TWGHs S.C.

Gaw Memorial College

Secondary 5 – Mathematics (Module II)

Overall Practice (2) – Solution

 n  n1 1
1. (a) Evaluate lim 1 + . ex
n→0 x
 x n
It is known that lim 1+ = ex
n→∞ n
1
Let n =
h
n → 0, h → ∞
1 h
n  n1
 
lim 1 + = lim 1 + h
n→0 x h→∞ x
 1 h
x
= lim 1 +
h→∞ h
1
= ex

1
(b) Hence, find f ′ (x) by first principle.
x

f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h
ln(x + h) − ln(x)
= lim
h→0 h
 
1 x+h
= lim ln
h→0 h x
 1
h h
= lim ln 1 +
h→0 x
 1
h h
= ln lim 1 +
h→0 x
1
by (a), = ln e x
1
=
x

1
(c) Find the asymptote(s) of the graph of y = f (x).

Vertical asymptote: x = 0

1
(d) Find the equation(s) of the tangent(s) of y = f (x) drawn from the point (0,0). y = x
e

y = f (x)

Let (a, b) be the point of contact of y = f (x) and the tangent.

1
f ′ (x) =
x
1
f ′ (a) =
a

 1 = b−0


=⇒ a a−0

b = ln a
=⇒ a = e, b = 1

1
∴ Equation of tangent: y − 1 = (x − e)
e
1
y= x
e

2
 √
 π 2
2. (a) Express cos x − in the form of kg(x), where k is a constant. g(x)
4 2

 π π π
cos x − = cos x cos + sin x sin
4 √ 4 √ 4
2 2
= cos x + sin x
√2 2
2
= g(x)
2

d
(b) Find ln(sec x + tan x). sec x
dx

d 1
ln(sec x + tan x) = · (sec x tan x + sec2 x)
dx sec x + tan x
sec x(sec x + tan x)
=
sec x + tan x
= sec x

π √
2 √
Z 2 1 
(c) Hence, find dx. ln 2+1
π
4
sin x + cos x 2

√
 π 2
By (a), cos x − = g(x).
4 2
2  π
∴ g(x) = √ cos x −
2 4
Z π Z π2
2 1 1
dx =
dx
π sin x + cos x π √2 cos x − π
4 4 2 4
Z π2
1
= √
dx
π
4
2 cos x − π4
Z π2
1  π
=√ sec x − dx
2 π4 4
√ Z π
2 2  π
= sec x − dx
2 π4 4

3
 π
Let u = x −
4
du = dx
π π
x 4 2
π
u 0 4
√ Z π √ Z π
2 2  π 2 4
∴ sec x − dx = sec u du
2 4π 4 2 0
√
2 π
by (b), = [ln(sec u + tan u)]04
2
√  
2 √  
= ln 2 + 1 − ln 1
√2
2 √ 
= ln 2+1
2

3. (a)
1
X= (A − βI)
α−β
 
1 α−β−k α−β−k
=
α−β k k

1
Y = (A − αI)
β−α
 
1 −k α − β − k
=
β − α k −α + β + k

i. Evaluate XY . 0

  
−1 α−β−k α−β−k −k α − β − k
XY =
(α − β)2 k k k −α + β + k
−k(α − β − k) + k(α − β − k) (α − β − k)2 − (α − β − k)2
 
−1
=
(α − β)2 −k 2 + k 2 k(α − β − k) − k(α − β − k)
 
−1 0 0
=
(α − β) 0 0
2
 
0 0
= =0
0 0

4
ii. Evaluate Y X. 0

  
−1 −k α − β − k α−β−k α−β−k
YX =
(α − β)2 k −α + β + k k k
 
−1 −k(α − β − k) + k(α − β − k) −k(α − β − k) + k(α − β − k)
=
(α − β)2 k(α − β − k) − k(α − β − k) k(α − β − k) − k(α − β − k)
 
−1 0 0
=
(α − β)2 0 0
 
0 0
= =0
0 0

iii. Evaluate X + Y . I

   
1 α−β−k α−β−k 1 −k α−β−k
X +Y = +
α−β k k β−α k −α + β + k
   
1 α−β−k α−β−k 1 −k α−β−k
= −
α−β k k α−β k −α + β + k
 
1 α−β 0
=
α−β 0 α − β
 
1 0
=
0 1
=I

5
(b) Show that X 2 = X and Y 2 = Y .

  
2 1 α−β−k α−β−k α−β−k α−β−k
X =
(α − β)2 k k k k
(α − β − k) + k(α − β − k) (α − β − k)2 + k(α − β − k)
2
 
1
=
(α − β)2 k(α − β − k) + k 2 k(α − β − k) + k 2
(α − β)2 − 2k(α − β) + k 2 + k(α − β) − k 2 (α − β)2 − 2k(α − β) + k 2 + k(α − β) − k 2
 
1
=
(α − β)2 k(α − β) − k 2 + k 2 k(α − β) − k 2 + k 2
(α − β)2 − k(α − β) (α − β)2 − k(α − β)
 
1
=
(α − β)2 k(α − β) k(α − β)
 
1 α−β−k α−β−k
=
α−β k k
=X

  
1 −k α − β − k −k α − β − k
Y2 =
(β − α)2 k −α + β + k k −α + β + k
 2
k + k(α − β − k) −k(α − β − k) − (α − β − k)2

1
=
(β − α)2 −k 2 − k(α − β − k) k(α − β − k) + (α − β − k)2
 2
k + k(α − β) − k 2 −k(α − β) + k 2 − (α − β)2 + 2k(α − β) − k 2

1
=
(β − α)2 −k 2 − k(α − β) + k 2 k(α − β) − k 2 + (α − β)2 − 2k(α − β) + k 2
k(α − β) − (α − β)2
 
1 k(α − β)
=
(β − α)2 −k(α − β) −k(α − β) + (α − β)2
k(α − β) − (α − β)2
 
1 k(α − β)
=
(α − β)2 −k(α − β) −k(α − β) + (α − β)2
 
1 k k − (α − β)
=
α − β −k −k + (α − β)
 
1 k −α + β + k
=
α − β −k α − β − k
 
1 −k α − β − k
=
β − α k −α + β + k
=Y

6
(c) Prove that An = αn X + β n Y for all positive integers n.

Let P (n) be the statement of An = αn X + β n Y .

When n = 1, LHS = A
 
α−k α−β−k
=
k β+k
 2
α − αβ − αk + βk α2 − αβ − αk − αβ + β 2 + βk

1
=
α−β αk − βk αk + αβ − β 2 − βk
 2
α − αβ − αk α2 − αβ − αk βk −αβ + β 2 + βk
  
1 1
= +
α−β αk αk α − β −βk αβ − β 2 − βk
   
α α−β−k α−β−k β k −α + β + k
= +
α−β k k α − β −k α − β − k
   
α α−β−k α−β−k β −k α − β − k
= +
α−β k k β − α k −α + β + k
= αX + βY
= RHS

∴ P (1) is true.

Assume that P (n) is true for some m ∈ Z+

i.e. Am = αm X + β m Y

When n = m + 1, LHS = Am+1

= (αm X + β m Y )(αX + βY )
= αm+1 X 2 + αm βXY + αβ m Y X + β m+1 Y 2
= αm+1 X + 0 + 0 + β m+1 Y
= αm+1 X + β m+1 Y
= RHS

∴ P (m + 1) is also true.
∴ By mathematical induction, P (n) is true ∀ n ∈ Z+

7



2 72026 + 1 2 72026 − 2
 
2026 
3 3

5 4

(d) Evaluate . 
 
2 3

 2026 2026
7 −1 7 +2

3 3
 
α−k α−β−k
Note that A =
k β+k
   
7−2 7−1−2 5 4
When α = 7, β = 1, k = 2, A = =
2 1+2 2 3
 2026    
5 4 2026 1 7−1−2 7−1−2 2026 1 −2 7−1−2
∴ =7 +1
2 3 7−1 2 2 1−7 2 −7 + 1 + 2
   
1 4 4 1 −2 2
= 72026 −
6 2 2 6 4 −4
   
2026 1 2 2 1 −1 1
=7 −
3 1 1 3 2 −2
2026



+ 1 2 72026 − 2
 
2 7
 3 3 
=
 

 2026
7 −1 72026 + 2

3 3

8
4. (a) By using the substitution y = x + ks, show that
Z s Z (k+1)s
f (x + ks) dx = f (x) dx.
0 ks
Hence show that, for any positive integer n,
Z s Z ns
[f (x) + f (x + s) + · · · + f (x + (n − 1)s)] dx = f (x) dx.
0 0

Let y = x + ks
dy = dx

x 0 s
y ks (k + 1)s
Z s Z (k+1)s
∴ f (x + ks) dx = f (y) dy
0 ks
Z (k+1)s
= f (x) dx
ks
Z s
∴ [f (x) + f (x + s) + · · · + f (x + (n − 1)s)] dx
0
Z s Z s Z s
= f (x + 0s) dx + f (x + 1s) dx + · · · + f (x + (n − 1)s) dx
0 0 0
Z (0+1)s Z (1+1)s Z (n−1+1)s
= f (x) dx + f (x) dx + · · · + f (x) dx
0 s (n−1)s
Z s Z 2s Z ns
= f (x) dx + f (x) dx + · · · + f (x) dx
0 s (n−1)s
Z ns
= f (x) dx
0

9
 Z 1
2 1 π
(b) Evaluate √ dx.
0 1−x 2 6

Let x = sin θ
dx = cos θ dθ
1
x 0 2
π
θ 0 6

Z 1 Z π
2 1 6 1
∴ √ dx = p cos θ dθ
0 1 − x2 0 1 − sin2 θ
Z π
6 1
= cos θ dθ
0 cos θ
Z π
6
= dθ
0
π
=
6

π
(c) Hence, evaluate the following.
6
 
Z 1  
√ 1 1 1 1
2n  
 1 − x2 + s 2 + s 2 + · · · + s 2  dx

  
0  1 2 n−1 
1− x+ 1− x+ 1− x+
2n 2n 2n

1
Let f (x) = √
1 − x2
1
n−1
Z 2n 1
= f (x) + f (x + ) + · · · + f (x + ) dx
0 2n 2n
Z n( 2n
1
)
= f (x) dx
0
Z 1
2 1
= √ dx
0 1 − x2
π
=
6

10
5. (a) i. (1) Prove that (S) has non-trivial solutions if λ3 + λ2 − 2λ = 0.

 y + (λ + 1)z = 0
µ = 0 =⇒ (S) : λx + 2y + 2z = 0
x − λy − 4z = 0


Since (S) is homogeneous, non-trivial solutions exist ⇐⇒ ∆ = 0

0 1 λ+1
λ 2 2 =0
1 −λ −4
−(−4λ − 2) + (λ + 1)(−λ2 − 2) = 0
4λ + 2 − λ3 − 2λ − λ2 − 2 = 0
−λ3 − λ2 + 2λ = 0
λ3 + λ2 − 2λ = 0

(2) Solve (S) when λ = 1. {(2t, −2t, t), t ∈ R}

Transforming (S) into an augmented matrix, we get

   
0 1 2 0 1 2 2 0
1 2 2 0 ∼ 0 1 2 0
1 −1 −4 0 0 0 0 0

∴ z = t, y = −2t, x = 2t
∴ Solution set: {(2t, −2t, t), t ∈ R}

ii. (1) Find the range of values of λ for which (S) has a unique solution. λ ∈ R\{−2, 0, 1}

Unique solution exists ⇐⇒ ∆ ̸= 0

0 1 λ+1
λ 2 2 ̸= 0
1 −λ −4
λ3 + λ2 − 2λ ̸= 0

∴ λ ̸= −2 and λ ̸= 0 and λ ̸= 1
∴ λ ∈ R\{−2, 0, 1}

11
 (λ2 + 2λµ + λ − 4)µ (λ + 1)(1 − λµ)µ (λµ − 1)µ
(2) Solve (S) when (S) has a unique solution. x = ,y= ,z=
λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2) λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2) λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2)
 
0 1 λ+1 0
(S) : λ 2 2 µ
1 −λ −4 µ2
∆ = −λ3 − λ2 + 2λ = −λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2)
0 1 λ+1
∆x = µ 2 2 = −2λµ2 − λ2 µ − λµ + 4µ
µ2 −λ −4
0 0 λ+1
∆y = λ µ 2 = λ2 µ2 − λµ + λµ2 − µ
1 µ2 −4
0 1 0
∆z = λ 2 µ = µ − λµ2
1 −λ µ2

−2λµ2 − λ2 µ − λµ + 4µ (λ2 + 2λµ + λ − 4)µ

∴ x= =
−λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2) λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2)

λ2 µ2 − λµ + λµ2 − µ (λ + 1)(1 − λµ)µ

y= =
−λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2) λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2)

µ − λµ2 (λµ − 1)µ

z= =
−λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2) λ(λ − 1)(λ + 2)

12
 λ = −2
 (
λ=1
(3) Find λ and µ for which (S) has infinitely many solutions. , −1
µ=1 µ=
2
When λ = 0,

µ2
   
0 1 1 0 1 0 −4
0 2 2 µ  ∼ 0 1 1 0
1 0 −4 µ2 0 0 0 µ

∴ µ = 0 (rejected)

When λ = 1,
   
0 1 2 0 1 2 2 µ
1 2 2 µ  ∼ 0 1 2 0 
1 −1 −4 µ2 0 3 6 µ − µ2
 
1 2 2 µ
∼ 0 1 2 0 
0 0 0 µ − µ2

∴ µ − µ2 = 0
µ = 0 (rejected) or µ = 1

When λ = −2,

µ2
   
0 1 −1 0 1 −2 −4
−2 2 2 µ  ∼ 0 1 −1 0 
1 2 −4 µ2 0 6 −6 µ + 2µ2
µ2
 
1 −2 −4
∼ 0 1 −1 0 
0 0 0 µ + 2µ2

∴ µ + 2µ2 = 0
−1
µ = 0 (rejected) or µ =
2

λ = −2
 (
λ=1
∴ , −1
µ=1 µ=
2

13
(b) Is there a real solution (x, y, z) of the system of linear equations


 y + 2z = 0
x + 2y + 2z = 1

x − y − 4z = 1


satisfying 3x2 + 2y 2 − z 2 = 1? Explain your answer. There are no real solutions.

When λ = 1, µ = 1,
x = 2t + 1, y = −2t, z = t, t ∈ R

Substituting, we get:

3(2t + 1)2 + 2(−2t)2 − t2 = 1

19t2 + 12t + 2 = 0

∆ = 122 − 4(19)(2) = −8 < 0

∴ There are no real solutions.

14