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The Annals of King T aejo Choi Byonghyon Digital
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Author(s): Choi Byonghyon
ISBN(s): 9780674281301, 0674281306
Edition: Illustrated
File Details: PDF, 5.78 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
t h e a n n a l s of k i ng t ’a e jo
The Annals of King T’aejo
Founder of Korea’s Chosŏn Dynasty

t r a nsl at e d a n d a n no tat e d by

Choi Byonghyon

h a rva r d u n i v e r s i t y pr e s s
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, Englandâ•–•â•–2014
Copyright © 2014 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

T’aejo sillok. English.
The annals of King T’aejo: Founder of Korea’s Choson Dynasty / translated and annotated
by Choi Byonghyon.
â•…â•… pages cm
â•… Includes bibliographical references and index.
â•… ISBN 978-0-674-28130-1
â•… 1. T’aejo, King of Korea, 1335-1408.â•… 2. Korea—History—Choson dynasty, 1392–1910.â•…
I. Choi, Byonghyon, 1950– translator, annotator.â•… II. Title.
DS913.15.T33813â•… 2014
951.9’02—dc23 2013040219
Contents

Note on Translationâ•…â•… ix
Acknowledgmentsâ•…â•… xi
Translator’s Introductionâ•…â•… xiii

General Introductionâ•…â•… 1

First Year of Reign (1392)

Book Iâ•…â•… 101
Book IIâ•…â•… 166
Second Year of Reign (1393)
Book IIIâ•…â•… 234
Book IVâ•…â•… 282
Third Year of Reign (1394)
Book Vâ•…â•… 335
Book VIâ•…â•… 398
Fourth Year of Reign (1395)
Book VIIâ•…â•… 462
Book VIIIâ•…â•… 505
vi Contents

Fifth Year of Reign (1396)

Book IXâ•…â•… 560
Book Xâ•…â•… 593
Sixth Year of Reign (1397)
Book XIâ•…â•… 630
Book XIIâ•…â•… 688
Seventh Year of Reign (1398)
Book XIIIâ•…â•… 730
Book XIVâ•…â•… 775
Book XVâ•…â•… 856

Glossary of Termsâ•…â•… 899

Glossary of People and Placesâ•…â•… 953
Bibliographyâ•…â•… 991
Indexâ•…â•… 995
Late Koryŏ and Early Chosŏn Korea
Note on Translation

The English translation of the entire Annals of King T’aejo (T’aejo Sillok)
has never been attempted until now. My decision to travel down this
untrodden path was fueled by my desire to make this vital source of pre-
modern Korean history accessible to general readers throughout the world.
The source text, written in Classical Chinese, was translated into Korean
han’gŭl over several decades by a team of scholars in both South Korea and
North Korea; for my English translation, I consulted these two han’gŭl
translations in addition to the source text, which is known as the T’aebaek
Mountain Repository Edition. The North Korean version is easy to read, yet
hard to understand, since some words and names are not accompanied by
Classical Chinese in the source text. The translation in the South Korean
version, by contrast, is often too literal and reads more like a preliminary
translation. Notwithstanding, the South Korean version of the Sillok text
was digitized and, since 1999, made available online by the National Institute
of Korean History, together with the original source text in Classical Chinese
(both of which helped me immensely in my translation endeavors).
Nevertheless, the problem of an inadequate han’gŭl translation still
remained, which is why the Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics
decided to launch a massive project to retranslate the entire Sillok into
han’gŭl. Unfortunately, I was unable to reap any benefits from the project,
as my English translation began during its very early stages. What I sought
to gain from the new translation, however, was the information in the foot-
notes about the numerous historical figures and official titles that the existing
han’gŭl translations failed to provide.

ix
x Note on Translation

In my translation, I chose to use the McCune-Reischauer system to

romanize Korean words, which I feel is more accurate and convenient, espe-
cially once readers become accustomed to it. Due to the many details in the
Annals, I at first decided to provide titles for each entry to help readers, but
these often appeared redundant, so I removed them all at the last moment.
One of the most difficult challenges I encountered in my endeavor was the
translation of official titles and agency names. I consulted a number of pre-
vious works to solve the problem, and I feel deeply indebted to many distin-
guished scholars, including Charles O Hucker, James Palais, Edward W.
Wagner, Donald Baker, Edward J. (Ned) Shultz, and John B. Duncun. How�
ever, the administrative terminology or governmental nomenclature during
late Koryŏ and early Chosŏn were so diverse and complicated that I was
compelled to produce the translation on my own or revise the ones created
by others, constantly consulting the Monograph on Official Posts (Paekkwan
chi) and the National Code (Kyŏngguk taejŏn). As for the footnotes, I mainly
consulted the History of Koryŏ (Koryŏsa) and the Encyclopedia of Korean
Culture (Han’guk minjok munhwa tae paekkwa sajŏn) for historical person-
ages, and the Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea (Tongguk yŏji
sŭngnam) for place names, and I feel my annotation based on these sources
are not as sufficient as I want them to be. I find the biographical annotation
on the Jurchen and Japanese persons, not to mention their names, is even less
satisfactory because I was unable to find reliable scholarly information on
them due to the constraint of time in which I had to work. The map of late
Koryŏ and early Chosŏn that I provided may appear somewhat controversial
because the northern borders during this period were not firmly settled as
those shown in the map. However, I decided to take a risk in order to help
clarify for readers their understanding of the geography and locations, which
are essential to the understanding of the text.
Finally, the Annals of King T’aejo is only the beginning of The Annals of
the Chosŏn Dynasty, which consists of a total of 1,893 volumes. Throughout
my translation process, Walt Whitman reminded me, ever so poetically, of
the fact that “I myself but write one or two indicative words for the future.”
So it is up to others in the days ahead to continue this important work of
translation.
Acknowledgments

The task of translating a text of the magnitude of The Annals of King T’aejo
could not be carried out without the assistance of others. From the start of
my adventurous endeavors, I have been indebted to many people, including
Dr. Dae Soon Lee, former president of Honam University, who has consis-
tently encouraged and helped me in my efforts to globalize premodern
Korean classics through English translation. Professor Kim Byungguk of
Korea University, former president of the Korea Foundation, was instru-
mental to my project, not only inspiring me to take on this challenging task,
but also providing me financial support from the Korea Foundation, which
he led at the time. Further, he encouraged me to publish my work through
Harvard University Press, introducing me to Kathleen McDermott, execu-
tive editor for history. I am also grateful to Professor Donald Baker of the
University of British Columbia and his assistant Song Jiyeon for their advice
and assistance in my work, especially the translation of various official
titles. Then I owe my deepest gratitude to Professor Timothy Atkinson of
Seoul University of Foreign Studies, who proofread my entire work in a
very limited time. In romanizing Japanese names and titles, I was assisted
by my colleagues at Honam University, Professor Chŏng Hajun and Kim
T’aegi, as well as Professor Kim Kyŏngho of Mejiro University in Japan and
Professor Yi Chŏngnim, a Chinese studies scholar whom I often consulted
regarding classical Chinese texts. In addition, I owe my gratitude to the
authorities of the National Institute of Korean History, including President
Yi Tae Jin and Ms. Pak Hannam, for inviting me to their institute and
sharing their interest in the translation of The Annals of the Chosŏn Dynasty,
introducing scholars, and providing me with necessary information and

xi
xii Acknowledgments

books. I also want to extend my gratitude to the scholars of the Institute for
the Translation of Korean Classics, including Dr. Sŏ Chŏngmun and Dr.
Kim Nakch’ŏl, who kindly answered my queries regarding the names of
places and people in the text. The Royal Portrait Museum gave permission
to use the royal portrait of King T’aejo for the book jacket, for which I am
grateful.
In the last phase of my endeavors, I was lucky to meet Professor Emeritus
Gari Ledyard of Columbia University. We reviewed together the glossary
and place names in my manuscript at Kent Hall and enjoyed and exchanged
views on various aspects of Korean studies. I especially appreciate how he
made more than a dozen trips from Hartsdale to see me at Columbia, and
his encouragement greatly boosted my morale at a critical juncture of this
project. I am also grateful to Professor Ned Shultz of the University of
Hawaii for providing me with valuable advice in relation to the introduction
and arrangement of entries in my book. Let me also acknowledge my pro-
found gratitude to Kathleen McDermott of Harvard University Press for her
keen interest in premodern Korean history; and to Katie Ostler, who guided
the book through copyediting and typesetting. I am also grateful to Honam
University for granting me a half-year sabbatical leave to finalize my work.
I am also keenly mindful of the librarians at Honam, including No Sanghwi
and Paek Sinsuk, and my students Kim Chunui and Cho Pŏmsin, who were
indispensable in my search for books and materials and in solving computer
problems over the years. Next, I wish to acknowledge my old friends,
including the Kunik Lees in New Jersey and the Chunsiks in Philadelphia.
My sister Byongnim in Connecticut, my younger daughter, Sunny, in New
York, and my older daughter, Yoon Sung, in Los Angeles all generously
accommodated me and my wife for nearly three months as I wrapped up my
work. Yoon Sung, in particular, proofread some portions of my work. I also
thank my beloved wife, Inyoung, who has supported me along the way.
Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the authorities
of the Korea Foundation for their generous support of this unique project,
and I am hopeful that their vision and efforts will continue to inspire and
generate public interest and lead to the translation of the entire corpus of
Sillok texts.
Translator’s Introduction

The Veritable Records of the Chosŏn Dynasty (Chosŏn wangjo sillok 朝鮮

王朝實錄) is a historical record that routinely documents the significant
events and developments that occurred during the first 472 years of the
Chosŏn period in Korea. The record begins with the reign of the first mon-
arch, T’aejo, from 1392 and continues through the reign of the twenty-fifth
monarch, Ch’ŏlchong, which ended in 1863. There exists additional annals
of the last two kings of Chosŏn, Kojong and Sunjong, but compiled during
the Japanese colonial rule, they are generally not recognized as official
canon of the dynastic annals of Chosŏn. The entries are chronologically
ordered by year, lunar month, and day. The Classical Chinese text encom-
passes some sixty-four million characters, covering such diverse areas as
politics, diplomacy, military actions, government systems, the economy,
laws, communication, religion, astronomy, arts, crafts, and customs. Such a
wealth of detail is a valuable primary resource for understanding the lives
of people in Chosŏn, from the kings on down to the commoners.
The Chosŏn annals are Korea’s longest single dynastic record, and the
content is not only voluminous but reliable. As this is the official history,
great pains were taken to maintain the integrity of the data. In the Confucian
tradition, compiling the annals of the former kings was an important means
for conveying the intentions and accomplishments of the ancestors as object
lessons for succeeding generations. A very strict compilation process was
carried out to ensure the impartiality and objectivity of the annals, which
are literally called “veritable records” (sillok). Therefore, the annals Â�covering
any given king’s reign were compiled postmortem, and multiple copies were
then safeguarded in special repositories called historical archives (sago).

xiii
xiv Translator’s Introduction

Once a king died and a new one had ascended to the throne, an ad hoc
Annals Compilation Bureau (Sillokch’ŏng) was established and the work
began on compiling the official annals of the previous reign. The primary
materials for the annals came from two main sources: the historiographers’
daily records or drafts (sach’o) and the records of administration (sijŏnggi).
The historiographers or chroniclers (sagwan), with legal injunctions guar-
anteeing independence, were officials appointed specifically to remain in
the king’s presence and record faithfully, on a daily basis, the details of his
audiences with others, the contents of memorials delivered to him, and his
assessments of other persons. The administrative records were a summary
of the documents (such as memorials to the throne, royal answers to them,
royal decrees and pronouncements, administrative reports, and the appoint-
ments and dismissals of officials) produced by the various government
offices.
The historiographers were allowed to witness every royal audience as
well as every private meeting between the king and top officials. The dis-
cussions at court were in Korean, but they wrote their summaries of them in
literary Chinese. They recorded every word that was uttered and were
strictly forbidden to divulge any of the contents of their daily drafts. Even
the king was not allowed to view their records with impunity.
Another important source for the Veritable Records was the Records of
the Royal Secretariat (Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi). Since the Royal Secretariat was
the agency responsible for taking royal orders and managing the king’s
daily schedule, two recorders of the Royal Secretariat also attended all the
public activities of the king and recorded them. Unlike the records prepared
by the historiographers, their records offered a closer view of the workings
of the royal court, and besides, they were open to viewing by the king and
other officials.
Once these history drafts were submitted to the Bureau of State Records,
not a word in them was supposed to be revised under any circumstances.
According to a law established in 1449, the thirty-first year of King Sejong’s
reign, any historiographer who sneaked into the Bureau of State Records
and altered or removed words, even if they belonged to his own draft his-
tory, was supposed to be put to death. One who divulged the content of his
drafts was also to be punished by death. Furthermore, one who knowingly
failed to report to the authorities about a crime of a colleague related to this
prohibition was also subject to a punishment lighter than capital punish-
ment by one degree (i.e., long-term banishment). Anyone who was punished
Translator’s Introduction xv

for revising his draft history was excluded from grand amnesties and could
never be employed again in public service. This law was actually enforced
in 1469 during the reign of Yejong. When King Sejo passed away and the
Annals Compilation Bureau was established, a historiographer named Min
Su secretly removed a couple of words in his draft history at the Bureau of
State Records because he became worried about his criticism of Yang
Sŏngji, who became the chief supervisor of the Annals Compilation Bureau.
What he did was soon discovered, and in the process of investigation, a few
more officials were also found to be involved in the case. Consequently,
they were either put to death or made slaves after being flogged severely.
Such strict laws and regulations lent great credibility to the records of
�historians.
As the drafts of the history acquired the status of a forbidden book, both
the king and high officials became anxious to know what was in them.
Especially after discovering that historiographer Yi Haeng had written
down in his draft that the current monarch had unjustly killed King U and
his son Ch’ang, T’aejo was outraged because he knew it was politically
biased and thereafter became even keener on examining the history drafts.
Despite the protests of his ministers, citing the precedent set by Emperor
Taizong of Tang China, T’aejo ordered that the drafts of the history since
the time of his enthronement be brought to him, and he read them. Even the
sage king Sejong was strongly tempted, but eventually restrained himself
from reading the annals of his father, King T’aejong. That King T’aejo read
the drafts of the history, however, could be possible only because the new
dynasty was still young and in the making, and he believed that the truth of
the draft directly concerned the legitimacy of his rule, which was an
extremely sensitive matter to him. Thereafter, no Chosŏn ruler, except the
tyrannical Yŏnsan’gun (who was eventually deposed), attempted to read the
draft history. However, he read only the controversial parts of it and as a
result ordered the First Literati Purge of 1498.
The temptation of breaking taboo of reading or revising historical drafts
or records mentioned here is much less egregious compared to that com-
mitted by Emperor Yongle of Ming China. Usurping the throne from his
nephew, he ordered twice the revision of the Taizu Shilu (Veritable Records
of Emperor Taizu), particularly the records that concerned his nephew
Zianwen Emperor, to justify his claims to legitimate succession. Interestingly
enough, in the case of Chosŏn Korea, the attempts to revise the historical
records were mostly initiated not by the kings but their subjects, who were
xvi Translator’s Introduction

engaged in factional fights. The Westerners (Sŏin) revised the Annals of

King Sŏnjo after they seized power, because they believed the Northerners
(Pugin) had deliberately and unfairly portrayed their faction and its leaders.
They also revised the Annals of King Hyŏnjong, this time quite extensively,
contending that the Southerners responsible for the compilation were too
hasty and biased in carrying out that task. Sukchong’s reign (1674–1720)
was dominated by rampant factionalism and, as a result, the completion of
the Annals of King Sukchong took as many as seven years, though it was
normally supposed to be finished two or three years after the death of the
king, and during that period, the Old Doctrine faction (Noron) that led the
compilation lost power before the annals went into print. Its rival, the Young
Doctrine faction (Soron), once it was in power, wanted to alter what the
Noron historiographers had written, and as the compilers found the task vir��
tuÂ�Â�ally impossible, they decided to attach additions and corrections (pogwŏl
chŏngo) at the end of each kwŏn, or fascicle. The compilation of the Annals
of King Kyŏngjong was carried out by the members of the Young Doctrine
faction that seized power through the Literati Purge of 1721 (Sinim sahwa).
When King Kyŏngjong, who supported this faction, died early and was suc-
ceeded by King Yŏngjo, the Old Doctrine faction that came into power with
him revised the records, especially the historical accounts critical to the
royal succession of King Yŏngjo. Despite these conflicts over the historical
accounts, however, the original annals were still preserved together with
their revised editions, deferring their judgment to posterity, and this over-
riding concern for the principle of impartiality is remarkable in attesting to
the integrity and reliability of the Veritable Records. Furthermore, the
instances of revision are very limited, considering the long history of the
compilation of these annals.
The king may have sometimes threatened the historiographers, but they
recognized their key role as protectors of the truth and would normally per-
form their duties without any compromise. The full-time historiographers
numbered eight officials, who belonged to the Office of Royal Decrees, and
were thus referred to as the “Eight Diarists.” Their rank in the government
hierarchy was not that high, but their qualifications were impeccable.
Besides, being young, they were fearless and uncompromising. It was a
great honor for officials to become historiographers, because these were the
scholars who successfully passed through an extremely difficult selection
process. They were not only required to have a mastery of the Chinese clas-
sics and history but also to command exceptional writing skills. Furthermore,
Translator’s Introduction xvii

their family and educational backgrounds were scrutinized to prevent their

engaging in any factional strife and to ensure that they were free of bias.
Obviously, finding men free of factional bias was not always successful; how�
�ever, this rigorous selection process testifies to the emphasis placed upon
the role of historiographers and the integrity of the annals they produced.
The vigilance of the devoted historiographers naturally affected how the
king and his ministers conducted themselves, and thus functioned as an
institutional constraint that limited the abuse of power. It was generally
believed that Heaven and history were what kings feared above anything
else. They feared Heaven because they attained the throne thanks to the
Mandate of Heaven. However, it turned out that the kings feared history far
more than Heaven, because it was history, not abstract Heaven, that actually
judged their lives posthumously. Even tyrant Yŏnsan’gun said, “The only
thing I am afraid of is historical records.” Officials who held power were no
less afraid of historical records; they actually feared them much more than
impeachment or exile, because a reprehensible deed recorded in the annals
could be handed down to posterity forever, bringing irreparable harm to
future generations of the perpetrator’s family.
The annals passed through three editing stages prior to completion. The
first was to collect and organize the drafts of daily accounts called sach’o,
made by historiographers. Though most of the history drafts were deposited
in the Bureau of State Records (Ch’unch’ugwan) as soon as they were com-
pleted, there were also drafts, called kajang sach’o, that historiographers
privately kept at home. Draft histories such as these naturally concerned
extremely sensitive matters, either politically or personally, and the reason
the historiographers were allowed to keep them at their homes was to pro-
tect the confidentiality of the records from any outside threats or interven-
tions. Records show that historiographers were often fearful and reluctant
to submit them, but they (or their descendants, when historiographers passed
away) had no choice but to comply with the law unless they were prepared
to risk severe punishment. In addition to these privately kept sach’o, the
administrative records, or sijŏnggi, prepared by the officials of various
departments had to be secured and organized. From the standpoint of the
compilers, these administrative records greatly expanded the general per-
spective of the historical accounts and reinforced or rectified the observa-
tions and opinions presented in the primary history drafts, not to mention
adding diversity to the source-material content. Those who produced the
records were the officials who concurrently served as historiographers in
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Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 18: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 19: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 3: Current trends and future directions
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 4: Historical development and evolution
Example 30: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 33: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 38: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 5: Ethical considerations and implications
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 47: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 50: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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