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Television Across Asia TV Industries Programme
Formats and Globalisation 1st Edition Michael Keane
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Michael Keane, Albert Moran
ISBN(s): 9780415309059, 0203354109
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.05 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
Television across Asia

This book explores the trade in television programme formats, which is a

crucially important ingredient in the globalization of culture, in Asia. It
examines how much traffic there is in programme formats, the principal
direction of the flow of such traffic, and the economic and cultural signific-
ance of this trade for the territories involved, and for the region as a
whole. It shows how new technology, deregulation, privatization and eco-
nomic recession have greatly intensified competition between broadcasters
in Asia, as in other parts of the world, and discusses how this in turn
has multiplied the incidence of television format remakes, with some
countries developing dedicated format companies, and others becoming
net importers and adapters of formats.

Albert Moran is Senior Lecturer at Griffith University. He has written

extensively on the Australian screen and on international aspects of film
and television. Recent books include Film Policy: International, National
and Regional Perspectives and Copycat TV: Globalization, Programme
Formats and Cultural Identity. His current research includes a reinterpre-
tation of the development of Australian television, a handbook on busi-
ness/legal aspects of formats and a study of the global flows of fiction
formats.

Michael Keane is Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the Creative Indus-

tries Research and Application Centre (CIRAC) at the Queensland
University of Technology, Australia. Current research interests include
television format trade in Asia and the internationalization of the creative
industries in East Asia. He is co-editor of Media in China: Consumption,
Content and Crisis (with Stephanie H. Donald and Yin Hong).
RoutledgeCurzon Media, Culture and Social Change in Asia
Series editor
Stephanie Hemelryk Donald, Queensland University of Technology

The aim of this series is to publish original, high-quality work by both new
and established scholars in the West and the East, on all aspects of media,
culture and social change in Asia.

1 Television across Asia

Television industries, programme formats and globalization
Edited by Albert Moran and Michael Keane
Television across Asia
Television industries, programme
formats and globalization

Edited by Albert Moran and

Michael Keane
First published 2004
by RoutledgeCurzon
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by RoutledgeCurzon
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Compilation and editorial matter © 2004 Albert Moran and
Michael Keane; individual chapters © 2004 the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-18051-8 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-34433-2 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0–415–30905–0 (Print Edition)
Contents

List of tables vii

List of contributors viii
Acknowledgements xi

1 Television formats in the world/the world of television

formats 1
ALBERT MORAN

2 Asia: new growth areas 9

MICHAEL KEANE

3 Feeling glocal: Japan in the global television format

business 21
KOICHI IWABUCHI

4 A local mode of programme adaptation: South Korea

in the global television format business 36
DONG-HOO LEE

5 Cloning, adaptation, import and originality: Taiwan in

the global television format business 54
YU-LI LIU AND YI-HSIANG CHEN

6 Coping, cloning and copying: Hong Kong in the global

television format business 74
ANTHONY FUNG

7 A revolution in television and a great leap forward for

innovation? China in the global television format
business 88
MICHAEL KEANE
vi Contents
8 Let the contests begin! ‘Singapore slings’ into action:
Singapore in the global television format business 105
TANIA LIM

9 Copied from without and cloned from within: India in

the global television format business 122
AMOS OWEN THOMAS AND KEVAL J. KUMAR

10 Closing the creativity gap – renting intellectual capital

in the name of local content: Indonesia in the global
television format business 138
PHILIP KITLEY

11 Reformatting the format: Philippines in the global

television format business 157
JOSEFINA M.C. SANTOS

12 Distantly European? Australia in the global television

format business 169
ALBERT MORAN

13 An export/import industry: New Zealand in the global

television format business 185
GEOFF LEALAND

14 Joining the circle 197

ALBERT MORAN AND MICHAEL KEANE

Bibliography 205
Index 219
International television formats and programme titles index 221
Tables

4.1 Import of programmes by television networks 39

5.1 Programme origins of ten television channels in one week 61
5.2 Sources of television programme formats from ten channels 63
5.3 Examples of television programme formats 65
5.4 Local idol-dramas produced by terrestrial and cable
television channels 70
6.1 Kinds of programme variations resulting from foreign
programme adoption 77
6.2 Major quiz shows 83
8.1 Weekly television programming schedule of the four key
channels covering a total of 90% of Singapore households 115
9.1 Estimated programme sources on central Indian prime
time, 2001 125
9.2 Adaptations of foreign programme formats – apparent,
acknowledged or alleged 126
10.1 Licensed format programmes screened in recent years on
Indonesian television 139
10.2 Percentages of local programmes and imported
programmes 142
10.3 Pay TV services in Indonesia 142
10.4 Indonesian programmes allegedly ‘inspired by’ or adapted
from international formats 144
Contributors

Yi-Hsiang Chen is Associate Professor in the Department of Public Com-

munications at Shih Hsin University in Taiwan. She has received grants
from Taiwan’s National Science Council for a research project in the
area of media diversity. Current research interests include diversity
studies in television programming, prime time television dramas and
language variety in Taiwan TV programmes.
Anthony Fung is Assistant Professor in the School of Journalism and
Communication at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. His PhD dis-
sertation at the University of Minnesota was on theories of political
economy of communication in Hong Kong. Research interests include
youth, music and popular culture, cultural studies and cultural identity,
gender identity and new media technologies. He is co-author (with
Koichi Iwabuchi and Michael Keane) of Out of Nowhere: Television
Formats and the East Asian Cultural Imagination (Hong Kong Univer-
sity Press).
Koichi Iwabuchi is Assistant Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at
the International Studies Division of the International Christian Uni-
versity, Tokyo. After working for NTV (Nippon Television Corpora-
tion) for 10 years, he undertook a doctorate at the University of
Western Sydney, Australia. He has published many articles on cultural
globalization and transnationalism both in English and Japanese. Main
English publications include Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture
and Japanese Transnationalism and Feeling Asian Modernities: Trans-
national Consumption of Japanese TV Dramas in East/Southeast Asia;
and Out of Nowhere: Television Formats and the East Asian Cultural
imagination (Hong Kong University Press).
Michael Keane is Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the Creative
Industries Research and Application Centre (CIRAC) at the Queens-
land University of Technology, Australia. Current research interests
include television format trade in Asia and creative industries inter-
nationalization in East Asia. He is co-editor of Media in China:
 Contributors ix
Consumption, Content and Crisis (with Stephanie H. Donald and Yin
Hong), and co-author of Out of Nowhere: Television Formats and the
East Asian Cultural Imagination (Hong Kong University Press).
Philip Kitley is Associate Professor of Asian Studies at the University of
Southern Queensland, Australia. He has written extensively on televi-
sion and media in Indonesia and has published Television, Nation and
Culture in Indonesia (Ohio University Press) and edited Television,
Regulation and Civil Society in Asia (RoutledgeCurzon). Current
research is concerned with the idea of the public and popular sover-
eignty in Indonesia and is supported by an Australian Research Council
Discovery Grant.
Keval J. Kumar is Director of the Resource Centre for Media Education
and Research, and Reader in Communication and Journalism at the
University of Poona, India. He is the author of Mass Communication in
India, Media Education, Communication and Public Policy in India,
and co-author of Environmentalism and the Mass Media-The North-
South Divide. Dr Kumar has presented several papers on national and
transnational television in India.
Geoff Lealand is a Senior Lecturer in Screen and Media Studies at the
University of Waikato. His research and teaching interests include chil-
dren and media, television studies, journalism training, and big issues of
national identity and cultural production. Much of 2002 was spent
attempting to maintain some critical distance for teaching purposes, as
The Lord of the Rings’ fever swept through New Zealand.
Dong-Hoo Lee is Associate Professor of the Department of Mass Com-
munication at the University of Incheon, Korea. She obtained her PhD
degree at New York University. After moving back to Korea, she
briefly worked with the Seoul Broadcasting System. She has written
several articles on the hybrid nature of media culture in Korea. Her
research interests include media theory and local media culture.
Tania Lim is a PhD candidate at the Creative Industries Research and
Application Centre (CIRAC) at the Queensland University of Techno-
logy. Her current research interests include television format trade in
Asia, international co-productions, globalization and Asian television
industry development and the internationalization of the creative indus-
tries in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. She has worked for 6 years
with the Singapore Broadcasting Authority covering areas such as inter-
national co-productions and industry development.
Yu-li Liu is Professor in Radio and Television at the National Chengchi
University in Taiwan. She has received grants from the US Fulbright
Foundation and Taiwan’s National Science Council. Research interests
include electronic media law and regulation, new communications
x Contributors
technology, telecommunications and media management. Her numer-
ous books include Multi-channel TV and Audience, Cable TV Manage-
ment and Programming Strategy, and Cable TV Programming and
Policy in China. Consultancies have involved the Telecommunication
Advisory Board of the Directorate General of Telecommunication, the
Ministry of Transportation and Communication and the TV Program
Evaluation Commission (Government Information Office). In 1997, she
authored the White Paper of Culture–Radio and Television for the
Taiwan Council of Cultural Affairs.
Albert Moran is Senior Lecturer at Griffith University. He has written
extensively on the Australian screen and on international aspects of
film and television. Recent books include Film Policy: International,
National and Regional Perspectives and Copycat TV: Globalization,
Programme Formats and Cultural Identity. His current research
includes a reinterpretation of the development of Australian television,
a handbook on business/legal aspects of formats and a study of the
global flows of fiction formats.
Josefina M.C. Santos is Assistant Professor at the College of Mass Com-
munication of the University of the Philippines Diliman where she
teaches undergraduate subjects such as media and society, television
production, and graduate subjects including broadcast criticism and
development broadcasting.
Amos Owen Thomas is Senior Lecturer in marketing and international
business at Griffith University, Australia. His research specialization is
the global media industry, with reference to the Asia-Pacific region. Dr
Thomas has presented on his research findings at recent international
conferences. Several articles and book chapters related to this work are
forthcoming. His book Borderless Media Markets is published by
Hampton Press.
Acknowledgements

Professor Tom O’Regan, Director of the Key Centre for Cultural and
Media Policy at Griffith University had a major hand in bringing us
together and helping us to identify common research interests in a project
of this kind. Part of the initial study – that to do with Australia, India and
the People’s Republic of China – was made possible by an Australian
Research Council (ARC) Small Grant awarded by Griffith University in
the year 2000. In turn, we have been able to extend the scope and deepen
the significance of this research thanks to the award of an ARC Discovery
Grant for the period 2002 to 2004 for the project entitled Economic, Legal
And Cultural Dynamics of Format Flows in the Asia/Pacific Region.
Koichi Iwabuchi would like to acknowledge to Hoso-Bunka Broadcast-
ing Foundation (Japan) for a grant to support his research in Japan in
2000/1.
The enthusiastic cooperation of all contributors named in this project
has made it a stimulating intellectual journey. In addition, we would also
like to thank the following institutions for the support that they have made
available to the contributors: the International Christian University,
Tokyo (Koichi Iwabuchi), Queensland University of Technology (Michael
Keane), the University of Incheon, Korea (Lee Dong-Hoo), the Chinese
University of Hong Kong (Anthony Fung), Taiwan National Chengchi
University, Shih Hsin University (Yu-Li Liu and Yi-Hsiang Chen), Grif-
fith University, Brisbane (Amos Owen Thomas and Albert Moran), the
University of Poona, India (Keval Kumar), the University of the Philip-
pines (Josefina Santos), Queensland University of Technology (Tania
Lim), the University of Southern Queensland (Phillip Kitley), and
Waikato University (Geoff Lealand).
Many people assisted in the compilation of the data. In particular we
would like to thank the following: in Tokyo, Mr Sugiyama Makito and Ms
Yamato Yukiko; in the People’s Republic of China, Ran Ruxue and Yin
Hong (Qinghua University), Zhang Hong, and Chen Qiang; in the Repub-
lic of Taiwan, Lin He-chin (for valuable research assistance), Angie Chai
(Comic Production), and all interviewees named in the chapter. In Singa-
pore, special thanks go out to Ian Chin, Jeffrey Lim, and Tan May Lan for
xii Acknowledgements
their invaluable assistance. In the Philippines Josefina Santos wishes to
acknowledge the help of Ricco Alejandro Melchor Santos. In Australia we
thank Tim Clucas (Network Ten), Dennis Spencer (Southern Star
Endemol), Hugh Marks (Nine Network), Fiona Robertson (Seven
Network) and Mark Overett; in New Zealand: Julie Christie (Touchdown
Productions) and Geoff Steven (TVNZ); in the UK: Eugene Ferguson
(Granada), John Gough (Distraction), Jason Daniel and Bob Cousins
(Fremantle Media).
Joy Chen provided cheerful and dedicated assistance at the editing
stage in smoothing out the chapters and helping bring the collection
together. We would also like to thank our commissioning editor, Peter
Sowden, who had faith in the project. Moira Eminton at Taylor & Francis
helped see the book through the publication stage and we are most grate-
ful for her efforts. Thanks also to Steve Turrington and Sarah Coulson for
providing copy-editing support.
Finally, we would like to thank our partners, Noela Moran and Leigh
Zhang-Keane, for their support and help.
We would also like to point out that every effort has been made to
realize correct translations of programme titles. In the People’s Republic
of China we used the ‘hanyu pinyin’ system of romanization, while in the
Republic of Taiwan we used the ‘zhuyin’ system.
Brisbane
28 February 2003
1 Television formats in the world/
the world of television formats
Albert Moran

From Big Brother is watching to watching Big Brother

In 1949 British author George Orwell published Nineteen Eighty-Four, a
novel that told of a future totalitarian society. Like his Animal Farm that
had appeared 4 years earlier, the new book marked Orwell’s continued
disenchantment with political regimes based on ideological foundations
that attempted to govern all aspects of the private and public lives of its
citizens. To symbolize the constant surveillance of his fictional citizens of
the future Orwell coined the catchphrase ‘Big Brother is Watching’.
Orwell himself had no opportunity of seeing whether his fictions would
come to pass, dying as he did in 1950. The year 1984 came and went, and
on the surface at least the novel’s prophecies had not eventuated. Instead,
in 1999, a half-century after the novel’s appearance, Big Brother did
happen, although in circumstances very different to those imagined by
Orwell. In an ironic twist the Dutch programme Big Brother offered tele-
vision viewers the opportunity to watch the activities of a small group of
young people who had deliberately made themselves available to the con-
stant surveillance of a battery of cameras and microphones. The success of
the first version of the programme prompted the remaking of the format in
over thirty different national settings across the world as television pro-
ducers and broadcasters, as well as audiences, fell under its spell.
Taking Big Brother as index, there is no doubt that the past half-century
has seen dramatic and significant changes in the economic, social and
political lives of populations. Starting with the Cold War aftermath of the
Second World War followed by the two international oil crises of the
1970s, there has occurred a series of profound political and economic
events that have helped bring about a different world order in the recent
present from that which existed at the time of Nineteen Eighty-Four’s pub-
lication. Among the most public signs of this change have been the rise of
unemployment in the advanced economies of the West and inflation in the
Third World, the steady dissolution of the social welfare state and the
advent of trade liberalization, the formation of new international trading
blocs and the end of the Cold War (Galtung 1993). War and physical
2 Albert Moran
disasters, along with changing labour markets and tourism have led to an
ever-increasing mobility of populations both within and between nation-
states (Castles and Miller 1993). At the cultural level there have been
equally significant albeit less visible developments, not least in the areas of
transportation and communications, that are profoundly changing popula-
tions’ relationships with space and time. Various explanations have been
offered as a means of making sense of this change, most notably the notion
of globalization.

Economic globalization
In the past, terms such as ‘modernity’ or ‘transnationalization’ were pre-
ferred labels for summarizing and understanding such changes; now ‘glob-
alization’ has become the favourite epithet, one of the most persistent
buzzwords of recent times. Simply put, the idea of globalization is the
claim that a worldwide system of economic, cultural and political interde-
pendence has come into being or is in the process of forming. Older
systems that organized the distribution of political, economic, and cultural
power and generally existed on a national basis are being superseded by a
more international set of relations whose reach is well nigh universal (cf.
Lash and Urry 1987). The nation-state is withering away or is already dead
(cf. Horsman and Marshall 1994). Proponents of an economic globaliza-
tion thesis assert that a fundamental economic re-ordering is at work
which is determining this change: the change is a structural one involving
not an evolution but a profound break with the international economic
system of the past, a transformation where a global economy, a global
culture and a world without frontiers is coming into being. Drawing on
signs ranging from the deregulation of the international currency market
and the banking industry to the advent of the Internet, advocates of this
view assert that more and more of the internal economic management of
nation-states is beyond the control of agencies such as national govern-
ments. Transnational corporations, often with incomes that surpass those
of nation-states, the capacity to locate wherever market advantage dictates
and an international reach that make them accountable to no national
government, are the principal economic actors on this global stage (cf.
Aksoy and Robins 1992). The role of national governments is akin to that
of local or municipal authorities, providing the infrastructure and public
goods that the transnational corporations need at the lowest possible cost
(Julius 1990).
However, such a claim is exaggerated and premature to say the least
(cf. Held 1989; Dahrendorf 1990). Although the globalization thesis is
extremely fashionable, the nation-state is more persistent and its role con-
tinues to be more pivotally important, both internationally and domesti-
cally, than the globalists would have one believe. Nevertheless, the world
certainly has changed since the 1960s, so that if we do not live in a global-
 Television formats in the world 3
ized economy we at least inhabit a highly internationalized one in which
most companies trade from their bases within distinct national economies.
National policies continue to be necessary; indeed they are indispensable
in order to preserve the distinct styles and strengths of a national eco-
nomic base and the companies that trade from it. A world economy with a
high and growing degree of international trade and investment is not
necessarily a globalized economy: rather, nation-states, and forms of inter-
national regulation created and sustained by these entities, continue to
have a fundamental role in providing economic governance (Hirst and
Thompson 1995: 177–185).

Cultural homogenization
Often accompanying the argument of economic globalization is the claim
of the advent of an increasingly universal culture driven by the globaliza-
tion of the media of mass communications. Champions of this view adopt
either a negative or a positive perspective on the brave new world they see
as coming into being. Theorists of the media as early as Guback (1969)
and as recent as Miller et al. (2001) have suggested that the increasing
tendency for television programmes and films from the advanced countries
of the West, especially the USA, to dominate national audio-visual
systems is leading to the breakdown of indigenous or national cultures.
Whereas the tone here is one of profound regret and mourning, the sup-
planting of national culture by a global culture is a cause for celebration in
the writings of a post-modernist tradition that runs from McLuhan (1962)
to Appadurai (1990). According to both branches of the thesis, national
culture is more and more eclipsed by a consumer culture that is rapidly
becoming worldwide. Cultural difference is disappearing and populations
everywhere are more and more subject to the same global culture, trans-
mitted by what is now seen to be a highly internationalized media system.
But yet again, this view seems overstated and precipitous. First, it
ignores the historical dimensions of the internationalization of communi-
cations. The origins of this linkage lie well before the early twentieth
century and the advent of Hollywood, and even the nineteenth-century
development of the international submarine telegraphic cables and news
agencies. Instead, its seed can be found in such events as the sixteenth-
century establishment of an international postal system and even the
fifteenth-century organization of a transnational book publishing industry
in Western Europe.
Equally, to use the apparent global distribution of films, television pro-
grammes, music, and other cultural goods and practices as evidence for
increasing cultural homogeneity is simply to collapse important differences
between marketing mechanisms on the one hand and social effects on the
other. Additionally, this marketing mechanism is nowhere near as univer-
sal in its reach as proponents of the cultural globalization argument would
4 Albert Moran
have us believe. Instead, in the case of film and television, the cultural
artefacts in question would at most only reach approximately one-third of
the people living on Earth, with a heavy bias towards the OECD and G7
nations (Ferguson 1993: 73). There is also skewed access due to population
size, domestic wealth and geography, as well as structured inequality of
access due to cultural backgrounds of caste, class or party, on ethnic cul-
tures defended by bloodshed or kinship traditions linked to religious pro-
scriptions (Ferguson 1993: 72).
Most importantly for the research summarized in this book, the fact
remains that international trade in television programmes, while impres-
sive in terms of its value, is nevertheless dwarfed by the overall volume of
television programmes that only receive domestic circulation. Most of the
world’s television programmes are produced and broadcast in national
television systems and do not receive international distribution. Noting
that research on the global flow of television programmes frequently fails
to accord an integral place to ‘local and regional’ production and the ‘indi-
genizing’ of international product within the resulting market mix,
O’Regan has suggested that the amount spent on local production is 29
times greater than that spent in international audio-visual exchange
(O’Regan 1992: 87). Such an observation gives pause to the claims of cul-
tural globalists and underlines the key role undertaken by national pro-
ducers and audiences in localizing television. This same axiom is further
confirmed from another quarter. A series of national researchers working
independently in countries such as Australia, Brazil, Germany and
Quebec have shown that where national audiences have a choice they
usually prefer television programmes produced nationally or in the
national language as against imported programmes (Becker and Shoen-
beck 1989; de la Garde 1994; Ferguson 1993; Katz and Wedell 1977;
Larsen 1990; Moran 1985; and Silj 1988; 1992).

National television systems

The particular subject of this book, however, is television across Asia and
the Pacific: the extent to which it is globalizing and regionalizing on the
one hand, and the degree to which it is national on the other. Several
mechanisms work alone and in concert to create and sustain world televi-
sion (including that of Asia) as a series of mostly national systems. First,
the fact is that the present international system of wire and wireless com-
munication, including television broadcasting, is based not on the recent
activities of transnational media corporations but rather on agreements
reached between nation-states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
(Nowell-Smith 1991). This bulwark has been further strengthened by
decisions taken by nation-states that affect such matters as television
technology and content. National television systems inevitably produce
cultural effects. Subjecting the population within a given territory to the
 Television formats in the world 5
same type of service helps to produce notions of equality and commonal-
ity. Moreover, instituting expectation of rhythms of service further ties
national populations to the same flow of content. This enculturation pro-
motes a sense of community among a particular group of viewers within a
national territory. As evidenced in many of the examples in this book,
such communities are further secured by the deployment of the national
language or languages.
Yet another crucial mechanism that helps consolidate the local charac-
ter of a national television system is domestic production. This can be
generated from three different sources: locally originated concepts and
projects, programme ideas that serve co-production arrangements, and
those based on format adaptations. Government policies and media schol-
arship have frequently had much to say about the first two mechanisms,
but little attention has been given to the subject of programme formats
and their national adaptation, the point where the global meets the local.
It is to this that we now turn.

What is a format?
How do we define a television programme format? The term ‘format’ had
its origin in the printing industry where it specifies a particular page size.
First in radio, and then in television, the term was intimately linked to the
principal of serial programme production. A format can be used as the
basis of a new programme, the programme manifesting as a series of
episodes that are sufficiently similar to seem like instalments of the same
programme and sufficiently distinct to register as new and different. Sim-
ilarly, behind industrial/legal moves to protect formats lies a complement-
ary notion that formats are generative or organizational. Thus from one
point of view a television format is that set of invariable elements in a pro-
gramme out of which the variable elements of an individual episode are
produced. Equally, a format can be seen as a means of organizing indi-
vidual episodes. As a producer once put it: ‘the crust is the same from
week to week but the filling changes.’
Although international television industries talk confidently of the
format as a single object, it is in fact a complex entity that typically mani-
fests in a series of overlapping but separate forms. These can be summar-
ized as follows. First there is the paper format: a five or six page summary
of the main ingredients of the programme and how these ingredients will
combine. Second, the ‘bible’: an extensive and detailed document, often
running to several hundred pages of printed information, drawings, graph-
ics, studio plans, photographs and so on, that provides the full detail and
advice summarized in the paper format. A package of printed information
about the scheduling, target audience, ratings and audience demographics
based on broadcast history in other television markets constitutes another
form of the format, although this material may be lodged in the bible.
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 Education - Practice Problems
First 2024 - Institute

Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Smith

Date: August 12, 2025

Introduction 1: Literature review and discussion

Learning Objective 1: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 2: Key terms and definitions
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 18: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 19: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 3: Best practices and recommendations
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 21: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 24: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 26: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 27: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 4: Historical development and evolution
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 5: Current trends and future directions
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 46: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 47: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 48: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 51: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 53: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 56: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 59: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Conclusion 7: Case studies and real-world applications
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 67: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 8: Literature review and discussion
Practice Problem 70: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 75: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 76: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 9: Experimental procedures and results
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 81: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 82: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 83: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 84: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 88: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 10: Key terms and definitions
Example 90: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 94: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 99: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 11: Practical applications and examples
Example 100: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 104: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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