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Jude 2 Peter Volume 50 50 Word Biblical Commentary
Dr. Richard Bauckham Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Dr. Richard Bauckham, David Allen Hubbard (editor), Glenn W.
Barker (editor)
ISBN(s): 9780310521693, 0310521696
Edition: Revised
File Details: PDF, 19.22 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
 WORD
BIBLICAL
COMMENTARY
 Editorial Board
Old Testament Editor: Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford (2011– )
New Testament Editor: Peter H. Davids (2013– )

Past Editors
General Editors
Ralph P. Martin (2012 – 2013) David A. Hubbard (1977 – 1996)
Bruce M. Metzger (1997 – 2007) Glenn W. Barker (1977 – 1984)

Old Testament Editors:

John D. W. Watts (1977 – 2011) James W. Watts (1997 – 2011)

New Testament Editors:

Ralph P. Martin (1977 – 2012) Lynn Allan Losie (1997 – 2013)

Volumes
1 Genesis 1 – 1 5 .............. Gordon J. Wenham 28 Ezekiel 1 – 19.......................... Leslie C. Allen
2 Genesis 16 – 5 0 ............ Gordon J. Wenham 29 Ezekiel 20 – 4 8 ........................ Leslie C. Allen
3 Exodus.................................John I. Durham 30 Daniel John E Goldingay
4 Leviticus John E Hartley 31 Hosea –Jo n ah * * .................. Douglas Stuart
5 Numbers Philip J Budd 32 Micah – Malachi**................ Ralph L. Smith
6a Deuteronomy 1:1 – 21:9, 2nd ed. . . Duane L. 33a Matthew 1 – 13................. Donald A. Hagner
Christensen 33b Matthew 14 – 28............... Donald A. Hagner
6b Deuteronomy 21:10 – 34:12.......... Duane L. 34a Mark 1– 8:26** Robert A Guelich
Christensen 34b Mark 8:27 – 16:20 .................. Craig A. Evans
7a Joshua 1-12, 2nd ed................Trent C. Butler 35a Luke 1 – 9:20 John Nolland
7b Joshua 13-24, 2nd ed..............Trent C. Butler 35b Luke 9:21 – 18:34.................... John Nolland
8 Judges Trent C Butler 35c Luke 18:35 – 24:53.................. John Nolland
9 Ruth – Esther.................... Frederic W. Bush 36 John, 2nd ed George R Beasley-Murray
10 1 Samuel, 2nd ed..................Ralph W. Klein 37a Acts 1 – 1 4 * .......................Stephen J. Walton
11 2 Sam uel............................... A. A. Anderson 37b Acts 15 – 28* Stephen J Walton
12 1 Kings, 2nd ed.................... Simon J. Devries
38a Romans 1 – 8 James D G Dunn
13 2 Kings..........................................T. R. Hobbs
38b Romans 9 – 1 6 ................. .James D. G. Dunn
14 1 Chronicles Roddy Braun
39 1 Corinthians* Andrew D Clarke
15 2 Chronicles Raymond B Dillard
40 2 Corinthians, rev ed Ralph P Martin
16 Ezra, Nehemiah H G M Williamson
41 Galatians Richard N Longenecker
17 Job 1 – 2 0 .............................David J. A. Clines
42 Ephesians Andrew T Lincoln
18a Job 21 – 3 7 ...........................David J. A. Clines
18b Job 38 – 42 .......................... David J. A. Clines 43 Philippians, rev ed Gerald F Hawthorne,
19 Psalms 1 – 50, 2nd ed Peter C Craigie, rev by Ralph P Martin
Marvin E Tate 44 Colossians, Philemon** . . . Peter T. O'Brien
20 Psalms 51 – 1 0 0 .................... Marvin E. Tate 45 1 & 2 Thessalonians**................ F. F. Bruce
21 Psalms 101 – 150, rev ed Leslie C Allen 46 Pastoral Epistles William D Mounce
22 Proverbs Roland E Murphy 47a Hebrews 1 – 8........................ William L. Lane
23a Ecclesiastes Roland E Murphy 47b Hebrews 9 – 13...................... William L. Lane
23b Song of Songs/Lamentations . . . .Duane H . 48 James Ralph P Martin
Garrett, Paul R House 49 1 Peter J Ramsey Michaels
24 Isaiah 1 – 33, rev ed John D W Watts 50 Jude, 2 Peter**.......... Richard J. Bauckham
25 Isaiah 34 – 66, rev ed John D W Watts 51 1, 2, 3, John, rev ed Stephen S Smalley
26 Jeremiah 1 - 25 Peter C Craigie, 52a Revelation 1 – 5 David E Aune
Page H Kelley, Joel F Drinkard Jr 52b Revelation 6 – 1 6 ..................... David E. Aune
27 Jeremiah 26 – 52 ...............Gerald L. Keown, 52c Revelation 17 – 2 2 .................. David E. Aune
Pamela J Scalise, Thomas G Smothers

*forthcoming as of 2014
**in revision as of 2014
 50
WORD
BIBLICAL
COMMENTARY
Ju d e -2 P eter

RICHARD BAUCKHAM
General Editors: David A. Hubbard, Glenn W. Barker
Old Testament Editor: John D. W. Watts
New Testament Editor: Ralph P. Martin
 ZONDERVAN

Jude-2 Peter, Volume 50

Copyright © 1983 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Previously published as Jude, 2 Peter.

Formerly published by Thomas Nelson, now published by Zondervan, a division of HarperCollinsChris-

tian Publishing.

Requests for information should be addressed to:

Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546

This edition: ISBN 978-0-310-52169-3

The Library of Congress has cataloged the original edition as follows:

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005295211

All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Revised Standard Version of
the Bible, copyright © 1946, 1952, 1971 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of
Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission.

Scripture quotations marked NIV are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV®.
Copyright © 1973 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.

The author’s own translation appears in italic type under the heading “Translation”.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans-
mitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except
for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

9780310521693_wbc_Jude2_Peter_vol50.indd 4 11/6/14 9:12 AM

 T o M y M o th er
and in M emory o f M y F a th er
 Contents

Editorial Preface ix
A uthor’s Preface xi
Abbreviations xii

Jude

Introduction 3
Form and Structure 3
Language 6
Sources 7
Character o f the Letter 8
T h e O pponents 11
Date 13
Authorship 14
Destination 16
Attestation 16
Address and Salutation (vv 1– 2 ) 19
Occasion and Theme (vv 3 – 4 ) 28
Three Old Testament Types (vv 5– 10) 42
Excursus: The Background and Source o f Jude 9 65
Three More Old Testament Types (vv 11– 1 3 ) 77
The Prophecy o f Enoch (vv 14– 1 6 ) 93
The Prophecy o f the Apostles (vv 17– 19) 102
The Appeal (vv 20– 2 3 ) 108
Closing Doxology (vv 24 –2 5 ) 119
Bibliography 125

2 Peter

Introduction 131
Form and Structure 131
Language 135
Literary Relationships 138
Character of the Letter 151
T h e O pponents 154
 C ontents

Date 157
Authorship and Pseudonymity 158
Attestation 162
Address and Salutation ( 1:1–2 ) 165
Theme: A Summary o f Peter’s Message ( 1:3– 1 1 ) 172
Occasion: Peter’s Testament ( 1:12– 15 ) 194
Reply to Objection 1: (a ) Apostolic Eyewitness ( 1:16– 18) 204
Reply to Objection 1: ( b) The Value o f Old Testament
Prophecy ( 1:19) 223
Reply to Objection 2: The Inspiration o f O T Prophecy ( 1:20–2 1 ) 228
Peter’s Prediction o f False Teachers (2:1–3 a ) 236
Reply to Objection 3: The Certainty o f J udgment ( 2:3b– 10a) 244
Denunciation o f the False Teachers (a ) (2 :10b– 1 6 ) 258
Denunciation o f the False Teachers (b) (2:17–2 2 ) 271
Peter’s Prediction o f Scoffers (3:1– 4 ) 282
Reply to Objection 4: (a) The Sovereignty o f God’s Word (3:5– 7) 296
Reply to Objection 4: (b) The Forbearance o f the Lord (3:8– 10) 303
Exhortation (3:11– 1 6 ) 323
Conclusion (3:17– 18) 336
Bibliography 339
Indexes 343
 Editorial Preface

T he launching o f the Word Biblical Commentary brings to fulfillment an enter-

prise o f several years’ planning. T he publishers and the members o f the
editorial board m et in 1977 to explore the possibility of a new commentary
on the books of the Bible that would incorporate several distinctive features.
Prospective readers o f these volumes are entitled to know what such features
were intended to be; whether the aims of the commentary have been fully
achieved time alone will tell.
First, we have tried to cast a wide net to include as contributors a num ber
o f scholars from around the world who not only share our aims, but are in
the main engaged in the ministry of teaching in university, college and semi-
nary. They represent a rich diversity of denominational allegiance. T he broad
stance of our contributors can rightly be called evangelical, and this term is
to be understood in its positive, historic sense of a commitment to scripture
as divine revelation, and to the truth and power o f the Christian gospel.
Then, the commentaries in our series are all commissioned and written
for the *purpose o f inclusion in the Word Biblical Commentary. Unlike several
o f our distinguished counterparts in the field of commentary writing, there
are no translated works, originally written in a non-English language. Also,
each comm entator was asked to prepare his own rendering o f the original
biblical text and to use those languages as the basis o f his own comments
and exegesis. What may be claimed as distinctive with this series is that it
is based on the biblical languages, yet it seeks to make the technical and
scholarly approach to a theological understanding of scripture understandable
by—and useful to—the fledgling student, the working minister as well as to
colleagues in the guild o f professional scholars and teachers.
Finally, a word must be said about the format of the series. T he layout
in clearly defined sections has been consciously devised to assist readers at
different levels. T hose wishing to learn about the textual witnesses on which
the translation is offered are invited to consult the section headed “ Notes.”
If the readers’ concern is with the state o f m odern scholarship
on any given portion o f scripture, then they should turn to the sections on
“ Bibliography” and “ Form /Structure/Setting.” For a clear exposition of the
passage’s meaning and its relevance to the ongoing biblical revelation, the
concluding “ Explanation” is designed expressly to meet that need. T here is
therefore som ething for everyone who may pick up and use these volumes.
If these aims come anywhere near realization, the intention of the editors
will have been met, and the labor of our team of contributors rewarded.

General Editors: David A. Hubbard

Glenn W. Barker
Old Testam ent: John D. W. Watts
New Testam ent: Ralph P. Martin
 Author’s Preface

No NT books have been m ore neglected by scholars than Jude and 2

Peter. Most o f the conventional scholarly opinions about them derive from
a past era o f NT scholarship. This commentary is therefore an attem pt to
drag the study o f these two books into the 1980s. Although I am deeply
indebted to a few im portant recent contributions to the understanding o f
Jude and 2 Peter (such as those o f Fornberg, Neyrey and Ellis), for the most
part I have been unable to draw on the mass o f recent research in articles
and monographs which is available to commentators on most other NT books.
Consequently I regard this commentary as in many respects an exploratory
work, opening up lines o f thought and investigation which I hope others
will discuss and pursue further, whether or not they confirm my conclusions.
T he general scholarly neglect o f these books probably reflects the conven-
tional judgm ents that they are late in date and o f little theological value.
Yet, even if these judgm ents were correct, Ju d e and 2 Peter would still be
valuable evidence o f the early history of Christianity. Any Christian document
from the first century and a half o f Christian history is relevant to the investiga-
tion o f Christian origins and deserves the closest study for that reason alone.
If my conclusions about the background and character of the two works are
correct, then their historical interest is considerable: Ju d e offers a rare glimpse
into those original Palestinian Christian circles in which Jesus’ own blood-
relations were leaders, and 2 Peter documents the way in which one form
o f early Christianity m anaged the difficult transition from the apostolic to
the postapostolic generation. I hope this commentary also shows that these
two books do not deserve the contem pt with which scholars have all too
often regarded them. O f course they do not have the central theological
importance o f the Gospels or the Pauline letters, but when a serious and
patient attem pt is m ade to understand them in their own terms, they can
be seen to be worthy o f their place in the canon o f Scripture and to make
their own distinctive contributions to the message o f the W ord o f God even
today. T he moral imperative o f the Gospel still needs to be urged in opposition
to ethical libertinism, and the Christian eschatological hope still needs to
be sustained in the face o f shallow skepticism.
Among those who have given me generous assistance, in various ways,
during the preparation o f this commentary, I should like to thank Dr. Loveday
Alexander, Dr. Philip Alexander, Mr. Malcolm Harrison, Dr. John Kane, Pro-
fessor C. F. D. Moule, Miss Gillian Shepherd, Dr. Terry Smith, and Dr. David
Wenham.

University o f M anchester, R ich a rd B auckham

November 1981

Note: The author has written his commentary using the sequence of books Jude-2 Peter, thereby
departing from the order in modern editions of the NT. The reason for this change lies in his
 A u t h o r ’s P r e f a c e

argument that Jude was in fact written first, and that 2 Peter shows signs of literary dependence
on the earlier work. This explains the sequence followed in the subsequent pages.
All references to the LXX are to A. Rahlfs ed. Septuaginta: Id est Vetus Testamenlum graece
iuxta LXX inlerpretes. 2 vols. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Wurttembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.
Biblical and other translations are the author’s own unless otherwise indicated.
 Abbreviations

Ancient literature
ʾAbot R. Nat. ʾAbot de Rabbi Asc. Isa. Ascension of Isaiah
Nathan As. Mos. Assumption of
Acts John Acts ofJohn Moses
Acts Paul Acts of Paul b. ʿAbod. Zar. Babylonian Tal-
PH Hamburg Papy- mud tractate
rus of the Acts ʿAboda Zara
of Paul Bar Baruch (1 Ba-
Acts Paul & Thecla Acts of Paul and ruch)
Thecla Bam. Epistle of Barnabas
Acts Pet. Acts of Peter b. B. Bat. Babylonian Tal-
Acts Thom. Acts of Thomas mud tractate
Act. Verc. Actus Vercellenses Baba Batra
(Latin version b. B. Mes. Babylonian Tal-
of the Acts of mud tractate
Peter) Baba Mesiʿa
Adam and Eve Vita Adae et Evae BG Berlin Gnostic
Andr. Caes. Andreas Caesa- Codex
riensis (An- b. Hag. Babylonian Tal-
drew of mud tractate
Caesarea) Ḥagiga
Ap. John Apocryphon ofJohn
Bib. Ant. Pseudo-Philo,
Apoc. Abr. Apocalypse ofAbra-
Liber Antiquita-
ham
2 Apoc. Bar. Syriac Apocalypse turn Biblicamm
of Baruch b. Ketub. Babylonian Tal-
3 Apoc. Bar. Greek Apocalypse mud tractate
of Baruch Ketubot
Apoc. El Coptic Apocalypse b. Menah Babylonian Tal-
of Elijah mud tractate
Apoc. Paul Apocalypse of Paul Menaḥot
Apoc. Pet. Apocalypse of Peter b. Qidd. Babylonian Tal-
Apoc. Pet. A Apocalypse of Peter: mud tractate
Greek frag- Qiddušin
ment from b. Sabb. Babylonian Tal-
Akhmim mud tractate
Apoc. Pet. B Apocalypse of Peter: Sabbat
Bodleian frag- b. Sank Babylonian Tal-
ment mud tractate
Apoc. Pet. E Apocalypse of Peter: Sanhedrin
Ethiopic ver- b. Yoma Babylonian Tal-
sion mud tractate
Apoc. Pet. R Apocalypse of Peter: Yoma
Rainer frag- Cant Canticles (Song
ment of Songs)
Apoc. Thom. Apocalypse of Cant. Rab. Midras Rabbah
Thomas on Canticles
XIV Abbreviations

CG Nag Hammadi Gnostic Apoc. Pet. Apocalypse of Peter

Gnostic Codi- (CG 7,3)
ces Gos. Eb. Gospel of the
1 Chr 1 Chronicles Ebionites
2 Chr 2 Chronicles Gos. Eg. Gospel of the Egyp-
1 Clem. 1 Clement tians (CG 3,2
2 Clem. 2 Clement and 4,2)
Clem. Alex. Clement of Alex- Gos. Heb. Gospel of the He-
andria brews
Clem. Hom. Pseudo-Clemen- Gos. Pet. Gospel of Peter
tine Homilies Gos. Phil. Gospel of Philip
Clem. Rec. Pseudo-Clemen- (CG 2,3)
tine Recogni- Gos. Thom. Gospel of Thomas
tions (CG 2,2)
Col Colossians Gos. Truth Gospel of Truth
1 Cor 1 Corinthians (CG 1,3 and
2 Cor 2 Corinthians 12, 2)
“3 Cor.” Apocryphal cor- Hab Habakkuk
respondence Hag Haggai
of Paul and the Heb Hebrews
Corinthians Herm. Mand. Hermas, The
Corp. Herm. Corpus Hermeticum Shepherd: Man-
Dan Daniel dates
Deut Deuteronomy
Herm. Sim. Hermas, The
Diogn. Epistle to Diognetus
Shepherd: Simil-
Eccl Ecclesiastes
Eccl. Rab. Midraš Rabbah itudes
on Ecclesiastes Herm. Vis. Hermas, The
1 Enoch Apocalypse of Shepherd: Vi-
Enoch (Ethio- sions
pic + Greek Hos Hosea
and Aramaic Ign. Eph. Ignatius, Letter to
fragments) the Ephesians
2 Enoch Slavonic Apoca- Ign. Magn. Ignatius, Letter to
lypse of Enoch the Magnesians
Ep. Apost. Epistle of the Apos- Ign. Phld. Ignatius, Letter to
ties the Philadel-
Ep. Arist. Epistle of Aristeas phians
Ep. Pet. Phil Epistle of Peter to Ign. Pol. Ignatius, Letter to
Philip (CG 8,2) Polycarp
Eph Ephesians Ign. Rom. Ignatius, Letter to
Ep Jer Epistle of Jere- the Romans
miah Ign. Smyrn. Ignatius, Letter to
1 Esdr 1 Esdras (LXX) the Smyrnaeans
Esth Esther Isa Isaiah
Exod Exodus Jas James
Ezek Ezekiel Jdt Judith
Erg. Tg. Fragmentary Tar- Jer Jeremiah
gum Josephus, Ant. Josephus,
Gal Galatians Antiquitates Ju-
Gen Genesis daicae
Gen. Rab. Midraš Rabbah Josephus, BJ Josephus, Bellum
on Genesis Judaicum
 Abbreviations xv

Josephus, C. Apion. Josephus, Contra 1 Pet 1 Peter

Apionem 2 Pet 2 Peter
Josephus, Vit. Josephus, Vita Phil Philippians
Josh Joshua Philo, Abr. Philo, De Abra-
Judg Judges hamo
Ker. Pet. Kerygma Petrou Philo, Agr. Philo, De Agricul-
1 Kgdms 1 Kingdoms tura
(LXX= 1 Sam) Philo, Cher. Philo, De Cheru-
2 Kgdms 2 Kingdoms bim
(LXX = 2 Sam) Philo, Conf. Philo, De Confu-
3 Kgdms 3 Kingdoms sione Linguarum
(LXX = 1 Kgs) Philo, Decal. Philo, De Decalogo
4 Kgdms 4 Kingdoms Philo, Det. Philo, Quod Dete-
(LXX = 2 Kgs) rius Potion in-
lKgs 1 Kings sidiari soleat
2 Kgs 2 Kings Philo, Ebr. Philo, De Ebrietate
Lam Lamentations Philo, Gig. Philo, De Giganti-
Lev Leviticus bus
Lev. Rab. Midras Rabbah Philo, Leg. All. Philo, Legum Alle-
on Leviticus goriarum
LXX Septuagint Philo, Mig. Philo, De Migra-
1 Macc 1 Maccabees tione Abrahami
2 Macc 2 Maccabees Philo, Mos. Philo, De Vita
3 Macc 3 Maccabees Mosis
4 Macc 4 Maccabees Philo, Mut. Philo, De Muta-
Mal Malachi tione Nominum
Mart. Pol Martyrdom of Poly-
carp (Letter of Philo, Plant. Philo, De Planta·
the Smyrnae- tione
ans) Philo, Post. Philo, De Posteri-
Matt Matthew tati Caini
Mek. Mekilta Philo, Praem. Philo, De Praemiis
Mic Micah et Poenis
Midr. Ps. Midraš on Psalms Philo, Quaest. Gen. Philo, Quaestiones
m. Sanh. Mishna tractate et Solutiones in
Sanhedrin Genesin
m. Soṭa Mishna tractate Philo, Quaest. Exod. Philo, Quaestiones
Soṭa et Solutiones in
MT Masoretic text Exodum
Nah Nahum Philo, Quis Her. Philo, Quis rerum
Neh Nehemiah divinarum Hexes
NT New Testament sit
Num Numbers Philo, Sob. Philo, De Sobrie-
Num. Rab. Midras Rabbah late
on Numbers Philo, Som. Philo, De Somniis
Obad Obadiah Philo, Spec. Leg. Philo, De Speciali-
Odes Sol. Odes of Solomon bus Legibus
OT Old Testament Philem Philemon
Pap. Oxy. Oxyrhynchus Pa- Pirqe ʾAboṯ Sayings of the
pyrus (Jewish) Fa-
Paral. Jer. Paraleipomena Je- thers (in the
remiou Mishna)
Pesiq. R. Pesiqta Rabbati Pirqe R. El Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer
XVI Abbreviations

Pol. Phil. Polycarp, Letter to 4QpNah Pesher on Nahum

the Philippians from Qumran
Pr Man Prayer of Manas- Cave 4
seh 11QpPsaZion Hymn to Zion in
Prot. Jas. Protevangelium of the Psalms
James Scroll from
Prov Proverbs Qumran Cave
Pr. Thanks. Prayer of Thanks- 11
giving (CG 6,7) 1QS Serek hayyaḥad
Ps, Pss Psalm, Psalms (Community
Pss. Sol. Psalms of Solomon Rule) from
4Q 176, 177, 182,183 Texts from Qumran Cave
Qumran Cave 1
4 4QTestim Testimonia text
4Q ʿAmram Testament of Am- from Qumran
ram (Visions of Cave 4
ʿAmram) from Rev Revelation
Qumran Cave Rom Romans
4 1 Sam 1 Samuel
1QapGen Genesis Apocryphon 2 Sam 2 Samuel
from Qumran Sib. Or. Sibylline Oracles
Cave 1 Sir Ben Sira (Eccle-
4QDibHam Words of the Heav- siasticus)
enly Lights T. Abr. Testament of Abra-
from Qumran ham
Cave 4 T. Asher Testament of Asher
4QEn Aramaic frag- T. Benj. Testament of Ben-
ments of 7 jamin
Enoch from T. Dan Testament of Dan
Qumran Cave Testim. Truth Testimony of Truth
4 (CG 9, 3)
4QFlor Flonlegium from Tg, Tgs. Targum, Tar-
Qumran Cave gums
4 T. Gad Testament of Gad
1QH Hodayot (Thanks- Tg. Neof. Targum Neofiti 1
giving Hymns) Tg. Ps.-J. Targum Pseudo-
from Qumran Jonathan
Cave 1 1 Thess 1 Thessalonians
1QM Milḥamah (War 2 Thess 2 Thessalonians
Scroll) from Thom. Cont. Book of Thomas the
Qumran Cave Contender (CG
1 2,7)
1 QMelch Melchizedek text T. Iss. Testament of Issa-
from Qumran char
Cave 11 T. Job Testament ofJob
1QpHab Pesher on Habak- T. Jos. Testament ofJoseph
kuk from T. Jud. Testament ofJudah
Qumran Cave T. Levi Testament of Levi
1 T. Mos. Testament of Moses
4QpIsaa,b,c Pesharim on Isaiah (often called
from Qumran Assumption of
Cave 4 Moses)
 Abbreviations XVII

T. Napht. Testament of Naph- T. Zeb. Testament of Zebu-

tali lun
Tob Tobit Wis Wisdom of Solo-
T. 12 Patr. Testaments of the mon
Twelve Patri- Yal. Rub. Yalqut Rubeni
archs Yal. Šimʿoni Yalqut Šimʿoni
y. Sanh. Jerusalem Tal-
Treat. Seth Second Treatise of mud tractate
the Great Seth Sanhedrin
(CG 7,2) y. Talʿ an. Jerusalem Tal-
T. Reub. Testament of Reu- mud tractate
ben Taʿanit
T. Sim. Testament of Sim- Zech Zechariah
eon Zeph Zephaniah
t. Soṭa Tosephta trac- θ Theodotion’s
tate Sola version

Modern serials, journals, reference works, Bible versions

AnBib Analecta biblica CACat Collezione “Amici delle
APOT R. H. Charles ed., Apocrypha Catacombe”
and Pseudepigrapha of the CBC Cambridge Bible Commen-
Old Testament tary
ATANT Abhandlungen zur Theolo- CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
gie des Alten und Neuen CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly-
Testaments Monograph Series
av Authorized (King James) CBSC Cambridge Bible for
Version Schools and Colleges
BAG W. Bauer, W. F. Arndt, and CDios Ciudad de Dios
F. W. Gingrich, Greek-En- CGTSC Cambridge Greek Testa-
glish Lexicon of the NT ment for Schools and
BaL Bampton Lectures Colleges
BDF F. Blass, A. Debrunner, and ConB. NT Coniectanea biblica. NT
R. W. Funk, A Greek Gram- Series
ConNT Coniectanea neotestamentica
mar of the NT
CThM Calwer theologische Mono-
BFCT Beitrage zur Förderung graphien
christlicher Theologie DAC J. Hastings ed., Dictionary of
BHT Beiträge zur historischen the Apostolic Church
Theologie DB(H) J. Hastings ed., Dictionary of
Bib Biblica the Bible
BNTC Black’s New Testament DBSup L. Pirot, H. Cazelles, and A.
Commentaries Feuillet ed., Supplément au
BOS Bonner Orientalistischen Dictionnaire de la Bible
Studien DB(V) F. Vigoroux and L. Pirot
BTN Bibliotheca Theologica ed., Dictionnaire de la Bible
Norvegica DMOA Documenta et Monumenta
BZ Biblische Zeitschrift Orientis Antiqui
BZAW Beihefte zur ZA W EBib Etudes bibliques
BZNW Beihefte zur ZNW EE Estudios ecclesiásticos
BZRGG Beihefte zur Zeitschrift f ür EvQ Evangelical Quarterly
Religions- und Geistesges- Exp The Expositor
chichte ExpB Expositor’s Bible
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 Music - Book Review
Winter 2025 - Program

Prepared by: Researcher Williams

Date: August 12, 2025

References 1: Practical applications and examples

Learning Objective 1: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 7: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 2: Research findings and conclusions
Example 10: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 19: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 3: Literature review and discussion
Practice Problem 20: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 25: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 26: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 4: Practical applications and examples
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 33: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 38: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 5: Current trends and future directions
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Practice Problem 50: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 52: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 56: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 7: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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