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Engineering Materials

Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak

Mohammad Khalid
Rashmi Walvekar
Arshid Numan Editors

Contemporary
Nanomaterials
in Material
Engineering
Applications
Engineering Materials
This series provides topical information on innovative, structural and functional
materials and composites with applications in optical, electrical, mechanical, civil,
aeronautical, medical, bio- and nano-engineering. The individual volumes are
complete, comprehensive monographs covering the structure, properties, manufac-
turing process and applications of these materials. This multidisciplinary series is
devoted to professionals, students and all those interested in the latest developments
in the Materials Science field, that look for a carefully selected collection of high
quality review articles on their respective field of expertise.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4288

Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak Mohammad Khalid
• •

Rashmi Walvekar Arshid Numan

•

Editors

Contemporary Nanomaterials
in Material Engineering
Applications

123
Editors
Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak Mohammad Khalid
Department of Chemical Engineering Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials
Faculty of Engineering and Science Research Group (GAMRG)
Curtin University School of Science and Technology
Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia Sunway University
Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Rashmi Walvekar
Department of Chemical Engineering Arshid Numan
School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials
Xiamen University Malaysia Research Group (GAMRG)
Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia School of Science and Technology
Sunway University
Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

ISSN 1612-1317 ISSN 1868-1212 (electronic)

Engineering Materials
ISBN 978-3-030-62760-7 ISBN 978-3-030-62761-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62761-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
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to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

It was 1964 when Dr. Richard Feynman (Noble Laureate in Physics) delivered his
famous lecture, “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” In this lecture, he gave
the concept of nanomaterials and predicted the possibility to put the entire 24
volumes of the Encyclopedia of Britannica under the head of a pin. Since then,
there is rapid development in the field of nanotechnology and today, what was
considered impossible is now a reality.
In the past few decades, nanomaterials and nanotechnology emerged from
fundamental concepts into a vast range of applications covering every aspect of life.
The unique properties of nanomaterials, especially contemporary nanomaterials
(CNMs), have played a prominent role in the nanotechnology revolution. The most
eye-catching features of these structures are their electronic, mechanical, optical,
and chemical characteristics, which open numerous avenues to future applications.
However, continuous discovery of new CNMs and rapid development in nan-
otechnology make it difficult for the industries to stay up-to-date with the
fast-changing technology landscape. Further, it is a challenging task to bring
CNMs from laboratory to market. Therefore, the latest developments and findings
of CNMs need to be highlighted to bridge the gap between the latest research and
its technical realization. Currently, the literature on CNMs is scattered into original
articles and review papers. This book would categorize this subject and provides an
overview and critical commentary that will be an invaluable reference for
researchers, scientists, and students, studying and working with nanomaterials for
engineering applications.

v
vi Preface

This book intends to introduce readers to a broad view of nanomaterials, from

fundamental principles to fabrication techniques, and from characterization to
applications. It is primarily intended as a reference book for graduate students in
materials science and other related engineering fields. It will also serve as a ref-
erence book for professionals that are interested in this field.

Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak

Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Mohammad Khalid
Sepang, Malaysia Rashmi Walvekar
Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Arshid Numan
Contents

Importance of Nanomaterials in Engineering Application . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Lau Yien Jun, Fahad Saleem Ahmed Khan, Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak,
Lau Sie Yon, Chua Han Bing, Mohammad Khalid, and E. C. Abdullah
Graphene and Its Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Marlinda Ab Rahman, Suresh Sagadevan, and Mohd Rafie Johan
Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites: From Synthesis
to Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Mahesh Vaka, Rashmi Walvekar, and Swarnalatha Yanamadala
Synthesis of Nanoclay Composite Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Pratap Kumar Deheri and Biswabandita Kar
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Nurul N. M. Ishak, N. N. M. Khiruddin, N. Nasri,
and T. B. S. A. Ravoof
Conducting Polymers and Their Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Ankit Jadhav, Sundus Saeed Qureshi, Harshit Jadhav, Sabzoi Nizamuddin,
Abdul Sattar Jatoi, Shaukat Ali Mazari, Israr Ahmed,
Humair Ahmed Baloch, M. T. H. Siddiqui, and Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes):
Synthesis to Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Muhammad Zahir Iqbal and Saman Siddique
Chalcogenides Nanocrystals and Its Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Arunachalam Arulraj, U. Mehana Usmaniya, Govindan Senguttuvan,
Vadivel Sivakumar, and Mohammad Khalid
Quantum Dots Synthesis and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Jaison Jeevanandam, Satheesh Kumar Balu, Swetha Andra,
Michael K. Danquah, Manisha Vidyavathi, and Murugesan Muthalagu

vii
viii Contents

Synthesis of Thin Film and Its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Sohail Ahmed and Shahzad Abu Bakar
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Applications
of Tin Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Hawazin Alghamdi, Benjamin Concepcion, Shankar Baliga,
and Prabhakar Misra
Perspective Future Development of Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Jamal Akhter Siddique and Arshid Numan
Importance of Nanomaterials
in Engineering Application

Lau Yien Jun, Fahad Saleem Ahmed Khan, Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak,
Lau Sie Yon, Chua Han Bing, Mohammad Khalid, and E. C. Abdullah

Abstract Nanomaterials have gained prominence in technological advancement

due to their exceptional tunable properties and enhanced performance over their bulk
counterparts. These nanomaterials are revolutionising various industrial applications
due to their outstanding, and unique characteristics. In this chapter, a summary of
the fundamental engineering concept of nanomaterial, particularly carbon nanomate-
rials are included. Besides, this chapter also highlights the engineering applications
of nanomaterials in diverse industrial fields, such as biomedical, food processing,
biotechnology, environmental remediation, construction, renewable energy, elec-
tronics, and energy storage. Lastly, the potential effects of nanomaterials on human
health are briefed. In short, nanomaterials are expected to bring breakthrough
development field of the leading cutting edge of nanotechnology.

Keywords Nanotechnology · Nanomaterials · Engineering applications

1 Introduction

Nanomaterials are defined as the materials that possess one or more external dimen-
sions with a dimensional size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Richard Feynman, who was a
Nobel Prize winning American physicist, was broadly credited with the kick-starting

L. Y. Jun · F. S. A. Khan · N. M. Mubarak (B) · L. S. Yon · C. H. Bing

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University,
98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
M. Khalid
Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and
Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor, Malaysia
E. C. Abdullah
Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of
Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra (Jalan
Semarak), 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 1

N. M. Mubarak et al. (eds.), Contemporary Nanomaterials in Material
Engineering Applications, Engineering Materials,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62761-4_1
2 L. Y. Jun et al.

of the modern interest in nanotechnology [21]. In the year 1959, he gave a visionary
talk at an annual meeting of an American Physical Society, entitled “There’s plenty
of room at the bottom”. In his speech, he laid the conceptual foundations of manipu-
lating individual atoms and molecules at the atomic level using tiny and precise tools.
In the year 1974, a Japanese Professor Norio Taniguchi had termed this field as “nan-
otechnology”, which describes the level of precision in manufacturing materials at
the nanometre scale [87].
In the past decades, nanomaterials are growing explosively worldwide as an
important product of nanotechnologies owing to their extraordinary physiochem-
ical properties. Nanomaterials offer unique functional applications as they possess a
high surface to volume ratio, as well as superior mechanical, chemical, and physical
properties. Figure 1 illustrated the comparison of the sizes of nanomaterials.
It is essential to fabricate nanomaterials with high functionality and suitable prop-
erties for various applications. Generally, there are two approaches to synthesise
nanomaterials, which are the “Top-down” and “Bottom-up” methods. For “Top-
down” approach, it involves making structures and devices from bulk materials
without specific control at the atomic level. One of the main benefits of “Top-down”
method is the large scale production in the industrial setting [29]. Nevertheless, the
main shortcomings of this method are high cost and energy consumption, lengthy
processing time, and the deformation of surface structures [88]. The examples of
“Top-down” method including mechanical milling, cutting, chemical etching, laser
ablation, electro-explosion, and lithography.
On the contrary, the “Bottom-up” method involves the assembly of atomic scale
materials to generate a controlled nanostructure. The advantages of this method are
economical technique, controllable particle size, surface properties, and deposition
parameters [8]. Nonetheless, the disadvantages of this method are difficulty in mass
production, and chemical purification of nanomaterials is required [38]. The physical

Fig. 1 Comparison of nanomaterial sizes

Importance of Nanomaterials in Engineering Application 3

and chemical processing “Bottom-up” methods are by spinning, atomic layer depo-
sition, vapour-phase deposition, electrolytic deposition, self-assembled monolayer,
spray pyrolysis, and sol–gel method.

2 Type of Nanomaterials

They are various type of nanomaterials, which can be classified into organic and inor-
ganics categories, as shown in Fig. 2. For organic groups, it consists of carbon-based
nanomaterials, such as fullerene, single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene
and buckyball. On the other hand, the inorganics group can be further categorised
into metal, metal oxide and quantum dots categories. The commonly used metal and
metal oxide nanomaterials are gold (Au), aluminium (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu),
zinc (Zn), aluminium oxide (Al2 O3 ), silicon oxide (SiO2 ), iron oxide (Fe2 O3 ), tita-
nium dioxide (TiO2 ), and copper oxide (CuO). Moreover, the examples of quantum
dots are cadmium selenide (CdSn) and zinc sulphide (ZnS).
Nanomaterials can be classified further into several classes based on their shapes
and number of dimensions. For instances, zero-dimensional (0-D), one-dimensional
(1-D), two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D). 0-D nanomaterials
exhibit in spherical and clusters forms, such as fullerene, gold and silver nanoparti-
cles. Besides, 1-D nanomaterials show in tube, wire, fibre or rod forms, for example,
carbon nanotube (CNT). Additionally, 2-D nanomaterials are in films or sheets forms,
such as graphene or graphene oxide (GO). Furthermore, 3-D nanomaterials are in
3-D structure, such as diamond and graphite. These nanomaterials can be exhibit in
amorphous or crystalline structures. Figure 3 displayed the types of nanomaterials
in various dimensions. In this section, carbon-based nanomaterials are highlighted
due to their wide applicability in diverse fields.

Fig. 2 Types of nanomaterial

4 L. Y. Jun et al.

Fig. 3 Type of nanomaterials with different dimensions

2.1 Fullerene (0-D)

Fullerenes are molecular composed of carbon, which are also known as Buckyball
or Buckminister fullerene (C60 ). Their first discovery in the year 1985 by Kroto
et al. [48], was awarded Nobel prize in chemistry 10 years later. They are made of
carbon atoms in the form of tube, ellipsoid or hollow spherical shapes. Fullerene
exhibited in several unique properties such as exceptional durability, high electron
affinity, extraordinary radical scavengers, and ease of modification. Nevertheless,
the insolubility of fullerene in the polar solvent has restricted its applicability. The
attention of fullerene has reduced gradually recently with the increasing focus on the
research of CNT and graphene-based materials.

2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (1-D)

CNTs are cylindrical carbon structures with diameters in the range of a nanometre.
CNTs are mainly categorised as single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and multi-
walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based on their structure and geometry. SWCNT
is formed by rolling up a single sheet of graphene, while MWCNT is formed by
rolling up multiple sheets of graphene. CNTs have received considerable attention in
diverse fields of science since their discovery. This is because of their exceptional and
desirable characteristics, such as extraordinary mechanical, thermal, and electrical
properties. Besides, the surface properties of the CNTs can be engineered and tailored
easily according to the application required [34, 42]. A wide range of application
Importance of Nanomaterials in Engineering Application 5

possibilities has been explored with CNTs, such as their use in pharmaceutical,
medicine, biosensor, bioremediation, biofuel cell development, agriculture and food
processing industries [43, 55, 61, 96].

2.3 Graphene and Its Derivatives (2-D)

Graphene is a single layer of sp2 hybrid bonded carbon atoms packed in the form of
a two-dimensional and hexagonal honeycomb structure. The discovery of graphene
by Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim in 2004 has received immense attention
to exploring its potential applications [67]. The most commonly used method for
synthesis of graphene and its derivatives are chemical vapour deposition (CVD),
epitaxial growth, and mechanical exfoliation methods [50]. Graphene and its deriva-
tives have unique chemical, physical, electronic, optical, and thermal properties [93].
Due to these excellent features, graphene and its derivatives have gained attention in a
broad spectrum of applications, prominently in the biomedical, electronic, biosensor,
energy storage and environmental pollution control [36, 99].

2.4 Graphite (3-D)

Graphite is a layered honeycomb structure, where multiple layers of graphene sheets

are bonded through weak Van der Waals forces, with sp2 hybridised crystal structure.
It is also known as one of the world’s softest minerals. Pristine graphite can be
classified into three major types, which are a crystalline flake, vein or lump, and
amorphous graphite [92]. Nevertheless, pristine graphite is not often used due to their
brittle nature, shear-planes and inconsistent mechanical properties [25]. The most
common application of graphite is in lithium-ion batteries, lubricants, refractories,
and lead pencils [39, 44].

3 Nanomaterial for Engineering Application

For the past few decades, the rapid development of nanotechnology has made a
massive revolution in various industrial applications [20, 91]. The emergent features
of nanomaterials, such as superior mechanical, chemical, optical, thermal and elec-
trical properties, make them received tremendous attention among researchers in
multidisciplinary fields [55, 61, 96]. Today, the use of nanomaterials is increasing
with widespread commercial applications in consumer products, such as cosmetics,
food agriculture, electronics and automobile, and so forth. Also, the technical appli-
cations of nanotechnology have extended to techniques in various fields, such as
6 L. Y. Jun et al.

Fig. 4 Application of
nanomaterials in various
industries fields

biotechnology, construction, renewable energy, and biomedical. Moreover, nanotech-

nology also provides solutions to environmental challenges, particularly in the
areas of wastewater treatment and air pollution treatment. Figure 4 displayed the
applications of nanomaterials in various industry sectors.
Nanomaterials have a noticeable impact on various applications in biomedical
fields, such as therapy, biosensor, diagnosis, novel approaches for treatment, as
well as prevention. In addition, nanomaterials can be used in various forms, such
as thin film coating, reinforced or filler materials, or connecting materials. As
compared to conventional materials, nanomaterials can produce lighter, stronger,
bacteria-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials. Examples of nanomaterials used
in everyday applications are sports equipment, cosmetics, and automobiles. More-
over, nanomaterials play an important role in electrical and electronics applica-
tions as it can provide a larger storage capacity with lower power consumption.
In recent years, nanotechnology is employed in environmental remediation applica-
tions, particularly in the fields of wastewater treatments. Also, in the food industry,
nanomaterials are used for antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, to prolong the shelf
life and the freshness of food. Furthermore, nanotechnology has also made a signif-
icant impact on renewable energy, particularly energy conversion and storage. Few
of the nanomaterials applications are briefly described in the next section, whereas
the application of nanomaterials based on various fields is listed in Table 4.
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