1. What is the difference between sudo and su?
sudo: Runs a single command with root privileges.
su: Switches the current user to root or another user entirely.
Example:
sudo apt update (run just this command as root)
su - (switch to root shell)
2. What is the difference between > and >>?
>: Overwrites the file.
>>: Appends to the file.
Example:
echo "Hello" > file.txt → replaces content
echo "World" >> file.txt → adds to existing conte
3. How do you copy, move, and delete files in Linux?
Copy: cp source.txt destination.txt
Move (or rename): mv oldname.txt newname.txt
Delete: rm file.txt
4. How can you find a specific file in Linux?
Use the find command:
bash
Copy
Edit
find /path -name filename
5. What does chmod do? Explain with examples.
Changes file permissions.
Syntax: chmod [permissions] file
Example:
chmod 755 script.sh → rwxr-xr-x
chmod +x script.sh → adds executable permission
6. What is the use of chown?
Changes ownership of a file or directory.
Syntax: chown [user]:[group] file
Example:
chown ubuntu:ubuntu data.txt
7. How do you check running processes?Use any of these:
ps aux
top (real-time)
htop (interactive, if installed)
8. How do you check the current IP address?
ip a
hostname -I
ifconfig (older systems)
9. What is the use of ping, netstat, ss, and curl?
ping: Tests network connectivity to a host.
netstat: Shows active ports and connections (older).
ss: Replacement for netstat (faster and modern).
curl: Fetches data from a URL via HTTP, FTP, etc.
10. How do you check which ports are listening?
ss -tuln
netstat -tuln (on older systems)
10. How do you check which ports are listening?
ss -tuln
netstat -tuln (on older systems)
13. How do you create and delete users?
Create: sudo adduser username
Delete: sudo deluser username
15. How do you start/stop services in Linux?
Use systemctl:
Start: sudo systemctl start nginx
Stop: sudo systemctl stop nginx
Restart: sudo systemctl restart nginx
6. What is systemd?
systemd is a system and service manager used to initialize the system, manage
services (daemons), and handle logs.
Replaces older init systems like SysV.
Manages services via systemctl.
