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 93
EDITION
RD
93
EDITION
RD

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K13784
ISBN 978-1-4398-8049-4
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 CRC Handbook
of
Chemistry and Physics
A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data

2012-2013

93
EDITION
rd

Editor-in-Chief

W. M. Haynes, Ph.D.
Scientist Emeritus
National Institute of Standards and Technology

Associate Editors

David R. Lide, Ph.D.

Former Director, Standard Reference Data
National Institute of Standards and Technology

Thomas J. Bruno, Ph.D.

Group Leader
National Institute of Standards and Technology
CRC Press
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 Preface
The 93rd Edition of the Handbook includes new tables, major Section 8: Analytical Chemistry
updates and expansions, and a reorganization of two sections. A • Major expansion of Abbreviations and Symbols Used
major effort was carried out to strengthen the section on analytical in Analytical Chemistry
chemistry. As a result, the following new tables were added: • Major update of 13C NMR Absorptions of Major
Functional Groups
Section 8: Analytical Chemistry • Major update of Indicators for Acids and Bases
• Introduction • Major update of Preparation of Special Analytical
• Analytical Standardization and Calibration Reagents
• Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy
• Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone • Update of Bond Dissociation Energies
Stationary Phases Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
• Detectors for Gas Chromatography • Update of Electronic Affinities
• Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents • Update of Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities
• Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
Octylsilane • Update of Solar Irradiance at the Earth
• Wavelength–Wavenumber Conversion Table • Update of the Global Temperature Trend table to in-
• Middle Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts clude 2011 data from NASA
• Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands Section 16: Health and Safety Information
• Properties of Important NMR Nuclei • Major update of Chemical Carcinogens to include data
• Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families from the 2011 National Toxicology Program report
• 15N NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families
• Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes Again this year, in order to maintain a manageable number
• Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of of pages and allow space for growth of the Handbook, the in-
Organic Compound Families dexes for molecular formulae and CAS registry numbers for the
• Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Table and the index
• Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Hepta­ for CAS registry numbers for the Physical Constants of Inorganic
cosafluorotributylamine (Perfluoro­tributyl­amine) Compounds Table have been omitted from the hard-copy edition
• Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass of the Handbook. However, they are available in the electronic ver-
Spectrometers sions of the Handbook and by email request to the Editor-in-Chief:
• Standards for Laboratory Weights [email protected]
• Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of The success of the Handbook is very dependent on feedback
Inorganic Cations from its users. The Editor-in-Chief will appreciate any suggestions
from readers on proposed new topics for the Handbook or com-
In addition to adding the new tables to the section on Analytical ments on how the usefulness of the Handbook may be improved
Chemistry, several tables were moved from Section 9 on Molecular in future editions. Please send your comments to the Editor-in-
Structure and Spectroscopy to Section 8 on Analytical Chemistry Chief: [email protected]
for which the fit is better based on the subject matter. Numerous international experts make key contributions to the
The results of the IUPAC 2009 biennial review of atomic-weight Handbook. These contributors are listed on pages immediately
determinations were released just as the 92nd edition of the following the Preface. Their efforts play a key role in the quality
Handbook was going into production. At that time, the new values and diversity of the subject matter covered in the Handbook. I
were added only to the table of standard atomic weights in Section also acknowledge the sound advice and guidance of the Editorial
1 and to the table on the inside back cover. However, these changes Advisory Board members of the Handbook, who are listed in
have now been made to the atomic weights in the Periodic Table at the front matter. Fiona Macdonald, Publisher – Chemical & Life
the front of the Handbook and to The Elements in Section 4. Sciences, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group has been of great
Other significant updates and expansions of tables for the 93rd assistance and support in providing oversight to ensure that we
Edition include the following: meet our goals. Thanks also to Glen Butler, Pam Morrell, Theresa
Delforn, and James Yanchak for their detailed, cooperative work
Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors and extreme care in the production of the Handbook.
• Major update of CODATA Recommended Values of
the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010 W. M. Haynes
• Update of Atomic Masses and Abundances March 2012

The 93rd Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dedicated in memory of my grandparents,
Willie Cameron and Elsie Craig Haynes
Charles William and Martha Ann Juliana Frances Young
Note on the Ordering of Chemical Compounds: Several differ- formula and the number of atoms of each element, in ascending
ent ordering schemes for lists of chemical compounds are used order, e.g., C3H7Cl, C3H7N, C3H7NO, C3H7NO2, etc. (For organic
in this book. The long tables, Physical Constants of Organic compounds, a quick way to look up the molecular formula is to
Compounds and Physical Constants of Inorganic Compound, are use the Physical Constants of Organic Compounds table, which
ordered by name (generally the systematic name), but indexes to starts on Page 3-1, and its synonym index on Page 3-554.) In tables
synonyms, formulas, and CAS Registry Numbers are available. If containing non-carbon compounds, those are usually listed first,
the table is very short and includes only familiar substances, the followed by a separate listing of compounds that do contain car-
listing is usually alphabetical by name or common formula. Many bon. This is a departure from the strict Hill convention as followed
tables of intermediate length are ordered by molecular formula us- by Chemical Abstracts Service, where the molecular formulas be-
ing a modification of the Hill convention. In this convention the ginning with A and B precede the formulas for carbon-containing
molecular formula is written with C first, H second, and then all compounds, while those beginning with D... Z follow. For tabular
other elements in alphabetical order of their chemical symbols. displays, as opposed to an index, it appears more convenient to
For tables with organic compounds only, the sequence of entries is the user if the non-carbon compounds are listed as a block, rather
determined by the alphabetical order of elements in the molecular than being split by the longer list of carbon compounds.
 Foreword
It’s an honor for me to be asked to write the Foreword for this risk of revealing my “nerdiness” as a college student, I recall that
93rd Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, just possessing the Handbook gave me a sense of power over all
following in the footsteps of some of my scientific heroes such constants, physical and chemical. I shared some of these memo-
as Linus Pauling. I wish I had something as powerful to say as ries with my wife, Carol, also a PhD chemist, and she quickly one-
Pauling, who in his Foreword to the 74th Edition revealed that he upped me by pulling out her first copy of the Handbook – a tan
had “spent much of [his] time during five months in the summer of 47th Edition (1966–1967), one year senior to mine. She had won
1919 pouring over the [CRC Handbook] tables and thinking about Grinnell’s Sophomore Book Award for her stellar freshman aca-
the properties of substances [when] working as a paving engineer demic year and had used the gift certificate to buy the Handbook.
in the mountains of southern Oregon.” I guess one good nerd deserves another.
Not having such a great story to tell, I pulled out my green 48th Well, time goes on, and I’m delighted to see that this 93rd
Edition (1967–1968), hoping to find some pages more dog-eared Edition is now available as an e-book. This is most appropriate, as
than others. This helped spark my memory of the sections that we live in a transitional period where for many applications elec-
I’d found most valuable as an undergraduate chemistry major tronic resources are most convenient; yet the print version allows
at Grinnell College. Not surprisingly, given the paucity of elec- one to see the scope of a topic and the organization of data in a way
tronic calculators at the time, the tables of logarithms and anti- that’s hard for many of us to grasp from electronic resources. Some
logarithms are well used, along with the “Natural Trigonometric of you will have a strong preference for the printed copy, others the
Functions.” (I do wonder, however, what an unnatural trig function electronic. Some of you, like Linus Pauling, may be pouring over
would look like.) The compilation of derivatives and integrals is the tables, page after page, while most will be incisively pulling out
so clearly organized that it remains a handy reference as I teach in individual bits of information as needed. Whatever your particular
Boulder’s new Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology (IQ Biology) need, I trust that you’ll find your new copy of the CRC Handbook
graduate curriculum. And certainly the 554-page table of “Physical of Chemistry and Physics useful, clearly organized… and perhaps
Constants of Organic Compounds” brings back memories of iden- even inspiring.
tifying unknowns in organic chem lab, where this compilation was
much used. Thomas R. Cech, PhD
One feature of the Handbook that has gone extinct is the blank Nobel Laureate (Chemistry, 1989)
rectangle on the cover of my copy, on which—using the sheet of Director, University of Colorado Biofrontiers Institute
gold leaf included with the book—I inscribed my name. At the March 2012
 Editorial Advisory Board

Grace Baysinger Kozo Kuchitsu

Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Department of Chemistry
Stanford University Josai University

Lev I. Berger Dana L. Roth

California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science Millikan Library
Michael Frenkel California Institute of Technology
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Daniel Zwillinger
Robert N. Goldberg Mathematics Department
National Institute of Standards and Technology Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 Current Contributors

Lev I. Berger Jürgen Gmehling Eric W. Lemmon

California Institute of Electronics and Universität Oldenburg Thermophysical Properties Division
Materials Science Falkutät V, Technische Chemie National Institute of Standards and
2115 Flame Tree Way D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Technology
Hemet, California 92545 Boulder, Colorado 80305
Robert N. Goldberg
Thomas J. Bruno Biochemical Science Division Frank J. Lovas
Thermophysical Properties Division National Institute of Standards and 8616 Melwood Rd.
National Institute of Standards and Technology Bethesda, Maryland 20817
Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Boulder, Colorado 80305 Yu-Ran Luo
Allan H. Harvey College of Chemistry and Chemical
Charles E. Carraher Thermophysical Properties Division Engineering
Department of Chemistry and National Institute of Standards and Chongqing University
Biochemistry Technology Chongqing 400044, China
Florida Atlantic University Boulder, Colorado 80305
Serguei N. Lvov
Boca Raton, Florida 33431
Steven R. Heller Department of Energy and Mineral
Robert D. Chirico Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data Engineering
Thermodynamics Research Center Division Pennsylvania State University
Thermophysical Properties Division National Institute of Standards and University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Manjeera Mantina
Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Department of Chemistry
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Norman E. Holden University of Minnesota
Ivan Cibulka National Nuclear Data Center Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Department of Physical Chemistry Brookhaven National Laboratory William C. Martin
Institute of Chemical Technology Upton, New York 11973 Quantum Measurement Division
CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic National Institute of Standards and
Marcia L. Huber
Technology
Arthur K. Covington Thermophysical Properties Division
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Department of Chemistry National Institute of Standards and
University of Newcastle Technology Alan D. McNaught
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU Boulder, Colorado 80305 8 Cavendish Avenue
England Cambridge CB1 7US
Andrei Kazakov
England
Christopher J. Cramer Thermodynamics Research Center
Department of Chemistry Thermophysical Properties Division Thomas M. Miller
University of Minnesota National Institute of Standards and Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Technology 29 Randolph Rd.
Boulder, Colorado 80305 Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
Vladimir Diky
Thermodynamics Research Center Daniel E. Kelleher Nasser Moazzen-Ahmadi
Thermophysical Properties Division Quantum Measurement Division Department of Physics and Astronomy
National Institute of Standards and National Institute of Standards and University of Calgary
Technology Technology 2500 University Drive NW
Boulder, Colorado 80305 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

Michael Frenkel Carolyn A. Koh Peter J. Mohr

Thermodynamics Research Center Center for Hydrate Research Quantum Measurement Division
Thermophysical Properties Division Colorado School of Mines National Institute of Standards and
National Institute of Standards and 1600 Illinois Street Technology
Technology Golden, Colorado 80401 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Willem H. Koppenol Chris D. Muzny
Jeffrey R. Fuhr Dept. CHAB Thermodynamics Research Center
Quantum Measurement Division Lab. f. Anorg. Chemie, HC1 H211 Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 National Institute of Standards and
Technology ETH Hönggerberg Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland Boulder, Colorado 80305
David B. Newell E. Dendy Sloan Wolfgang L. Wiese
Quantum Measurement Division Center for Hydrate Research Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Colorado School of Mines National Institute of Standards and
Technology 1600 Illinois Street Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Golden, Colorado 80401 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Irving Ozier Lewis E. Snyder Christian Wohlfarth

Department of Physics and Astronomy Astronomy Department Martin Luther University
University of British Columbia University of Illinois Institute of Physical Chemistry
6224 Agricultural Road Urbana, Illinois 61801 Mühlpforte 1
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
Canada Paris D. N. Svoronos
Queensborough Community College Daniel Zwillinger
Larissa I. Podobedova City University of New York Mathematics Department
Quantum Measurement Division Bayside, NY 11364 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
National Institute of Standards and Troy, New York 12180
Technology Barry N. Taylor
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Cedric J. Powell Technology
Surface and Microanalysis Science Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Division
National Institute of Standards and Donald G. Truhlar
Technology Department of Chemistry
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Joseph Reader
Quantum Measurement Division Rosendo Valero
National Institute of Standards and Chemistry Department
Technology University of Coimbra
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Coimbra, Portugal
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010................................................................................... 1-1
Standard Atomic Weights (2009).................................................................................................................................................................... 1-11
Atomic Masses and Abundances.................................................................................................................................................................... 1-13
Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State...................................................................... 1-17
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)...................................................................................................................................... 1-19
Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90................................................................................................. 1-20
International System of Units (SI)................................................................................................................................................................... 1-22
Units for Magnetic Properties......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-26
Conversion Factors............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1-27
Conversion of Temperatures............................................................................................................................................................................ 1-37
Conversion Factors for Energy Units............................................................................................................................................................. 1-38
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units.......................................................................................................................................................... 1-39
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units................................................................................................................................. 1-40
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units..................................................................................................................................... 1-41
Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions................................................................................................................................ 1-42
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics.................................................................................................................................................... 1-43
Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation................................................................................................................................................... 1-44
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems............................................................................................................................... 1-46

Section 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities............................................................................................................. 2-1
Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements............................................................................................................................................... 2-13
Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds..................................................................................................................................................... 2-15
Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands............................................................................................................................................ 2-16
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems........................................................................................................................................... 2-23
Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)............................................... 2-27
Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols...................................................................................................................................... 2-29
Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets........................................................................................................................................................ 2-43
Definitions of Scientific Terms........................................................................................................................................................................ 2-44
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations.................................................................................................................................................... 2-69
Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics................................................................................................................................................... 2-70

Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds................................................................................................................................................... 3-1
Synonym Index of Organic Compounds.....................................................................................................................................................3-554
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds................................................................................................................3-576

Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

The Elements......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds.............................................................................................................................................. 4-43
Formula Index of Inorganic Com­pounds....................................................................................................................................................4-102
Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals.............................................................................................................................................4-115
Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points of the Elements.................................................................................................................4-121
Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C.......................................................................................................................................................4-124
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Equations............................................................................................................................4-125
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Data......................................................................................................................................4-127
Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts.............................................................................................................................4-128
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds...................................................................................................4-131
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids.....................................................................................................................................................4-137
Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals...............................................................................................................................................4-138
Crystallographic Data on Minerals...............................................................................................................................................................4-145

Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry

CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics................................................................................................................................................... 5-1
Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances................................................................................................................. 5-4
Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature....................................................................................................................... 5-43
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions.............................................................................................................................................. 5-66
 Heat of Combustion........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-68
Energy Content of Fuels.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-69
Ionization Constant of Water.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-70
Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water....................................................................................................................................... 5-71
Electrical Conductivity of Water..................................................................................................................................................................... 5-72
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions.............................................................................................................................................. 5-73
Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells...................................................................................................................... 5-74
Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI.............................................................................................................................. 5-75
Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes In Aqueous Solution.................................................................................................................. 5-76
Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution................................................................................................................................ 5-77
Electrochemical Series...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-80
Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals.................................................................................................................. 5-90
Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................ 5-92
Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................... 5-94
Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts.........................................................................................................................................5-104
Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration........................................................................................5-106
Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids.........................................................................................................................................................................5-110
Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes.............................................................................................................................................................5-111
Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases.....................................................................................................................................................................5-112
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions....................................................................................................................................................................5-116
Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters........................................................................................................................................5-120
Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C..............................................................................................................................5-122
Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity............5-123
Solubility of Selected Gases in Water...........................................................................................................................................................5-149
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures.................................................................................5-153
Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds............................................................................................5-154
Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures..............................................................................................5-190
Solubility Product Constants.........................................................................................................................................................................5-196
Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures............................................................................................................................5-199
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater......................................................................................................................................................5-200
Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water.................................................................................................................5-202
Solubility Chart.................................................................................................................................................................................................5-205

Section 6: Fluid Properties

Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam........................................................................................................................................... 6-1
Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water......................................................................................................................... 6-5
Standard Density of Water................................................................................................................................................................................. 6-7
Fixed-Point Properties of H2O and D2O.......................................................................................................................................................... 6-9
Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O................................................................................................................................................................ 6-10
Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water...................................................................................................................................................... 6-12
Vapor Pressure of Ice......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-13
Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure............................................................................................................................................. 6-13
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies....................................................................................................... 6-14
Thermophysical Properties of Air.................................................................................................................................................................. 6-15
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids............................................................................................................................................................. 6-21
Thermophysical Properties of Selected Fluids at Saturation.................................................................................................................... 6-38
Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases.............................................................................................................................................................. 6-47
Van der Waals Constants for Gases................................................................................................................................................................ 6-56
Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases........................................................................................................................................ 6-57
Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points...................................................................................................................................................... 6-58
Critical Constants of Organic Compounds.................................................................................................................................................. 6-59
Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds................................................................................................................................................ 6-83
Sublimation Pressure of Solids........................................................................................................................................................................ 6-86
Vapor Pressure.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-88
Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K...........................................................................................................................6-118
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions.................................................................................................................................................6-126
Recommended Data for Vapor-Pressure Calibration...............................................................................................................................6-127
Enthalpy of Vaporization................................................................................................................................................................................6-128
Enthalpy of Fusion............................................................................................................................................................................................6-146
Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids...........................................................................................................................6-156
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density.....................................................................................................................6-158
Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions.............................................................................................................6-163
 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids......................................................................................................................................................................6-164
Properties of Liquid Helium...........................................................................................................................................................................6-165
Properties of Refrigerants...............................................................................................................................................................................6-166
Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates...........................................................................................................................................................6-169
Ionic Liquids......................................................................................................................................................................................................6-174
Density and Specific Volume of Mercury....................................................................................................................................................6-178
Thermal Properties of Mercury....................................................................................................................................................................6-179
Melting Curve of Mercury..............................................................................................................................................................................6-180
Vapor Pressure of Mercury............................................................................................................................................................................6-181
Surface Tension of Common Liquids...........................................................................................................................................................6-182
Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures.........................................................................................................................................................6-186
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids.............................................................................................................................................6-187
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases................................................................................................................................................6-209
Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures...........................................................................................................................................................6-210
Viscosity of Gases.............................................................................................................................................................................................6-229
Viscosity of Liquids..........................................................................................................................................................................................6-231
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide Along the Saturation Line..........................................................................................................................6-236
Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions..........................................................................................................................6-237
Viscosity of Liquid Metals..............................................................................................................................................................................6-238
Thermal Conductivity of Gases.....................................................................................................................................................................6-240
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids..................................................................................................................................................................6-242
Diffusion in Gases............................................................................................................................................................................................6-247
Diffusion of Gases in Water...........................................................................................................................................................................6-249
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution...............................................................................................................................6-250

Section 7: Biochemistry
Properties of Amino Acids................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-1
Structures of Common Amino Acids............................................................................................................................................................... 7-3
Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases..................................................................................................................................................... 7-5
The Genetic Code................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-6
Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters........................................................................................................................................ 7-7
Composition and Properties of Common Oils And Fats............................................................................................................................. 7-9
Carbohydrate Names and Symbols................................................................................................................................................................. 7-14
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants................................................................................ 7-16
Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions....................................................................................................... 7-19
Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water..................................................................................... 7-23
Biological Buffers................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-26
Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods................................................................................................................................. 7-27
Structure and Functions of Some Common Drugs..................................................................................................................................... 7-28
Chemical Constituents of Human Blood...................................................................................................................................................... 7-45
Chemical Composition of the Human Body................................................................................................................................................. 7-48
Nutrient Values of Foods.................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-49

Section 8: Analytical Chemistry

Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8-1
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry......................................................................................................................... 8-2
Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry............................................................................................................................. 8-6
Analytical Standardization and Calibration.................................................................................................................................................... 8-9
Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units.......................................................................................................................................... 8-14
Detection of Outliers in Measurements........................................................................................................................................................ 8-15
Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography............................................................................................................................... 8-17
Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases........................................................................................................... 8-18
Detectors for Gas Chromatography............................................................................................................................................................... 8-19
Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents.......................................................................................................................................................... 8-21
Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane......................................................................................................... 8-23
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry................................................................................................................................................. 8-24
Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities............................................................................................................................ 8-25
Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table............................................................................................................................................... 8-28
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts............................................................................................................................ 8-31
Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands........................................................................................................................................... 8-37
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy............................................................................................ 8-38
Properties of Important NMR Nuclei............................................................................................................................................................ 8-41
 Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................... 8-42
Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups................................................................................................ 8-48
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents..................................................................................................................................... 8-49
13
C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups................................................................................................................................... 8-56
13
C NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents.......................................................................................................................... 8-57
15
N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................. 8-58
Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes................................................................................................................................................... 8-60
Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families............................................................................. 8-61
Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost...................................................................................................................................................... 8-63
Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine).......................................... 8-64
Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents................................................................................................................................... 8-65
Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers................................................................................................................. 8-72
Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo....................................................................................................................................................... 8-73
Standards for Laboratory Weights.................................................................................................................................................................. 8-74
Indicators for Acids and Bases......................................................................................................................................................................... 8-76
Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents.................................................................................................................................................. 8-77
Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Cations............................................................................................ 8-82

Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds....................................................................................................................................... 9-1
Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds............................................................................................................................................ 9-17
Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase.............................................................................................................................................. 9-19
Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules.......................................................................................................................................... 9-48
Atomic Radii of the Elements.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9-49
Dipole Moments................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9-51
Hindered Internal Rotation.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9-60
Bond Dissociation Energies.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9-65
Electronegativity................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9-97
Force Constants for Bond Stretching............................................................................................................................................................. 9-98
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules....................................................................................................................... 9-99
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules......................................................................................................................................9-102

Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Line Spectra of the Elements........................................................................................................................................................................... 10-1
Atomic Transition Probabilities....................................................................................................................................................................10-93
Electron Affinities..........................................................................................................................................................................................10-147
Proton Affinities.............................................................................................................................................................................................10-168
Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities.......................................................................................................................................................10-187
Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions.......................................................................................................................................10-197
Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules............................................................................................................................................10-200
X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels........................................................................................................................................................................10-218
Electron Binding Energies of the Elements...............................................................................................................................................10-222
Natural Width of X-Ray Lines.....................................................................................................................................................................10-228
Photon Attenuation Coefficients................................................................................................................................................................10-229
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation.............................................................................................................................................10-234
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths.........................................................................................................10-236
Blackbody Radiation......................................................................................................................................................................................10-237
Characteristics of Infrared Detectors.........................................................................................................................................................10-239
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals.................................................................................................................................................10-240
Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses...........................................................................................................10-244
Index of Refraction of Water........................................................................................................................................................................10-245
Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes.......................................................................................................................10-246
Index of Refraction of Air.............................................................................................................................................................................10-247
Index of Refraction of Gases........................................................................................................................................................................10-248
Characteristics of Laser Sources.................................................................................................................................................................10-249
Infrared Laser Frequencies...........................................................................................................................................................................10-255
Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards................................................................................................................10-262

Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics

Summary Tables of Particle Properties.......................................................................................................................................................... 11-1
Table of the Isotopes.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11-2
Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties.......................................................................................................................................11-175
Cosmic Radiation...........................................................................................................................................................................................11-188
Section 12: Properties of Solids
Techniques for Materials Characterization: Experimental Techniques Used to Determine the Composition,
Structure, and Energy States of Solids and Liquids..................................................................................................................................... 12-1
Symmetry of Crystals........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12-5
Ionic Radii in Crystals.....................................................................................................................................................................................12-11
Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids................................................................................................................................................12-13
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements...........................................................................................12-15
Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure........................................................................................................12-19
Lattice Energies.................................................................................................................................................................................................12-21
The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy................................................................................................................................12-34
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals.............................................................................................................................................................12-35
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals.............................................................................................................................................................12-41
Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys.......................................................................................................................................................12-43
Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials.................................................................................................................................................12-46
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids.............................................................................................................................12-47
Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals..............................................................................................................................12-56
Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals.......................................................................................................................................................12-57
Dielectric Constants of Glasses.....................................................................................................................................................................12-58
Properties of Superconductors......................................................................................................................................................................12-59
High-Temperature Superconductors...........................................................................................................................................................12-75
Organic Superconductors...............................................................................................................................................................................12-77
Properties of Semiconductors.......................................................................................................................................................................12-80
Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions............................................................................................................................12-94
Properties of Organic Semiconductors........................................................................................................................................................12-96
Diffusion Data for Semiconductors............................................................................................................................................................12-100
Properties of Magnetic Materials................................................................................................................................................................12-108
Organic Magnets............................................................................................................................................................................................12-117
Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths............................................................................................................................................................12-120
Electron Stopping Powers.............................................................................................................................................................................12-122
Electron Work Function of the Elements..................................................................................................................................................12-124
Secondary Electron Emission......................................................................................................................................................................12-125
Optical Properties of Selected Elements...................................................................................................................................................12-126
Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids...............................................................................................................12-151
Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants...............................................................................................................12-170
Nonlinear Optical Constants.......................................................................................................................................................................12-184
Phase Diagrams...............................................................................................................................................................................................12-187
Heat Capacity of Selected Solids.................................................................................................................................................................12-205
Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals.....................................................................................................................................12-206
Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steel 310...................................................................................................................................12-208
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature....................................................................12-209
Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature...........................................................................................................12-211
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics.....................................................................................................................................12-212
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials...................................................................................................12-214
Thermal Conductivity of Glasses................................................................................................................................................................12-216
Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors...................................................................................................................12-220
Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals.......................................................................................................................................12-222
Properties of Commercial Metals and Alloys...........................................................................................................................................12-224
Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics...........................................................................................................................................................12-225

Section 13: Polymer Properties

Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology.......................................................................................................................... 13-1
Physical Properties of Selected Polymers...................................................................................................................................................... 13-3
Nomenclature for Organic Polymers............................................................................................................................................................. 13-5
Solvents for Common Polymers...................................................................................................................................................................... 13-9
Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers...............................................................................................................................13-10
Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers...................................................................................................................................................13-17
Second Virial Coefficients of Polymer Solutions.......................................................................................................................................13-18
Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts........................................................................................................13-21
Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions...................................13-26
Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions.......................................................................................................13-40
Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers................................................................................................................13-45
Solubility Parameters of Selected Polymers................................................................................................................................................13-73
Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
Astronomical Constants................................................................................................................................................................................... 14-1
Properties of the Solar System......................................................................................................................................................................... 14-2
Satellites of the Planets...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14-4
Interstellar Molecules........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14-7
Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth...........................................................................................................................14-10
Geological Time Scale.....................................................................................................................................................................................14-12
Acceleration Due to Gravity...........................................................................................................................................................................14-13
Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth..............................................................................................14-14
Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude...............................................................................................................................14-15
Properties of Seawater.....................................................................................................................................................................................14-16
Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea...................................................................................................................14-18
Solar Irradiance at the Earth..........................................................................................................................................................................14-19
U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976).................................................................................................................................................................14-20
Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation.......................................................................................................................14-26
Major World Earthquakes..............................................................................................................................................................................14-27
Weather-Related Scales...................................................................................................................................................................................14-31
Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere........................................................................................................................................14-33
Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958–2008.................................................................................................................14-34
Global Temperature Trend, 1880–2011.......................................................................................................................................................14-36
Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases......................................................................................................................................14-37
Atmospheric Electricity..................................................................................................................................................................................14-39
Speed of Sound in Various Media.................................................................................................................................................................14-46
Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency..........................................................................14-48
Speed of Sound in Dry Air.............................................................................................................................................................................14-49
Musical Scales...................................................................................................................................................................................................14-50
Characteristics of Human Hearing...............................................................................................................................................................14-51

Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables......................................................................................................................................................... 15-1
Secondary Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale.............................................................................................................15-10
Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases..........................................................................................15-12
Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents.......................................................................................................................................15-13
Miscibility of Organic Solvents.....................................................................................................................................................................15-23
Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature....................................................................................................................................15-25
Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure...................................................................................................................................................15-26
Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation......................................................................................................15-27
Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression...................................................................................................15-28
Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution...............................................................................................................15-29
Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature.........................................................................................................................15-30
Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point..............................................................................................................................15-31
Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures......................................................................................15-32
Constant Humidity Solutions........................................................................................................................................................................15-33
Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration.....................................................................................................................................15-34
Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature.........................................................................................................15-35
Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature...................................................................................................................................15-36
Wire Tables........................................................................................................................................................................................................15-37
Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids................................................................................................................................15-38
Density of Various Solids................................................................................................................................................................................15-39
Density of Sulfuric Acid..................................................................................................................................................................................15-40
Density of Ethanol–Water Mixtures............................................................................................................................................................15-42
Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials.................................................................................................................................................15-43
Coefficient of Friction.....................................................................................................................................................................................15-48
Flame Temperatures........................................................................................................................................................................................15-50
Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum.....................................................................................................................................15-51

Section 16: Health and Safety Information

Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories................................................................................................................................ 16-1
Flammability of Chemical Substances.........................................................................................................................................................16-13
Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants...........................................................................................................................................16-29
Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients.........................................................................................................................................................16-42
Protection against Ionizing Radiation..........................................................................................................................................................16-47
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