FAMERS HERDERS CONFLICT IN SOME SELELCTED COMMUNITIES IN

KWARA, ONDO, AND EKITI STATE

Introduction
The farmers and herders crisis is one of the major social problems that bestow serious security
challenges and obstruct with a severe threat to economic development and the unity of
Nigerians, particularly the North-Central (NC) states and South-Western states. Since the
outbreak of farmers and herders deadly clashes, the relationship that had existed with
cordiality and rapport seems to be suffering untold hardship with several attendant
apprehensions that beckon for address. The unity of the North-Central states and the South
Western can only be enjoyed by all when the peaceful coexistence of the sub-regions and their
means of livelihood, upkeep and sustainability become a success with the presence and
existence of reasonable security of lives and property. This is the phenomenological
expectation of every sound-minded citizen of South Western Nigeria. North-Central Nigeria has
witnessed and is still witnessing conflicts of grave proportions among several ethnic and
religious communities across the states. These conflicts significantly vary in dimension, process
and the groups involved. Monale (2003) explained that some conflicts arise between the same
resource user group such as between one farming community and another; others occur between
different user groups such as between farmers and herders or between foresters and farmers.
Shittu (2020) explained that the struggle over grazing land and scarce resources has over the
years resulted in perennial and growing violent conflicts in terms of frequency, intensity and
geographical scope. Adisa (2012) observed that the farmers-herdsmen conflict has remained one
of the most preponderant resource-use bloody conflicts in Nigeria. Other studies show that land-
related issues, especially on grazing fields, account for the highest percentage of conflicts.
Putting it straight, studies indicate that struggles over the control of economically viable lands
cause more alarm and security hazards as well as violent conflicts among communities. Social
and economic factors continue to provoke violent conflicts among farmers and herdsmen. The
intensity variations of the conflicts largely depend on the nature and type of the user groups
where the pastoralists graze. These conflicts have constituted serious threats to the means of
survival and livelihoods of both the farmers and pastoralists with what both groups are
tenaciously protecting. According to Abbas (2012), the conflicts (though provocative) over
access rights to farmland and cattle routes (labi) have become ubiquitous and seem to have
defied solutions. However, Coser (2000) observed that the inevitability of conflict in the claim
for scarce resources is considered here as the bane for struggles over the inestimable value for
land and its resources, with the claim for ownership and the claim for its position as a common
resource. However, the complexity of the land use system that has changed overtime has
culminated in present-day tension and conflicts between the host farmers’ communities and
Fulani herdsmen.
Since the advent of democratic government in 1999, there has been an increase in farmers and
herdsmen clashes. The majority of these conflicts have been within Northern Nigeria, which is
predominantly agrarian (farmers and herders), and in some parts of the southern part of the
country (Hassan, Hassan, & Hussain, 2018). In many of these conflicts, lives and properties have
been lost, farm products destroyed, people displaced, and governments at various levels (local,
state, and federal) have spent so much money on setting up either committees for resolutions or
resettlement camps for the displaced persons. Finances that ought to be used in the development
of other sectors are used in addressing farmers-herdsmen conflicts. The implications of these
conflicts are seriously felt in the national economy in terms of the resources invested in the
resolutions as well as the manifestation of the unemployment it aggravated (Odoh & Chigozie,
2012)
Concept of Conflict
Conflict does not suddenly exist in space. Something, someone or a situation somewhere can
spark off a conflict. Wherever people gather and interact for a common purpose or for similar
purposes, relationships invariably develop and with relationships conflict. It comes in most cases
from known too unknown. In other words, one does not anticipate conflict and yet it occurs when
it is least expected. What may spark off conflict on this end may not necessarily spark off on the
other. Akpuru-Aja (2007) defines conflict as an attitude, a behaviour and action (process) that
brings about strains and stresses in relationship between two or more people on the attainment of
a set of interests or goals. Conflict sets in when parties treat each other with doubt and suspicion
thereby resulting in frustration of either of the parties.
According to Nwalado (2011), conflict is an interactive process manifested in incompatibility,
disagreement, or difference within or between social entities such as individuals, groups,
organizations. Whenever two individuals opine in different ways, a conflict arises. In layman’s
language, conflicts are nothing but a fight either between two individuals or among group
members. No two individuals can think alike and there is definitely a difference in their thought
process as well as their understanding. Disagreements among individuals leads to conflicts and
fight. Conflicts according to Obi (2004) involves opposite needs in action at the same time such
as apparent incongruity between the human needs of teachers working in a school and the needs
and demands of the school system itself. Conflict arises in a relationship between two or more
parties who believe they have incompatible goals. In other words, conflict exists whenever an
action by one person or group of persons prevent, obstructs, interferes with, injures or in some
ways stops the desired action of another person or group of persons.
According to Jaja et al. (2011), conflict connotes disagreement that can lead to argument or
debate which results in dispute or controversy in ideas or view points by two individuals or
groups. Conflict set in when parties treat each other with doubt and suspicion thereby resulting in
frustration of either of the parties. Some individuals or groups do not treat others with the kind of
respect that they deserve. Conflicts are bound to occur when some persons choose to treat their
fellow human with disdain. Disagreement, contrasting images of each group’s intentions,
inactions or actions may also create a situation of conflict. The behaviour of people differs for
the fact that their characteristics and individual differences, attitudes, personalities, interest,
intelligence and emotions are different. However, conflict arises when there is a perceived or
actual threat to the needs, interests or concerns between groups bordering on their interactions
and relationships (Kalagbor, 2017). Nicholson (1992) cited in Urias (2018) describe conflict as
an activity which takes place when conscious beings (individuals or groups) wish to carry out
mutually inconsistent acts concerning their wants, needs or obligations. It implies that conflict is
instigated seriously and or intentionally by individual(s) or groups in pursuance of self of group
interest. Whichever form, intent or purpose, conflict is a product of unpleasant conditions in an
organization resulting from clash of interest, competing values or want of scarce resources
between or among individuals, group or groups.
Causes of Farmers Herders Conflict
 Destruction of crops
 Contamination of stream by cattle
 Zero grazing of fallow land
 Disregard for traditional authority
  Sexual harassment of women by nomads
 Harassment of nomads by host youths
 Indiscriminate defecation by cattle on roads
 Theft of cattle
 Stray cattle
 Indiscriminate busy burning
Effects of Farmers Herders Conflict
 Reduction in output and income of farmers/ nomads
 Displacement of farmers
 Erosion
 Loss of lives
 Arms running
 Loss of house and properties
 Loss of produce in storage
Solutions to farmers’ Herders Conflict

1. Promoting climate-smart agriculture

Promoting sustainable nutrient cycle whereby herders supply animal manure to farmers in
exchange for crop residues can help in soil nutrient restoration. One of the key drivers of these
conflicts is climate change and soil degradation. There are nineteen (19) northern states and
seven (7) are severely affected by desertification while eight (8) are moderately affected. This
forces herders to migrate from the north to the south in search for greener pastures. The impact is
less herbage are available for grazing. Hence, with the exchange of manure for crop residues, the
herdsmen and farmers can cooperate thereby moving the conflict from zero-sum to win-win.

2. Feed preservation and storage

Training herdsmen on local feed preservation techniques such as silage and hay would make a
significant contribution towards seasonal dependency on feeds supply. It would further reduce
the need for seasonal migration. Feed supply is generally not a problem during the rainy season.
The excess herbage can be harvested, processed and stored against the dry season. Private
investors can also tap into the business of feed manufacturing for ruminants. The poultry and
aquaculture sub-sectors have well-established feed manufacturing companies and a lot of brands,
but the ruminant sub-sector does not.

3. Establishment of satellite milk collection centres

The Fulani women walk thousands of kilometres hawking their ‘Fura da Nono’—Milk product.
Many of them have been victims of rape and sexual assault. During the rainy season when the
milk yield of their cows increases due to availability of green pastures, the poor road network
hampers their access to urban markets and part of their milk goes to waste. Therefore, the
establishment of satellite milk collection centres close to their homesteads, would create an
assembling point where they can sell their fresh milk. In addition, the government can leverage
the existence of such locations to establish vocational training centres for them on local milk
processing techniques.

4. The establishment of a community-based educational system using their local language

The herders and their families do not have access to quality education for proper integration into
the society. Presently, they reside in remote areas and only come to town to graze their animals
or sell their milk. Consequently, they have less interaction with people of other ethnicities.
However, if their children were enrolled into formal education they would learn intercultural
communication strategies. Likewise, they can be introduced to innovative livestock production
systems that are environmentally sound, economically viable and socially acceptable. The
government could provide incentives for those that will enrol their children in schools; for
example, subsidized veterinary services, and premium prices for their milk.

5. The use of animal trackers.

There are different types of animal trackers that herdsmen can use for effective monitoring of
their animals during grazing. Since farmers are complaining about animals grazing on their
crops, with these trackers, herders can prevent their animals from eating farmers’ crops. In
addition, it would protect the animals from cattle rustlers and proper record keeping.

6. Development of a database for cattle owners in Nigeria.

The government should develop a database containing the biometrics of farmers and cattle
owners in Nigeria. Farmers and herders should have a unique identification number for proper
referencing and data-driven policies. The data can be generated using mobile phones or through
the use of a register at the local government authority. Whenever a herder enters a community,
he should document his presence at the local government authority and also sign out when
leaving. This manner, offenders can be tracked and prosecuted.

Farmers Herders Conflict in Kwara State

The study examined the relationship between conflict and resource use, considering
environment induced conflict and sustainable development in Nigeria, using the case of
Fulani/farmer’s conflict in Odo-owa, Oke-ero, Kwara State, Nigeria. The study seeks to
identify the description of parties involved, previous conflict occurrences, identification of
the source(s) of Fulani-farmers conflict, and the impacts of the conflict on agriculture
production. Data used were collected through questionnaire and oral interview with a
reconnaissance visit to the sample groups which include the seven communities (such as,
Kajola, Owa, and Ikotun). Finally, it was revealed that the frequent causes of Fulani/farmers’
conflict in Oke-Ero Local Government Area of Kwara State are the destruction of crops by
cattle. The issue rests on the fact that the cows many times, stray into the fields and eat the
grain of local farmers. It is therefore recommended that the government, in all levels, should
provide cattle reserve areas which can restrict the movement of the cattle in order to enhance
sustainable agricultural development.

The most important object in Fulani society is cattle. The quantity of cattle a person owns is
a sign of his wealth. This has led to significant conflict in most cases among the Fulani and
local farmers. Such conflict has risen from farm encroachment on cattle routes and
sometimes watering points. The issue rests on the fact that the cows many times, stray into
the fields and eat the grain of local farmers.
Clashes between pastoral and farming communities linked to disputes over grazing land,
have become frequent in parts of central and northern Nigeria in recent years. Some analysts
have blamed the trend on increasing desertification which is pushing herders southwards in
their search for pasture often putting them in conflict with farmers. The question then is
what could have been the causes of conflict? Whatever the causes, it is a natural
phenomenon in the order of human affairs that conflicts should occur and it is equally
natural that conflict should be resolved.

In view of the fact that conflicts have led to grave consequences like deaths, starvation,
poverty, social unrest and unquantifiable losses among the citizens of different nations.
There is therefore, a pressing need to study and understand the principles and processes of
conflict and to find out appropriate strategies for negotiating and amicably resolving them.
The intensity of the conflict in Kwara State, where the study location is, calls for a timely
remedial measure of reducing the frequent conflict occurrence that displaces local farmers
from their farms as well claiming lives and crops. For instance, from New Age (2005)
revealed “the constant Laments o Fulani-farmers’ clash”. Also, National Pilot (2004),
phrased this out:”Establish Grazing Reserve for cattle rearers” and from Crime Watch
(2005),”Governor Nnamani wades into conflict with Fulani herdsmen”. These show that for
many years, farmers and herdsmen are divided along ethnic lines.
The relevance of the study transcends mere theoretical disciplinary scope. It touches human
life and various activities (within agricultural scope) especially in the interiors where farming
activities are consistent. Therefore, the conflict relating to the major rampaging agriculture
problem is the point of focus of this study. Thus, the relevance will actively reflect the effect
of the conflict on agricultural production. This will relatively interpose a remark into a
conversational issue in various disciplinary levels and among other researchers for
sustainable development.

This study was carried out in Oke – Ero Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. This
area was selected because agriculture is the bed rock of its economy and has been a victim of
Fulani-farmers’ conflict for a long time. Also, the decision to visit the specific area was
predicated on the assumption that the climate, vegetation and bio-diversity as well as
agricultural practices are similar to those of other locations within the state (Kwara).This
area is geographically located within 80501 N and 50251E of the equator (see Figure 1). The
study communities are located within Odo-Owa which is found between Irepodun Local
Government Area of Kwara State).
Farmers’ Herder Crisis in Osun state
Conflict is perceived as a serious disagreement or argument about something important that leads
to the breakdown of law and order (Collins, 2016; Dietz and Albert, 2016). According to Alabi
and Famakinwa (2017), conflicts pose severe threat to community peace, stability, and
development, as well as having serious consequences for tribal harmony, particularly in a
multi-ethnic and multi-tribal country like Nigeria. Ndubuisi (2018) and Okoro (2018) explained
that if a conflict is not effectively managed, it can degenerate into violent and destructive clashes,
and become counter-productive which could threaten national security and integration. On a
positive note, if conflicting parties are able to deal with their incompatibilities, it could lead to a
new and productive social or political organisation (Okoro, 2018).
Imo (2017) observed that conflicts between herders and farmers have been a prevalent feature of
economic livelihood in West Africa. Farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria has a long and complex
historical background. According to Kwaja and Ademola-Adelehin (2018), climate variability,
environmental degradation, and socio-political upheaval have shifted pastoralist migratory
patterns and increased tensions between farmers and herders. These changes have increased
confrontations between farmers and herders, leading to violent conflict, deaths, forced
displacement and migration, erosion of inter-communal relationships, as well as the destruction
of agricultural and livestock outputs (Mercy Corps, 2015). Other factors attributed to violent
confrontation between farmers and herders in Nigeria as submitted by Audu (2014); McGregor
(2014); Shehu (2018), and Akanle et al. (2021) include water scarcity, desertification, porous
national borders, crop damage, farmland destruction, indiscriminate bush burning, and
politicization of issues among others. Imo (2017), Shehu (2018) and Akanle et al. (2021) have
also linked the farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria to global warming and climate change, as well
as the accompanying desert encroachment. All these factors have led to a reduction in arable and
grazing lands, causing cattle herders to migrate to the south in search of pasture for their animals.
In fact, the farmer-herder conflict in recent times has taken another dimension of ethnic and
religious colorations. It has posed much of serious negative implications for Nigeria’s national
integration; and has also heightened the level of insecurity and food shortage. The economic
effects of these conflicts have led to a loss of lives, displacement of farmers, loss of production,
loss of houses and property, infrastructural damage, and scarcity of agricultural products among
others (Alao et al., 2019; Obaniyi et al., 2020; Mercy Corps, 2015; Bello, 2013).
According to Okoro (2018) and Akanle et al. (2021), conflicts/clashes in Nigeria are growing
more intense and are becoming pervasive. The intensity and frequency of conflicts depend on
economic and environmental factors (Aliyu, 2015; Alao et al., 2019). In fact, every part of
Nigeria has experienced one or another form of farmer-herder conflict. Even the states in the
Southern part of the country that used to be peaceful had witnessed numerous conflicts
associated with the grazing activities of herdsmen. Ajibefun (2018) also revealed that serious
conflict has erupted between farmers and herders in Southwestern Nigeria, where farmers can no
longer farm and live peacefully. The crisis came to a climax in Osun State when some cattle
herders attacked one of the government-owned farm settlements located between Esa-Oke and
Ijebu-Ijesa where about 120 acres of economic crops were destroyed (Makinde, 2018). Besides,
it was reported that crops worth millions of naira were destroyed by herders as a result of their
grazing activities in another two separate communities in Osun State.
According to Nigeria Tribune, over 6000 farmers in Ago Owu Farm settlement, Ayedaade local
government area of Osun, on Tuesday, December 5, 2023 expressed their anger at the state
government Secretariat, Osogbo following incessant attacks on them and their farmlands by
deadly herdsmen in their different localities. The protesters who arrived the state Secretariat, in
the afternoon of the day, also accused a monarch of sending thugs to unleash terror on local
farmers in the areas. Armed with placards with different inscriptions that read: “Governor
Adeleke, Save Our Souls”, “1000 Hectare of Maize/ Cassava Destroyed by Herders”, “Ago Owu
Farm Settlement is Osun Value”, “Olukoyi Vows to Take Over Ago Owu Farm Settlement”, and
many more, they called on the government to with immediate effect checkmate the action of the
monarch which they attributed to a recipe for crisis.
Speaking with newsmen, their spokesperson who identified himself as, Mr Adebanji Obenbe said
the farmers were given the land by the State government and are paying taxes and dues to the
government annually. According to him, “Some men took guns and cutlass to our farm to cut our
crops. We went to meet the Onikoyi and he said he truly sent them but he didn’t instruct them to
cut the crops but he asked them to resell the lands to us. “They have pursued a lot of people from
the farm with gun, and we didn’t react because it was the State Government put us there. “The
action of the monarch can lead to huge crisis and war within his domain and disrupt the peaceful
atmosphere of the area if not quickly checked by the government.” Obenben said the action of
the monarch is a recipe for crisis if not quickly checked by the government. “We call on
Governor Ademola Adeleke to protect us from the incessant attack and harassment by Oba
Morenigbade and at the same time stop the Fulani herdsmen who invade their farmlands and
damage their crops.
Meanwhile, when contacted, Oba Morenigbade described Ago-owu farmers’ allegations and
claims as rude shock to him. He denied knowledge of sending people to attack them on
farmlands saying, he is currently outside the country but charged them to channel their
grievances to the state police command. Based on this findings, it shows that many farmers’ in
Osun state find it difficult to cultivate more on the farm due to fear of herder’s men which
invaded their community.
Famers’ herder in Ondo State

Reported by Vanguard, the Ondo state Security outfit codenamed Amotekun, said it has reduced
farmers/ herders clashes by 95 percent in the last two years across the state. Adeleye spoke
during an interactive session organised by the state Correspondent Chapel of the Nigeria Union
of Journalists (NUJ), tagged: “The Platform”. “By the time we took off, within two weeks, we
received over 5,000 petitions of herders/farmers clashes. It was becoming impossible for farmers
to go to their farms completely, for fear of herders molesting, kidnapping, maiming or killing
them.

“It was becoming very difficult for civil servants to board a taxi across the town without being
kidnapped, molested or robbed daylight. The worse was climbing on Okada. “The first area of
attack by Amotekun was the herders/farmers clashes.

“We started by mass public enlightenment that farmers have the right to plant and herders the
right to rear their cows but they don’t have the right to infringe on the business of the other one
and after this, we called the meeting of the Miyetti Allah group in the state and South West and
we explained the position of the corps, giving a deadline after which we announced that we will
commence enforcement.

“To the glory of God, in our first operation, we found out that even within Alagbaka GRA where
government house and office is located, over 500 cows that were forcefully taken over from a
widow, were kept there and all efforts in the last five years, by the widow to recover them was
met with stiff opposition from the herdsmen with a final warning that if she dare comes there
again, they will bury her alive in the premises.
“So, we followed suit and we were able to arrest over 200 of the cows, the owners of the
farmlands that were destroyed around the place came for compensation because we made sure
that in compliance with the position of the state government, they paid for whatever they
destroyed.

“In the next few days we were able to arrest a thousand cows from the owena dam around
Igbara-oke. We also made sure that upon negotiation between the farmers/herders, they paid for
whatever they destroyed before releasing their cows to them”,
Report fron Dataphyta, Okeluse community was thrown into mourning when the news of the
kidnap of the former Ose Local Government Chairman, Mr Bola Ojo, broke. Everyone was
unsure of what to expect. At around 6pm, an uneasy silence engulfed the community. Doors
were locked, the streets were silent, and lamentations were the order of the day. As of the time
of filing this report, the kidnapped former local government chairman was yet to be released.
Communities in Ose Local Government Area are not usually places to avoid. Residents are
predominantly farmers who cultivate food and cash crops such as cocoa, plantain, yam, and
cassava. Before attacks by the bandits, they had been transporting bunches of plantain to sell to
neighbouring states in large quantity. Okeluse community used to have over 400,000 persons but
many have fled their homes. The remaining persons are some sons and daughters of the
community who believe that they would rather die than abandon their ancestral homes. It was
concluded that invasion of herdsmen in the community leads to loss of many people in that
community.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, encroachment on farmland by cattle herders, destruction of
crops, and contamination of streams by cattle were the major causes of conflict. Besides, crop
farmers indicated that conflicts had negatively impacted their socio-economic lives through the
loss of crops on the farms, and reduction in farmers’ output and income. They admitted that
tightening farm security, praying for peace, and seeking assistance from friends and relatives
were the often utilised coping strategies to ameliorate the effects of conflicts. The study
concluded that government should cater for the welfarism of their citizen particularly farmers
used multiple coping strategies to mitigate the effects of farmer-herder conflict.
 Recommendations

The study recommends that since farmer-herder conflict is inevitable, government and other
relevant stakeholders should provide relief materials for crop farmers during a conflict situation,
to enable them to cope with the effects of conflict and resume their normal economic activities.

Besides, public campaign enlightenment should be organised by relevant government agencies to

educate both farmers and herders on the need to cohabit peacefully and respect one another.

Apart from these, the government should adopt community policing to safeguard the lives and
properties of rural dwellers.

Agricultural extension messages should have elements of coping strategies with a view to further
enhancing crop farmers’ capability to cope with any sudden security challenges; the state
government should enforce anti-opening grazing law to prevent further conflict; the federal
government should collaborate with the state and local governments to build up alternative
responses that can utilize dialogue and mediation as de-escalation techniques with the conflicting
parties and finally, the federal government of Nigeria should establish cattle ranches and grazing
reserves all over the northern states of Nigeria.

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