DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND

GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Y3-CE

CIV 3164- Design of

Reinforced Concrete
Structures-I
 AIM
Provide the general properties of structural
concrete and steel.
Introduction to limit state analysis and
design.
Design of structural elements (Beams,
Slabs, Columns and Footings)
Detailing of reinforcements and bar
bending schedules
 PRE-REQUISITES
Engineering Physics
Engineering Chemistry
Engineering Mathematics
Engineering Drawing
Construction Materials
Engineering Mechanics
Strength of Materials
Concrete Technology
Structural Analysis
 COURSE OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
II.CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Concrete constituents.
2.2. Properties of concrete in the fresh
state and associated tests.
2.3. Properties of concrete in the
hardened state and associated tests.
2.4. Properties of reinforcing steel.
 COURSE OUTLINE
III.REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
3.1. Limit state design concepts.
3.2. Ultimate limit states of flexure and shear for
beams.
3.3. Serviceability limit states of deflection and
cracking.
3.4. Bond and torsion
3.4. Design of reinforced concrete beams.
3.5. Design of reinforced concrete slabs.
3.6. Design of reinforced concrete short columns.
3.7. Design of reinforced concrete foundations.
 Assessment criteria
One open-ended Assignment.

CATS (At least two ), Fifth and Tenth

weeks

QUIZES

FINAL EXAM
 References
- Reinforced Concrete Design to EUROCODE 2-- W.H.
Mosley, J.H. Bungey and R. Hulse-Macmilla, 2007
- Properties of Concrete-A.M. Neville Pitman
- Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete-F.K. Kong, R.H.
Evans, Nelson, 2001
- Concrete Technology-A.M. Neville, J.J. Brooks,
Longman.
-Design of concrete structures-Arthur H., David Darwin
and Charles W. Dolan, 2004
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Concrete is a mixture of paste
and aggregates (sand & rock).
The paste, composed of cement
and water, coats the surface of
the fine (sand) and coarse
aggregates (rocks) and binds
them together into a rock-like
mass known as concrete.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Some times one or more admixture are added
to change certain characteristic of the concrete
such as its workability, durability, and time of
hardening.
• Concrete has a high compressive strength and a
very low tensile strength.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforcements
 Reinforcement refers to steel (from iron ore) of
specified diameter embedded in the concrete in
specified positions.
 The purpose of reinforcement is, in most cases,
to provide tensile strength to reinforced concrete
as most common structural members are
subjected to bending.
 They can be hot-rolled mild steel plain bars, hot-
rolled deformed bars and steel fabric.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforcements
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforcements
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforcements
Steel fabric
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforcements
Steel fabric
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforcements
Steel fabric

Spacer
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforcements
Steel fabric

Goalpost or chair
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforcements
Steel fabric

Goalpost or chair
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforced concrete is a combination of
concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete. Reinforced concrete is a
versatile material that can be formed into many
varied shapes and sizes ranging from a single
rectangular column, to a slender curved dome or
shell.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforced concrete is a combination of
concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete. Reinforced concrete is a
versatile material that can be formed into many
varied shapes and sizes ranging from a single
rectangular column, to a slender curved dome or
shell.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforced concrete is a combination of
concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete. Reinforced concrete is a
versatile material that can be formed into many
varied shapes and sizes ranging from a single
rectangular column, to a slender curved dome or
shell.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Reinforced concrete buildings they consist
of a series of the following members:
 Slabs
 Beams
 Columns
 Foundations
 Stairs, etc
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Vibrator
Compaction
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Finishing
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

BEAM

COLUMN
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

SLAB
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Excavation for foundation

 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Blinding Concrete
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Footing
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Composite action
• Concrete is approximately ten times stronger in
compression than in tension. The tensile
strength of concrete is therefore usually ignored
and steel reinforcement is provided to resist
tensile stresses. Reinforcement is designed to
carry tensile forces, which are transferred by
bond between the interface of the two materials.
If this bond is not adequate, the reinforcing bars
will just slip within the concrete and there will
not be a composite action.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Composite action

In the design it is assumed that there is a perfect

bond between concrete and steel so that the strain
in the reinforcement is identical to the strain in the
adjacent concrete.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Advantages
• It is a low maintenance material.
• It has great resistance to the action of fire provided that
there is adequate cover over the reinforcing steel.
• A special nature of concrete is its ability to be cast in to
a variety of shapes from simple slabs, beams, and
columns to great arches and shells.
• A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as
compared to other materials such as structural steel.
• In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive
local materials (sand, gravel, and water) and requires
relatively small amount of cement and reinforcing steel.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Disadvantages
• Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the
use of tensile reinforcing.
• Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it
hardens sufficiently. Formwork could be expensive.
• The properties of concrete could vary widely due to
variations in its proportioning and mixing. Furthermore,
the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully
controlled, as is the production of other materials such
as structural steel.
• In general, reinforced concrete members are relatively
large, as compared to structural steel members, an
important consideration for tall buildings and long span
bridges.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

POWER OF
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
MATERIAL
Concrete is the ultimate Chameleon
Believe it or not concrete is all around you!!!!!!!!!!
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 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
3.1. Properties in the fresh state
The properties of concrete in fresh state
influence the quality of the hardened
concrete.
The most important property is “workability”
measured in a number of ways
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the fresh state
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the fresh state
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
1. Strength
The strength of hardened concrete is of
fundamental importance to structural
designers.
Compressive strength is obtained by testing
cubes or cylinders of standard dimensions
under standard conditions.
Eg: C25/30
Specimen
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
1. Strength
Compressive strength increases with time.
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
1. Strength
Tensile strength of concrete is measured
indirectly from splitting test or by loading
a cube with a line load. This due to the
difficulty of applying a truly tensile load.
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
1. Strength

2P
f 
Dl
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
1. Strength
2P
f 
d 2
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
1. Strength
Distinguish between the following compressive
strength:

 Target strength;

 Design strength;

 In-situ strength.
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
Compressive behavior
As the load is applied, the ratio between stresses
and strains is approximately linear at first and
the concrete behaves almost as an elastic
material with virtually full recovery of
displacement if the load is removed.
Eventually, the curve is no longer linear and the
concrete behaves more and more as a plastic
material. If the load were removed during the
plastic range, the recovery would no longer be
complete and a permanent deformation would
remain.
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
Compressive behavior
The ultimate strain for most structural concretes
tends to be a constant value of approximately
0.0035, although this is likely to reduce for
concretes with a cube strength above about
60N/mm2

 The non linearity is mainly caused by

cracking.
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
Compressive behavior
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
Compressive behavior
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
Compressive behavior
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
2. Modulus of elasticity
The modulus of elasticity considered in the design is
the secant modulus which is measured at 1/3 of the
ultimate compressive strength of concrete.

Elastic modulus represents the material stiffness of the

concrete to an imposed stress.
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
2. Modulus of elasticity
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
2. Modulus of elasticity
BS 8110-2: 1985 estimates the 28-day elastic modulus
as:

Ec, 28  Co  0.2 f cu , 28
A value of 20GPa is suggested for Co for concrete of
normal density, and 10GPa for low density concrete.
Note that modulus of elasticity develops faster than
compressive strength.
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
2. Modulus of elasticity
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
2. Modulus of elasticity
The modulus of elasticity at any time may be
estimated from:

Et ft
 0.4  0.6
E 28 f 28
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
3. Time dependent behavior
Shrinkage: Reduction in volume due to
concrete drying. It is environment
dependent.
Creep is the continuous deformation of a
member under sustained load (Time
dependent deformation). Creep is load
and environment dependent.
 CHAPTER 2: CONCRETE MATERIALS
2.1. Properties in the hardened state
3. Durability of concrete
The durability of concrete is an indication of the
extent to which it is resistant to the
environmental conditions to which it is exposed.
Factors influencing durability are
 The conditions of exposure.

 The quality of the concrete.

 The concrete cover to the steel reinforcement.

 Steel
Behavior of reinforcing steel
 Steel
Modulus of elasticity

It is between 200 and 210 GPa

 Steel
Proof stress and work hardening
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.1. Introduction
Members are designed with a capacity that is
much greater than required to support the
anticipated set of loads not only to cater for
accidental overload or defective construction but
also to limit the level of stress under service
loads to control deflection and cracking.

In the design of a reinforced concrete structure

the aim is to provide a safe, serviceable,
durable, economical and aesthetically pleasing
structure.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.1. Introduction
For the structure to be safe it must be able to
resist the worst loading conditions. Under
normal working conditions the deformations and
cracking must not be excessive for the structure
to remain serviceable, durable and aesthetically
pleasing during its intended design life.

Safety factors are used to overcome the

variations in material strengths and
loadings.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.1. Introduction
Three basic methods have developed over time:

• Permissible stress method:

The ultimate strength of the material is divided by

a factor of safety to give safe design stresses,
which are usually within the elastic range. Stresses
caused by the working loads must not exceed the
permissible stresses.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.1. Introduction
Three basic methods have developed over time:

• Load factor method:

The working loads are multiplied by a factor of

safety to obtain design loads. Stresses caused by
the design loads must not exceed the ultimate
strength of the material.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.1. Introduction
Three basic methods have developed over time:

• Limit states method:

The nominal loads are multiplied by partial factors of

safety to obtain design loads and the characteristic
strengths of the materials are divided by further partial
factors of safety to obtain design strengths.

• This course will consider limit state method.

 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.1. Introduction
There are two limit states:
• Ultimate limit state (ULS) which corresponds
to the maximum load-carrying capacity, or in some
cases, a maximum strain or deformation, and

• Serviceability limit state (SLS) which

concerns normal use of the structure.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.2. Characteristic strength of materials
The strengths of materials upon which design is
based are those strengths below which results are
unlikely to fall. It is a strength with 95% chance of
not being exceeded.

f k  f m  1.64
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.2. Characteristic strength of materials
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.2. Partial factors of safety for materials
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.2. Partial factors of safety for loads

Design load=Nominal load x

Partial factor of safety
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.2. Partial factors of safety for loads
They consider
• Design assumptions and inaccuracies in
calculations. It should be clear that gross errors in
assumptions and/or calculations cannot be covered
by partial factors of safety.
• Unforeseen increase in loads. Major changes in
loading on the structure can clearly not be
accounted for.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.2. Partial factors of safety for loads
They consider
• Unforeseen redistribution of stresses. This can be
caused by temperature and the time-dependent
behaviour of concrete, which is considered at the SLS
but not the ULS.
• Inaccuracies that arise during construction. This does
not mean that the specified tolerances may be
exceeded during construction.
• These inaccuracies in loads are taken into
consideration by increasing the nominal load by a
partial factor of safety for loads.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.2. Partial factors of safety for loads
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
 A structure is simplified into a model that is
subjected to loads and analyzed to determine the
forces and moments in each structural member.

 Each individual member must be capable of

resisting the force acting on it, so that the
determination of these forces is a essential part of
the design process.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
 The aim of an analysis is to find the forces and
moments within the structure that will be in
equilibrium with the applied loads for the particular
load case under consideration.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
Load combinations to consider

Permanent and variable.

Permanent loads include the weight of the

structure itself, and all architectural components such
as exterior cladding, partitions and ceilings.
Equipment and static machinery, when permanent
fixtures, are also often considered as part of the
permanent load.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
Load combinations to consider
Permanent and variable.
Variable loads are more difficult to determine
accurately. For many of them, it is only possible to make
conservative estimates based on standard codes of
practice or past experience. Examples of variable loads
on buildings are: the weights of its occupants, furniture,
or machinery; the pressure of wind, the weight of snow,
and of retained earth or water; and the forces caused by
thermal expansion or shrinkage of the concrete.
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
Load combinations to consider
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
Load combinations to consider
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
Building frames
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
Building frames
 CHAPTER 3: RC Design
3.3. Analysis of the structure
Building frames

Sub-frames or

Substitute frames
Roof frame
Floor frame