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The Development of the Wholesaler in the United States
1860 1900 RLE Retailing and Distribution 1st Edition Bill
Reid Moeckel Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Bill Reid Moeckel
ISBN(s): 9781136245947, 1136245944
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.16 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
RETAILING AND DISTRIBUTION

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE

WHOLESALER IN THE
UNITED STATES
1860–1900
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
WHOLESALER IN THE
UNITED STATES
1860–1900

BILL REID MOECKEL

Volume 2
First published in 1986
This edition first published in 2013
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© Bill Reid Moeckel, 1986
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-415-51032-5 (Set)

eISBN: 978-0-203-10362-3 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-415-62413-8 (Volume 2)
eISBN: 978-0-203-10370-8 (Volume 2)

Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but
points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would
welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.
 AMERICAN
BUSINESS
HISTORY * A Garland Series
of Outstanding
Dissertations

Edited by
STUART BRUCHEY
Allan Nevins Professor of American
Economic History, Columbia University
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHOLESALER
IN THE UNITED STATES
1860-1900

Bill Reid Moeckel

Garland Publishing, Inc.

New York & London • 1986
 Copyright © 1986 Bill Reid Moeckel

All rights reserved

Library of C o n g r e s s Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Moeckel, BUI Reid, 1925-
The development of the wholesaler in the United
States, 1860-1900.
Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)
—University of Illinois at Urbana, 1953.
Bibliography: p .
1. Wholesale trade—United States—History—19th
century. I. Title.
HF5421.M64 1986 38l'.2'0973 86-4760
ISBN 0-8240-8364-4

AD volumes in this series are printed on acid-free,

250-year-life paper.
Printed in the United States of America
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHOLESALER IN

THE UNITED STATES, 1860-1900

by

Bill Reid Moeckel

B.S., University of Illinois, 1948

M.S., University of Illinois, 1949

THESIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business
in the Graduate College of the
University of Illinois, 1953

Urbana, Illinois
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF CHARTS vi

I. INTRODUCTION 1

Nature and scope of the study 2

Definition of terms 3

Institutional considerations 6

Sources of data 8

Organization of the study 8

II. WHOLESALERS AND WHOLESALE MARKETS IN 1860 11

Volume of wholesale trade 11

Wholesale market centers 13

New York 14

Boston 15

Philadelphia 16

Baltimore 17

New Orleans 19

Cincinnati 20

Chicago 22

St. Louis 25

Louisville 26
CHAPTER PAGE

The wholesale merchant 28

Specialization by the wholesaler 28

Extension of credit 33

Traveling salesmen 35

Advertising 39

Organization 40

Shipping merchant, importer, exporter .... 41

Agent middlemen in operation in 1860 43

Auctioneers 43

Commission merchants 45

Brokers 47

Commissions 48

Summary 50

III. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF WHOLESALE TRADING CENTERS,

1860-1900 58

Economic setting 58

Changing relative importance of centers 64

The two leading centers, New York and Chicago . . 65

New York 65

Chicago 68

Other important coastal centers 75

Philadelphia 76

Boston and Baltimore 78

CHAPTER PAGE

Other important interior centers 81

Cincinnati 81

Louisville 86

St. Louis 90

Smaller cities as wholesale centers 94

Kansas City 94

Minneapolis and St. Paul 96

Milwaukee 102

Summary 104

IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHOLESALE MERCHANT,

1860-1900 112

Specialization by wholesale merchants 112

Functional specialization 113

Specialization by merchandise lines 115

Selling and sales promotion 117

The development of traveling salesmen .... 117

Catalogs and printed price lists 129

The early development of wholesalers' brands . . . 132

Use of advertising by wholesale merchants .... 135

The wholesale merchant's credit operations . . . . 142

Obtaining credit information 142

Credit terms 147

Financial assistance to retailers 150

CHAPTER PAGI

Physical facilities and organizations 152

Facilities 152

Organization 156

Changing status of shipping merchants,

importers and exporters 158

Decline of the shipping merchant 158

Reasons for the decline 158

Importers and exporters 161

Summary 164

V. AGENT WHOLESALERS 172

Auctions 173

Declining importance of auctions 173

Volume of auction sales 176

Reasons for the decline 179

Commission merchants 182

Commission merchants defined .... 182

Declining in relative importance 183

Handling large volumes in some lines 185

Specialization by commission merchants . . . . 186

Reasons for declining importance 189

Selling agents 191

Merchandise brokers 195

Brokers defined 195

Importance of brokers 196

CHAPTER PAGE

Manufacturers' agents 201

Summary 203

VI. PARTICULAR COMPETITIVE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

BY THE WHOLESALER 210

Major competitors of the wholesaler 210

Efforts to eliminate the wholesaler 212

Manufacturers selling direct 212

Retailers buying direct 217

Farmers' efforts to eliminate middlemen . . . 221

Competitive efforts and tools employed by

the wholesaler 222

Formation of associations 223

Private brands 226

Factor or rebate plan 228

Summary 231
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 237
BIBLIOGRAPHY 249
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

I Number of Establishments, Volume of Sales,

Annual Payrolls and Number of Employees by
Types of Wholesaling Operations, 1948 4

II Estimates of the Total Value of Goods Sold at

Wholesale in the United States by Sources and
Decades, 1850-1900 12

III Business Fluctuations in the United States,

1860-1900 63

IV Volume of Business Transacted in Leading

Commercial Cities by Wholesale and Retail
Dealers in Merchandise and by Auctioneers
and Merchandise Brokers, Fiscal Year Ending
June 30, 1867 69

V Volume of Sales at Wholesale in Four Leading

Lines of Trade, Cincinnati, 1860-1900 87

VI Volume of Sales at Wholesale in Selected

Lines of Trade in St. Louis for 1890 and 1900 ... 93

VII Wholesale Trade of Kansas City for the Year

Ending June 30, 1891 97-98

VIII Volume of Sales at Wholesale by Lines of

Trade, Minneapolis, 1891-92 103

IX Value of Merchandise Imports and Exports,

United States, 1860-1900 162

LIST OF CHARTS

I Index of Wholesale Prices, 1860-1900 62

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Although the scientific study of marketing is relatively new,

certain aspects of it have been analyzed in considerable detail. A

large body of literature exists, for example, on the various phases

of retailing and advertising. Studies of the growth and development

of the institutions important in these areas are available. It is

only in the past decade or two, however, that much attention has

been given to the study of wholesalers and wholesaling.

Consequently, there is a scarcity of literature in the general field

of wholesaling and most of what there is concerns itself only with

the present.1

Perhaps this lack of attention to wholesaling and its

institutional factors and forces can be explained on the basis of

the general feeling that has prevailed from time to time that the

wholesaler should be eliminated. It may be due to the lack of

pertinent and readily available data, to a failure to recognize the

importance of the problem, to the small size of wholesale

establishments, or to the reticence of wholesalers in the past to

divulge information on their operations. Whatever the reasons for

the inadequate attention to the general area of wholesaling it is

apparent that here is a fertile field for scientific investigation

by students of marketing.
 2

That wholesalers and wholesaling occupy an Important place in

our economy is attested to by the facts set down In Table I. About

2,500,000 persons are engaged in wholesaling, approximately

sixty-five percent of whom are employed in merchant wholesaler

operations. Total wholesale sales in 1948 were over 188 billions of

dollars, or about seventy percent as large as the gross national

product of 259 billions. Of a national income in the same year of

223 billion dollars, about 13 billions, or six percent, arose from

wholesale trade; this latter figure represents the value added by

wholesaling.2

Nature and Scope of the Study

The nature of this study is historical. It is based on a

belief in the fundamental importance of a knowledge of the past as a

foundation upon which to build a fuller understanding of the present

so as to be able better to prepare for the future.

The purposes of the study are:

1. To trace and analyze the development of the wholesaler in

the United States between 1860 and 1900.

2. To set the analysis against the general economic background

and the economic occurrences which had the greatest

influence upon changes in the wholesaler's organization and

operations.

3. To show the manner in which the wholesaler adapted himself

to the changing economic environment.

 3

Such an analysis, set in its proper frame of reference, is

necessarily broad even though the period of time under consideration

is restricted. The particular period for the study, 1860 to 1900,

was selected because it was not until about 1860 that wholesaling

and retailing were definitely separated on a broad scale as two

distinct types of marketing operations. Developments before 1860

were but a prelude to the era of important innovations and rapid

growth by the wholesaler in the last forty years of the nineteenth

century. At best any dating of this nature is arbitrary but 1900

marks roughly the end of an era. After that time new and

significant developments took place in wholesaling and among

wholesalers which merit discussion in a separate study. The advent

of the limited-function wholesaler, the rise of chains, use of the

automobile, and so on were all factors affecting the changes after

1900.

As previously noted there are studies available for the

preceding and subsequent periods but there are none, as such, for

the period under consideration. It is hoped, therefore, that this

work may help to fill a gap in the literature and to provide a basis

for further investigation.

Definition of Terms

Since loose definitions and careless terminology characterize

much of the literature examined, it seems expedient to pause here

 4

TABLE I

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, VOLUME OF SALES, ANNUAL PAYROLLS AND

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES BY TYPES OF WHOLESALING OPERATIONS, 1948

Type Establishments Sales (000's Payrolls (000's Employees

omitted) omitted)

Total All
Operations 243,366 $188,688,801 $7,990,713 2,546,279

Merchant
Wholesalers 146,518 79,766,589 5,064,381 1,614,813

Manufacturer's
Sales Branches
and Offices 23,768 52,738,577 1,921,654 502,396

Petroleum Bulk
Stations and
Terminals 29,451 10,615,650 345,847 136,418

Agents and
Brokers 24,361 34,610,092 350,148 123,470

Assemblers of
Farm Products 19.268 10.957.893 308f683 169.182

*Includes proprietors
Source: United States Census of Business: 1948, Vol. IV
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Introduction 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques

Learning Objective 1: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 6: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 8: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Example 10: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 16: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 24: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 28: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 31: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 35: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 36: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 38: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 39: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Introduction 5: Practical applications and examples
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 45: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 47: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 48: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 54: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 56: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 57: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 58: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 60: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 8: Theoretical framework and methodology
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 71: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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