam, imagining globality: in the fifteen essays that follow,
(global) images of (global) Amsterdam are approached as forms of imagining,
advancing one’s understanding of, or otherwise responding to ‘the global’ itself,
both in view of the city’s past and in view of contemporary transformations. The
essays are informed by perspectives ranging from cultural history, art and ar-
chitecture history, and film studies to comparative literature, human geography,
and urban planning. While they are diverse in terms of scholarly background,
perspective, and approach, what unites them is a shared commitment to histori-
cization – in the assumption that the dynamics of image making in regard both
to Amsterdam and to ‘globality’ as such can be traced a very long way back, and
that trying to do so enriches our critical sense. The combined effect, it is hoped,
is to expand the repertoire of historical and cultural case studies that help us
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

conceptualize the issues at stake in thinking about Amsterdam, globalization,

and urban culture today.

History, Culture, and Geography in a World City

Imagining Global Amsterdam breaks into three parts. The first part, ‘Historiciz-
ing Global Amsterdam’, puts the idea and image of Amsterdam as ‘world city’
in historical perspective in two different ways. On the one hand, it revisits early-
modern Amsterdam to inquire how Amsterdammers conceived of themselves and
their city as part of a larger, global or globalizing whole – specifically through
their experiences with overseas trade and the changes it brought to their society
and culture. What did it mean for them to be ‘globally conscious’, and how did

16 introduction

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
 they express their emerging sense of ‘the world as a whole’ (or, what Roland
Robertson and David Inglis have proposed to discuss in terms of a ‘global ani-
mus’ [2004])? How did it transform the image and self-presentation of the city
that it knew itself ‘globally connected’? On the other hand, the section treats the
question of Amsterdam as an historic ‘world city’ retrospectively, as a subject of
cultural memory, asking how historical narratives – in literature, film, and popu-
lar culture – look back on the city’s early-modern hegemonic moment now and in
light of the cross-historical resonances already suggested above.
The first three essays respond to the first set of questions by placing the role of
commerce, capital, and cosmopolitanism in early-modern Amsterdam very firmly
in the context of a nascent ‘global awareness’. Ulrich Ufer, in ‘Imagining Social
Change in Early-Modern Amsterdam’, looks at early attempts by Amsterdam-
mers to consider the city and themselves through the lens of three urban imagi-
naries with distinctly global dimensions: respectively, an urban imaginary that
was largely affirmative of global economic enterprise and the logic of accumula-
tion which it was seen to set in motion; an imaginary that was more ambivalent
about global commerce and its impact on urban life; and finally, an imaginary
that questioned the city as a site of accumulation and affluence through the use
of dystopian imagery and tropes. The chapter intersects with, and builds on, the
work so influentially conducted in this area by Simon Schama, among others
(1987). At the same time it foregrounds – in ways that resonate with other chap-
ters in this book – the emergence of new conceptualizations of history, change,
and progress in early-modern Amsterdam, asking attention for the complex tem-
poralities involved in imagining the global. Dorothee Sturkenboom, in ‘Amidst
Unscrupulous Neighbours: Amsterdam Money and Foreign Interests in Dutch
Patriotic Imagery’, focuses on eighteenth-century representations of the Dutch
spirit of commerce and enterprise, of Dutch national finance, and of the idea of
‘Amsterdam money’ to consider the interaction of these elements in light of three
frames of reference: the urban, the national, and the transnational or European.
It is seen that cultural representations of Dutch finance and Amsterdam money
struggled to reconcile the idea of national or patriotic interests with that of the
city as a site of free exchange, open circulation, and transnational connectedness.
This links the chapter to the general theme of urban cosmopolitanism which
Copyright © 2013. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

runs through this section – in Sturkenboom’s case studies, primarily the subject
of cultural anxiety and critique. Finally, Michael Wintle’s ‘Visualizing Commerce
and Empire: Decorating the Built Environment of Amsterdam’ traces some of
the prominent ways in which the impulse to visualize global commerce and em-
pire entered the built environment of Amsterdam. The popular historical writer
Geert Mak has referred to Amsterdam as ‘almost an anti-monument turned flesh’
(2001, 3). But if it is true that Amsterdam lacks the ‘architecture of prestige’
which determines the image and self-presentation of various other European cap-
itals, Wintle’s essay reminds us that it has not been free from monumentalizing
impulses of its own, resulting in a (bourgeois) iconography of global prestige.
Part I is completed by two essays from the field of literary studies which con-
nect to the previous three by foregrounding – again – the themes of capitalism,
commerce, and cosmopolitan life, but which also differ from them in that they

amsterdam and the global imaginary 17

Imagining Global Amsterdam : History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, Amsterdam University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook
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Abstract 1: Current trends and future directions

Learning Objective 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
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- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 7: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 8: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 12: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 13: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 14: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
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- Note: Important consideration
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Example 17: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
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- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 3: Study tips and learning strategies
Example 20: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 22: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
Example 30: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 32: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 35: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 40: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 6: Key terms and definitions
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 52: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 53: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 7: Best practices and recommendations
Example 60: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 66: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 68: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 69: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 8: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Practice Problem 70: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 72: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 73: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 74: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 75: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 76: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 77: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 9: Case studies and real-world applications
Example 80: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 82: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 83: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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Example 88: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Test 10: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 91: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 92: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 94: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 97: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 11: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 101: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 103: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 107: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Unit 12: Experimental procedures and results
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 117: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 13: Current trends and future directions
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 121: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 125: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 128: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 129: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 130: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 14: Learning outcomes and objectives
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 131: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 135: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 137: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 139: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 15: Research findings and conclusions
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 141: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 142: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 143: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 145: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 146: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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