THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

IN THE HIGH OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA

LAND DIVISION

CIVIL SUIT NO. 99 OF 2011

1. MAY BALERIO NAMIGANDA……………………………………….. PLAINTIFFS

2. ANTHONY CUGIN
VERSUS
1. NURBAN, W/O GULAM HUSSEIN MOLEDINA
2. ALDERBRIDGE REAL ESTATE & MANAGEMENT LTD……… DEFENDANTS

JUDGMENT
BEFORE HON. LADY JUSTICE EVA K. LUSWATA

The plaintiffs brought this suit against the defendants jointly and/or severally for a declaration
that the lease extension on land comprised in Kibuga Block 10 Plot 320 at Namirembe Road
Kampala is illegal, an order directing the Commissioner Land Registration to cancel the
certificate of title comprised in LRV 363 Folio 10, vacant possession, mesne profits since 1/3/05,
general damages and costs of the suit.

It was the plaintiffs’ case that they are the registered proprietor of property comprised in Kibuga
Block 10 Plot 32 at Namirembe Road at Kampala (hereinafter referred to as the suit property)
having purchased the same from one Miriam Nalwoga in 2003. That at the time of the plaintiff’s
purchase, the suit property, was encumbered with a lease comprised in LRV 363 Folio 10 in the
names of the 1st defendant which was due to expire on 1/3/05. That when the lease expired on
1/3/05, the plaintiffs through their advocates applied for the said leasehold to be cancelled. That
upon merger with the plaintiff’s reversionary interest, the lease was cancelled and the
cancellation was effected on 22/3/05. That when the 1 st plaintiff attempted to obtain vacant
possession, one John Ndyomugenyi an occupant, resisted her entry and informed her that the 2 nd
defendant had allowed him to continue staying in the suit property as a paying tenant.

The 1st plaintiff was subsequently informed by the 2 nd defendant, that the 1st defendant had
obtained a new lease and that the 2 nd defendant was acting as her authorized agent to manage the
suit property. The plaintiff denied ever executing a new lease for the 1 st defendant and contended
that the purported lease is illegal and/or fraudulent and the 1 st defendant’s continued occupation
amounts to trespass. She complained that the defendants have continued to unjustifiably enrich
themselves by collecting rent from the premises which actions have caused her and her co-
plaintiff great inconvenience, pain, anguish and anxiety for which they are entitled to general
damages and costs.

The defendants in their amended written statement of defense,recognize the plaintiffs as the
registered owner of the mailo interest,but contend that they acquired the same subject to the lease
interest in the suit property currently vested in the 1 st defendant’s name. That the latter is
represented by the 2nd defendant and Mohammed Allibhai who are the current care takers of the
suit property. That the 1st defendant has been and continues to be in possession of the suit
premises as the lessee thereof. That the suit property was governed by the Expropriated
Properties Act (hereinafter referred to as EPA) and the lease on the property is deemed in law to
have continued until the suit property was dealt with by the Government of Uganda. They argue
in addition that, a valid certificate of repossession was issued on 25/8/05 by the Minister of
Finance. Further, that the lease interest was extended by the then Ag. Commissioner for Land
Registration (hereinafter referred to as the Commissioner) in accordance with the law and the
alleged cancelation of the 1st defendant’s lease was contrary to the law and of no legal effect.
They contend in addition that the suit is time barred.

On the other hand, the 2nd defendant contends that since he is only an agent of a named principle,
the plaintiff’s suit against her is misconceived, frivolous and vexatious, raises no cause of action
against them and is liable to be dismissed with costs.

In response to those defenses, the plaintiff contends that they had no knowledge of the certificate
of repossession, and that the 1st defendant’s application for repossession was rejected by the
Minister, which decision was never challenged by appeal to the High Court, which was a
fraudulent act. In the alternative, that the Minister had no power to review his earlier decision to
subsequently grant a certificate of repossession, and that the 3 rd defendant acted illegally when
she noted the lease extension on the basis of the certificate issued on 25/08/05. The plaintiffs
further denied knowledge of the 2nd defendant’s agency and deemed this as trespasses and one
who failed on request, to disclose the 1st defendant’s whereabouts.
A joint scheduling memorandum was filed by the parties and the following issues were agreed
upon;

1. Whether the 1st defendant was validly and regularly issued with the repossession
certificate to the suit property.
2. Whether the extension of the lease comprised in LRV 362 Folio 10, for a further period
of 32 years and 6 months was lawful.
3. Whether the plaintiffs have a valid claim and cause of action against the 2nd defendant.
4. Whether the plaintiffs are entitled to the remedies sought.

RESOLUTION OF THE ISSUES

Issue one; whether the 1st defendant was validly and regularly issued with the repossession
certificate to the suit property.

Counsel for the plaintiffs argued that the repossession certificate was not validly issued to the 1 st
defendant. He gave several reasons for that submission:-

1) The issuance of Exh C1 “letter of repossession or letter of disclaimer”was a final

decision by the Minister in respect of the 1st defendant’s application for repossession for
the suit property.
2) At the time the certificate was issued, the Minister was functus officio as he had already
made a decision in respect of the 1 st defendant’s application for repossession. He could
thereby not review his earlier decision and the 1 st defendant neglected the remedy of
appeal against the decision of the Minister when he issued Exh C1
3) The letter of repossession authorized the 1 st defendant to repossess the property subject to
a disclaimer that the property was not subject to the provisions of the EPA.
4) The disclaimer that the property was not subject to the provisions of the EPA, meant that
the 1st defendant could not benefit from its provisions in particular, Section 2 (2) (b) and
Regulation 13 of the Expropriated Properties (Repossession and Disposal) (No.1)
Regulations SI 87-1(hereinafter referred to as the Regulations)which granted an
extension of the lease to recover the lost years during the period of expropriation. In
this, counsel relied on the cases of Pyrali Shunji Ganji & 3 others Vs. Coffee
 Development Authority [Civil Appeal No. 37 of 1997]and Mohan Musisi Kiwanuka
vs. Asha Chand [SCCA No. 14 of 2002], in support of their arguments.
5) The 1st defendant accepted the position in paragraphs 2 and 3 above and 6 below when
she attempted to negotiate an extension of the lease and appointed an attorney to act on
her behalf in the process of repossession and management of the suit property.
6) There was no supporting evidence that Exh C1 was issued solely because the 1 st
defendant was a Ugandan citizen but more, because the Minister was of the opinion that
the property was not expropriated.
7) The decision of the Minister of Finance to issue the 1 st defendant with a repossession
certificate was ultra vires in as much as it violated Section 3 of the EPA. In particular,
there was no evidence that the former owner physically returned to Uganda, repossessed
and effectively managed the suit property. And repossession was in fact effected through
an agent. That further, there was no evidence that the 1 st defendant was and is still
interested in the suit property from which she has never received any penny, she never
appeared in court to defend the claim and no application was made by her or on her
behalf to testify by commission under Order 28 CPR.
8) No fresh power of attorney was ever issued to DW2 to move the Minister to issue the
certificate of repossession in place of the letter of repossession and the initial power of
attorney could not operate ad infinitum. The power of attorney (Exh D7) was contrary
toSection 148 RTAespecially when the evidence given is that the 1st defendant is
illiterate.
9) The 1st defendant’s alleged son, the author of Exh D30 was never produced in court and
no explanation was given for that omission.

10) The decision of the Court of Appeal in the case of Registered Trustees of Kampala
Institute Vs. Departed Asians’ Property Custodian Board C.A No. 21 of 1993 cannot be
applied to determine whether the certificate of repossession was validly and regularly issued
to the 1st defendant.

Counsel for the defendants submitted the following in reply:-

1) The final decision of the Minister in respect of an application for repossession could only
be communicated through one of three ways, i.e. a repossession certificate, certificate of
purchase or certificate of receipt
2) Exh C1 was an administrative letter issued by the Departed Asians Property Custodian
Board (hereinafter referred to as DAPCB) and not the formal decision of the Minister.
That Exh D3, Exh D10, Exh D11, Exh D12, Exh D16, Exh D17, Exh D21 and Exh D23
recognized the fact that the suit property had been repossessed vide a letter of
repossession which was to be replaced with a certificate of repossession.
3) Exch. CI is a letter of repossession and not a letter to reject an application to repossess an
expropriated property.
4) At the time the State Minister for Finance issued Exh C1, there was an erroneous belief,
that properties of Ugandans had not been expropriated and the letter of repossession was
sufficient authority for 1st defendant as former owner, to take over her property.
5) Exh C1 was signed by the State Minister in charge of the DAPCB and not the Minister
of Finance as required by Sections 1 (f), 5, 6, 7 and 9 of the EPA.
6) The findings of the Court of Appeal in TheRegistered Trustees of Kampala Institute
Vs. Custodian Board (supra)is applicable to the facts of this case. Following that
decision, all former owners who were Ugandans were permitted and re applied for the
letters of repossession to be replaced with a repossession certificate that could be
registered as an instrument on the certificate of title.
7) It was the evidence of DW2 that the 1 st defendant was a Ugandan citizen at the time of
the Asian expulsion which fact was corroborated and confirmed by the verification sheet,
Exh D24, Exh D20 and Exh D25 (Certificate of Registration) from Ministry of Internal
Affairs and also submitted to Departed Custodian Board (hereinafter DAPCB).
8) Pyrali Shumuji Ganji & 3 Ors Vs. Coffee Development Authority (supra) relied on
by the plaintiffs is not on all fours with the instant case since in that case, the claimant
had sold off the property before expulsion of the Asians. Further, that the case of Mohan
Musisi Kiwanuka vs. Asha Chand (supra) envisaged that the Minister could only
decide on property otherwise already found as expropriated and dispose of it but since in
the instant case, Exh C1 was not a decision of the Minister, it was not capable of
disposing of the suit property as the same is not a registerable instrument under the RTA.
 9) TheEPA did not preclude a former owner to repossess his or her property through an
agent.
10) Whether there was a fresh power of attorney or not to move the Minister to replace a
letter of repossession with a certificate of repossession is not a matter before this court
and upon which this court should make a decision. In this counsel relied on Nairobi
City Council vs. Thabiti Enterprise Ltd (1995-98) EA 231

In rejoinder to the above, counsel for the plaintiffs argued that when issue 1 was framed, all
parties understood that the issue could be resolved without having the Minister as a party to the
suit. That the defendants called DW1 who handled the file in the Ministry, which accorded the
Ministry the right to be heard. That the defendants themselves dispensed with presenting Mr.
Male, the witness from the Ministry, and cannot turn around to blame the plaintiffs for the
Ministers absence.

Exh CIExh D9, is a letter from the DAPCB in respect of the suit property dated 19/5/93 and
addressed to the 1st defendant. It was signed by the Minister of State for Finance and it stated
that;

“The DAPCB has examined and verified the documentation presented as proof of your
claim and determined that the property is not subject to the provisions of the
Expropriated Properties Act. Based upon the available information, the DAPCB
recognizes the claimant as the original registered proprietor of the subject property.
Therefore the DAPCB hereby gives notice that it has no claim on the property. By copy of
this letter, the occupants are informed of the above position and advised to negotiate with
you in all matters regarding their occupation of the premises.”

DW1 (Ruth Namirembe) who worked as a legal secretary of the DAPCB testified that Exh C1
was an administrative letter or letter of disclaimer from the DAPCB and not Ministry of Finance,
which was issued to Ugandan citizens since their assets were not subject to the EPA. She stated
further that the EPA provided for forms under which Government was obliged to dispose of
expropriate properties which include a certificate of repossession, purchase or receipt. She also
testified that after the decision in the case of TheRegistered Trustees of Kampala Institute vs.
Custodian Board (supra) all former owners re applied and were issued with repossession
certificates, though in the instant case, the certificate of repossession was issued before the
prescribed fees were paid.

In cross examination, DW1 confirmed that where the Minister or Divesture committee made a
finding that the property was not affected by the EPA, a disclaimer would be granted. She also
confirmed that certificates of repossession would not be issued unless fees for the application to
repossess had been paid and the issuance of the certificate to the 1 st Defendant would appear as
an irregularity and illegal under the EPA and Regulations.

DW2 (Mohammed Alibhai) an agent of the 1st defendant testified that, after he was given a
power of attorney by the 1st defendant, who is a Ugandan citizen by registration, but resident in
Montreal Canada, he submitted an application for repossession to the DAPCB. That the 1 st
defendant’scitizen ship is evidenced by the verification form from Immigration and that Exh D28
would be the most reliable evidence pertaining to the documents required by DAPCB to process
repossession. That following the decision in The Registered Trustees of Kampala Institute
(supra), he wrote a letter on 4/12/2004 (Exh D3) to the DAPCB asking them to replace the letter
of repossession with a certificate. That he had no reason to appeal since the repossession letter
stated that the 1st defendant was the owner of the suit property and the property was not subject
to the EPA. He argued that he would only be required to pay for the repossession certificate at
the time of its collection, and exhibited a receipt issued on 9/9/05 where he paid 170,000/= as an
out of time fee for the certificate of repossession.

During cross examination, the 2nd defendant conceded that the signature in Exh D13 does not
tally with that on the title, Exhibits P6, P7 and P8. He confirmed that the 1 st defendant used her
thumb print and also tried to sign in English on the power of attorney issued in 1992. That in her
application for repossession, she signed with no thumb print and also signed on the mortgages.
He explained that the 1st defendant is an old person living in an old people’s home and is an
illiterate. He stated that he made an application for a certificate of repossession on 7/12/04 but
confirmed that it did not look like the form provided for in Regulations 2 and 5.

Following the arguments of counsel and the evidence available, the crux of this dispute would be
whether the processes leading to the issuance of the repossession letter and certificate were valid
and secondly, whether, the repossession letter granted to the 1 st defendant was the final decision
of the Minister from which he could not deviate or vary to subsequently grant a repossession
certificate.

The court in Pyrali Shumuji Ganji & 3 Ors Vs. Coffee Development Authority (supra)
which was taxed with determining the effect of the repossession letter vis a Vis the
certificateappeared to agree with what was submitted for the plaintiffs. This is clear in the
passage quoted by counsel for the plaintiff which is reproduced below:-

“Be that as it may, it seems clear to me that in his letter Exh D1 of 14-9-93, the Minister of State
for Finance in charge of the Custodian Board refused to issue the Certificate of Repossession. It
was open to the appellant to appeal to the High Court within 30 days against the Minister’s
decision under Section 14 of the EPA. They did not, and counsel for the respondents contends
that the omission was fatal. I find tenable, the contention of counsel for the appellant that the
appellants did not take up the appeal because they did not think that the Minister’s response
amounted to a decision not to grant a certificate of repossession. Clearly it did.”

That said, the facts leading to the above decision should be taken into context. The departed
owner in that case had disposed off the property before they left and the purchaser had deposited
part of the proceeds of purchase with the DAPCB. The Minister thereby issued the letter
indicating that a repossession certificate could not be granted because of that sale.

Similarly in the case of Mohan Musisi Kiwanuka vs. Asha Chand (supra)it was held that the
EPA did not expressly reserve in the Minister, any power to review his decision even if made in
error. In the court’s view, this would enable the Minister at any time, and infinitum, to reverse
earlier decisions and perpetuate the very uncertainties about ownership of the expropriated
properties, which the EPA was, intended to eliminate. In the words of that Court, the intention of
the EPA “is to empower the Minister to decide once and dispose of an expropriated property at
once, and let any grievance arising from the Minister’s decision to be resolved by the High
Court,” on appeal.

The facts in the above case can again be distinguished from the facts here in that, in Mohan
Musisi Kiwanuka’s case, the appellant was granted a certificate of purchase which under
Sections 9 (1) and (3) EPA is one of the three ways by which the Minister can dispose of
expropriated property. His decision in that respect final and thus he is not renege to issue a
certificate of repossession which is a pallarell or competing remedy under the EPA.

A repossession letter or letter of disclaimer appears to fall outside the category of actions to be
taken by the Minister under the EPA in respect of expropriated properties. DW2 who would be
an authority on matters of repossession explained that it was merely an administrative
communication to cover the decision of the Minister with regard to all expropriated properties
that the Government was for one reason or another not interested in. I would believe that
explanation because there is no provision for those letters in the EPA. It appears from the
evidence of DW2, that it is for that reason that such letters were issued to Ugandan citizens
whose properties were taken over by the military regime because it was construed then, that their
properties were never expropriated. The 1 st defendant was believed to be a citizen of Uganda at
the time of expropriation. This may even explain the requirement for citizenship verification
which would help determine the manner in which the Minister would deal with such properties.

The decision in Registered Trustees of Kampala Institute Vs DAPCB SCCA No. 21/93
(reported in (1994) Kalr 110) with similar facts to this case, appeared to have changed the above
position. In that case, the Supreme Court made the land mark decision that all expropriated
properties whether belonging to citizens or non-citizens of Uganda at the time of expropriation,
fell under and must be dealt with in accordance with the EPA. DW1 explained that this is what
prompted the recalling of the repossession letter and the issuance of the repossession certificate.
Likewise, DW2 claimed to have taken benefit of that decision to apply for the repossession
certificate.

I would think that the legitimacy of issuing letters of repossession stemmed from decisions
earlier than Registered Trustees of Kampala Institute (supra) for example, the decision in
Jaffer Brothers Limited Vs Mohammed Bagalaliwo (Civil Appeal 43/97). I quoted the
decision of Jaffer Brothers Ltd (supra)in my earlier decision of Attorney General Vs Alibhai
Ramji Limited & Ors (Civil Suit 265/07). The court in Jaffer Brothers Ltd (supra) equated
repossession letters to certificates of repossession and was of the opinion that the former clothed
applicants with equitable rights to expropriated properties and could be used as notices for vacant
possession against sitting occupants of such properties.
That said, I agree with counsel for the defendants that, repossession letters cannot be instruments
capable of registration under the RTA so as to result into actual transfer of expropriated
properties back to the former owners which I believe is the actual spirit of the EPA. The decision
of Registered Trustees of Kampala Institute (supra) being previous to the present case, it
would mean that the 1st defendant, irrespective of her nationality, would be entitled to a
repossession certificate if the Minister was satisfied that her application was presented in a
manner that complied with the provisions of the EPA.

For the above reason, the Minister would not be functus officio after granting the repossession
letter. He could issue the certificate of repossession subsequent to the letter since under Section
6(1) EPA, the latter is the only legal document in the EPA by which expropriated properties are
returned to their former owners and by which, a legal transfer back to them can be achieved.
Again, since the repossession letter had the effect of granting the applicant equitable rights in the
land, including possession, it would be absurd to appeal against it. Again, since the 1 st defendant
has already benefited from the repossession certificate by registration and ownership, it is not for
her to return to court to obtain any contrary declarations.

In addition to the above, issue was raised against the validity of the repossession certificate. In
particular, that repossession was not by the 1st defendant but by the 2nd defendant who could not
have been her legal attorney and no evidence was adduced to show that she would return to
effectively manage the suit property which is contrary to Section 4(2) EPA. Counsel also argued
that the Power of Attorney relied on to obtain the certificate of repossession was suspect, it was
doubtful that the 1st defendant was a Ugandan citizen, the verification process was not properly
done and no fees were paid in respect of the application for repossession. There were counter
submissions in response to all those objections. The most prominent was that those objections
should have been the subject of an appeal against the decision of the Minister to issue the
certificate of repossession which is now time barred.

The application for repossession was made on 31/3/93 and a certificate of repossession issued by
the Minister on 25/8/05. Under Section 6(1) EPA, the repossession certificate will be issued by
the Minister after he/she satisfies himself/herself of the merits of the application. Verification is
of course be done with the assistance of the Divestiture Committee and other relevant authorities.
The certificate once issued, is deemed to be proof that all the necessary steps of verification have
been undertaken and under Section 7(a) EPA, it shall be sufficient authority for the Registrar of
Titles to transfer title to the former owner. I have already stated that the Minister cannot revisit
that decision and the only remedy for one who is aggrieved thereby, would be an appeal to this
court under Section 15 EPA.

The plaintiff approached this court for redress in an action in trespass. Her contention is that the
1st defendant’s lease expired and was cancelled way back in March 2005 and its purported
extension was illegal or fraudulent and her possession of the suit property wrongful. The plaintiff
must be bound by pleadings on her claim. By no stretch of imagination can the proceedings
before me be deemed to be an appeal envisaged under the EPA which would in fact entail the
Minister to be heard as part of those proceedings. The fact that the parties agreed to dispense
with the presence of the Minister at the hearing, would not turn the proceedings into an appeal
under the EPA. Further, as rightly put by counsel for the defendants, the certificate of
repossession was a shield and not a sword aiding the 1 st defendant to explain the extended lease
and her presence on the suit property. Therefore, even if an appeal was preferred, the onus
would still be on the plaintiff to prove that the issuance of the certificate of repossession was
erroneous or illegal. It is not open to this court to evaluate evidence on matters leading to the
issuance of the certificate of repossession. That being the mandate of the Minister, him and/or
his/her office must be represented to defend those proceedings, which in fact is by way of appeal.

That notwithstanding, it is still open to the plaintiff to challenge the validity of the decision of the
Minister to issue the repossession certificate. Only then can the processes leading to its issuance
be exhaustively unpacked and investigated. Even then, as pointed out for the defendants, such
appeal would be subject to the law of limitation.

I would accordingly find the first issue in favour of the 1 st defendant and hold that the 1st
defendant was validly and regularly issued with the repossession certificate in respect of the suit
property.

Issue two; whether the extension of the lease comprised in LRV 362 Folio 10 for a further
period of 32 years and 6 months was lawful.

Counsel for the plaintiffs submitted that since the certificate of repossession was not validly
issued anything that flows from it is unlawful and invalid. That to this extent, the lease of 32
years and 6 months was unlawful. He submitted in the alternative that the certificate of
repossession was not registerable until the former owner had physically returned to Uganda
within 120 days to effectively manage the property. Therefore that DW2 presented the certificate
of repossession for registration before the 1st defendant complied with Section 9 (1) (d) EPA.
That the extension of the lease in favor of a former owner who never returned to Uganda within
the prescribed time was unlawful.

Counsel for the defendants in reply submitted that there was no law requiring a former owner to
return and physically appear in land office in order to have the certificate of repossession
registered on his or her title or, barring a former owner from acting through attorneys as the 1 st
defendant did in the instant case. Counsel noted that no evidence was adduced by the plaintiffs
from immigration office to support their speculations and the plaintiffs never sought to examine
the 1st defendant’s passport to ascertain and back up their claims. Counsel relied on the cases of
Standard Chartered Bank (U) Ltd vs. Grand Hotel (U) Ltd [1997] HCB 50, Sietico vs.
Noble Builders (U) Ltd SCCA No. 31 of 1995 and Apollonia Nakirijja Ssekataba & Another
vs. A.G [2006]1 HCB 65.

I have found in the first issue that the 1 st defendant was a person whose property was
expropriated and to whom a valid repossession certificate was issued. Flowing from that, the
lease would be deemed to have been extended in line with Regulation 13 of the Regulations
which provides as follows:-

“…every expired lease, shall be deemed to continue, after the property has been dealt
with in accordance with the Act, for….a period equivalent to the unexpired lease at the
time of expropriation of the property…”

It was not in contention that the 1 st defendant’s lease expired on 1/3/05. The plaintiff thereby
successfully had it cancelled and the lease title merged with the reversion as a result. Having
held that the certificate of repossession was valid and never challenged on appeal, it follows that
the 1st defendant could benefit from the provisions of Regulation 13 above. Since the unexpired
term is not in contention, it follows that the extension was lawful. It may well be that in Exp.
D2, the 1st defendant attempted through her lawyer to renew the lease, indicating a strong
presumption of her acknowledgment that it has expired. However, that inquiry was made after
the repossession letter but before the certificate was issued. By then, she and her lawyers were
acting on the Minister’s directive that the suit property was not subject to the provisions of the
EPA. Under such circumstances, she would be expected to negotiate a settlement with the
plaintiff, the owner of the mailo interest. This position of course changed when she was invited
to apply to exchange the repossession letter with the certificate. When the latter was issued, she
did not require renewal until the unexpired term (at the time of expropriation) had lapsed.

Again the arguments that the repossession certificate was issued in contravention of Section 9 (1)
(d) EPA are not tenable. As rightly noted by counsel for the defendants, nothing was put before
this court to show that the 1st defendant did not physically return to reside in Uganda and manage
the property. Had that evidence been put to the defendants, then they would have had the burden
to disprove it, which was not the case. The only evidence on record, is the 1 st defendant’s current
residence stated to be in an old people’s home in Montreal, Canada.

Even then, Section 9(1) (d) appears not to be mandatory. Where a former owner fails to return
and manage the property, it is left to the Minister to make a decision within his/her discretion
whether such returned expropriated property should be sold off or disposed of in any other
manner as may be stipulated in the regulations. I see no specific provision in the Act to prevent
registration of property of a former owner who failed to physically return to the country.
Secondly, I have already seen strong authority that the EPA is a remedial Act meant to return
property wrongly taken over by the military regime to their former owners. Courts of record
have thus stressed the need to interpret the Act liberally. See for example, Registered Trustees
of Kampala Institute Vs DABCB (supra). If Sections 3(2) and 9 (1) (d) of the EPA were to be
strictly applied or interpreted, it would mean that, former owners under genuine disability would
be shut out of the principle remedy of the Act. In any case, had the legislator’ intention been to
exclude the use of attorneys, they would have specifically provided as much. Again, I fear that
the matters raised under this issue should have been best put to the Minister in an appeal against
his decision. Further, all questions raised against the 1 st defendant’s citizenship including
verifications by the Minister should have been addressed in such an appeal at which the Minister
would have been afforded a hearing, which is a cardinal requirement of our Constitution and
adversarial system.

Therefore, I find that the second issue has also not been proved.
Issue three; whether the plaintiff has a valid claim and cause of action against the 2 nd
defendant.

It was submitted for the plaintiff that the 2 nd defendant is a trespasser who has failed to prove its
defense that it was an agent of the 1 st defendant. That neither a power of attorney appointing the
2nd defendant to deal with the property, nor a Property management agreement pleaded in
paragraph 6 (b) of the Amended written statement of defene. , was exhibited in court. That this
being registered land under the RTA, the provisions of Section 146 are instructive.

Counsel also contended that even if the 2 nd defendant was an agent of the 1 st defendant, which is
denied, a former owner who fails to physically return to Uganda after the grant of repossession
cannot occupy the property through an agent and such a course of action would contravene the
provisions of Section 3 (2) and 9 (1) (d) EPA. In his view, it is the purported agent and not the
former owner who is entirely benefitting from the property to the detriment of the plaintiff
knowing that the 1st plaintiff is apparently frail and potentially in the twilight of her life. That the
plaintiff was therefore entitled to sue the 2nd defendant for an order of vacant possession.

Counsel for the defendants in reply submitted that the 2 nd defendant led uncontroverted evidence
that it was wrongly and erroneously sued by the plaintiff. DW2 who is a director and shareholder
of the 2nd defendant company, testified that he was granted powers of attorney by the 1 st
defendant to manage the suit property with and under the 2 nd defendant and that the plaintiffs
were at all material time notified of this fact and are aware of it, through their participation in
previous suits, pleadings of which were admitted as (Exh D1 (a) and Exh DI (b)).

The defendants exhibited as (Exh.D13 and D.7) two powers of attorney that were issued to one
Mohammed Alibhai by the 1st defendant on 29/9/92 and 21/3/14 respectively. The powers given,
extended to repossession of the suit property and its management. It was contended by counsel
for the plaintiffs that the power of attorney marked Exh D7 was not duly executed as the 1 st
defendant is illiterate, and the 2nd defendant had no powers to repossess the property or manage
it. I do find merit in the second leg of the objection. There is nothing on record to show that the
1st defendant ever appointed the 2nd defendant as her legal attorney whether before or after the
repossession and in fact, the known attorney is Mohamad Alibhai, who actually applied for and
followed up repossession. He was thereafter recognized as the 1 st defendant’s representative by
the DABCB for example in Exh D.15 and Exh. D.16. There was a tendency of DW2 confusing
himself and the 2nd defendant as one, yet in law, although he is her managing director, the 2 nd
defendant is clearly a separate legal entity. For that reason, the 2 nd defendant cannot be a
disclosed agent of a principle to avoid direct litigation against them. On that basis, their presence
on the suit land would be suspect and could raise a cause action against them. That
notwithstanding, it is trite that a cause of action does not translate into an open and closed case
against the concerned defendant. In all cases, the plaintiff is still mandated to prove their claim
on a balance of probabilities.

I have in resolving the first two issues found that the repossession certificate was validly issued
and that the 1st defendant’s lease was legally extended and her occupation on the suit property
thereby lawful. In that case, she is free to allow any party or entity (whether a legal agent or not)
to occupy the suit property and manage it on her behalf. In my view beyond issues of non-
compliance of the terms of the lease, the plaintiff cannot inquire into the legitimacy of the
persons the 1st defendant chooses to allow on the suit property. Even then, I noted that in
Exh.D.4 on 19/11/96, one A.G. Moledina wrote on behalf of the 1st defendant, instructing the
2nd defendant to manage the suit property and collect rent on her behalf. In my opinion, a power
of attorney is not required for such instructions.

Stemming from the above, any contest against Allibhai’s mandate as an attorney is of no object
to these proceedings. He is by his person, separate from the 2 nddefendant and is not a party to
these proceedings. I will for that reason make no finding on the legitimacy of the powers of
attorney in his favour.

Thus to resolve the second issue, I would hold that although the plaintiff has a cause of action
against the 2nd defendant, the latter’s presence on the suit property is justified and no order can be
made for vacant possession against them.

Issue four; whether the plaintiffs are entitled to the remedies sought.

Unfortunately, the plaintiffs have substantially failed to prove their claim. Since I have found
the 1st defendant’s presence on the suit property to be legitimate, she is a legal lessee until the
terms of the lease expires save, if she is found to be in breach of any of the lease terms. Under
such circumstances, the plaintiff would not be entitled to any of the reliefs sought.

I would therefore move to dismiss this case and award costs to the 1st defendant. Since the third
issue was partially decided in favour of the plaintiff, such costs shall cover only ¾ of the tax
master’s award.

I so order.

EVA K. LUSWATA
JUDGE

29/02/2016