5G EVOLUTION AND NEED :A STUDY

Aparna Bhat1, Dr. Rajeshwari Hegde2

1. Bitla software Pvt Ltd Bangalore ,India

2. BMSCE Department of Telecommunication Bangalore, India

[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract: - In recent years we have represents the concept for 5G mobile

witnessed an exponential increase in network. Section 6 depicts the
wireless access bandwidth that is architecture and some specific
commercially available to the end user. architectural issues of a 5G network.
The fourth generation wireless Section 7 presents the applications of 5G
communication systems have been and its comparison with 4G.Section 8
deployed or are soon to be deployed in gives a brief and rough idea about
many countries. However, with an futuristic 6G and 7G.Section 9
explosion of wireless mobile devices and concludes the paper.
services, even 4G systems cannot
Keywords:-
adequately address issues such as the
5G,6G,7G,UTMS,LTE,RAN,TDMA
spectrum crisis and high energy
consumption. In 5G research is being
made on development of World Wide I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Wireless communication has started in
Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and early 1970s. In next four decades, a mobile
Real Wireless World and are expected wireless technology has evolved from 1G
to be deployed by 2020. The objective of to 5G generations. Fifth generation
this paper is comprehensive study technology offer very high bandwidth that
related to 5G technology of mobile user never experienced before. The Fifth
communication. Existing research work generation technologies offer various new
in mobile communication related to 5G advanced features which makes it most
technology. In this paper, we have powerful and in huge demand in the
discussed some aspects of 5G future. Now days different wireless and
communication some challenges and mobile technologies are present such as
requirements. The rest of the paper is third generation mobile networks (UMTS-
organized as follows. Section2 presents Universal Mobile Telecommunication
brief overview of evolution of different System, cdma2000), LTE (Long Term
generations (1G to 4G). Section3 presets Evolution), WiFi (IEEE 802.11 wireless
the need for 5G. Section 4 presents the networks), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16
challenges and requirements for 5G wireless and mobile networks), as well as
communication system. Section 5 sensor networks, or personal area networks
(e.g. Bluetooth, ZigBee). Mobile terminals between people and connected machines
include variety of interfaces like GSM [1].
which are based on circuit switching. All
wireless and mobile networks implements
all-IP principle, that means all data and II.DESCRIPTION ABOUT
signaling will be transferred via IP
PREVIOUS GENERATIONS
(Internet Protocol) on network layer [3].
5G communication system will aim at (A) First-Generation Systems (1G):-The 1st
designing and developing novel generation was pioneered for voice service
technologies, systems and networks that in early 1980‘s, where almost all of them
will integrate into a flexible and were analog systems using the frequency
dynamically-operating architecture. The modulation technique for radio
architecture will possibly allow up to 1 transmission using frequency division
Tbit/s .wireless link rate in burst-mode and multiple access (FDMA) with channel
at short distances or as system aggregated capacity of 30 KHz and frequency band
traffic and, a sustainable symmetric link was 824-894 MHz, which was based on a
rate of approximately 300 Mbps to mobile technology known as Advance Mobile
terminals at high speed [4].The fifth Phone Service (AMPS) [10].
generation wireless mobile multimedia
internet networks can be completely (B) Second Generation Systems (2G):-The 2nd
wireless communication without generation was accomplished in later
limitation, which makes perfect wireless 1990‘s. The 2G mobile communication
real world – World Wide Wireless Web system is a digital system; this system is
(WWWW). 5G wireless networks will still mostly used in different parts of the
support 1,000-fold gains in capacity, world. This generation mainly used for
connections for at least 100 billion voice communication also offered
additional services such as SMS and e-
devices, and a 10 Gb/s individual
mail. In this generation two digital
user experience capable of modulation schemes are used; one is time
extremely low latency and response division multiple access (TDMA) and the
times. Deployment of these 2nd is code division multiple access
networks will emerge between 2020 (CDMA) [11] and frequency band is 850-
and 2030. 5G radio access will be 1900 MHz In 2G, GSM technology uses
eight channels per carrier with a gross data
built upon both new radio access
rate of 22.8 kbps (a net rate of 13 kbps) in
technologies (RAT) and evolved the full rate channel and a frame of 4.6
existing wireless technologies (LTE, milliseconds (ms) duration [12].The family
HSPA, GSM and WiFi). of this generation includes of 2G, 2.5G and
Breakthroughs in wireless network 2.75G.
innovation will also drive economic
(C) Third Generation Systems (3G):-Third
and societal growth in entirely new
generation (3G) services combine high
ways. 5G will realize networks capable of speed mobile access with Internet Protocol
providing zero-distance connectivity
(IP)-based services. The main features of
 3G technology include wireless web base •Lower out age probability; better
access, multimedia services, email, and coverage and high data rates available at
video conferencing. The 3G W-CDMA air cell edge.
interface standard had been designed for
always-on packet-based wireless service, •Lower battery consumption.
so that computer, entertainment devices •Multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
and telephones may all share the same
wireless network and be connected internet •Around 1Gbps data rate in mobility.
anytime, anywhere [13]. 3G systems offer
•More secure; better cognitive radio/SDR
high data rates up to 2 Mbps, over 5 MHz
Security.
channel carrier width, depending on
mobility/velocity, and high spectrum •Higher system level spectral efficiency.
efficiency.
•World Wide wireless web (WWWW).
(D) Fourth Generation Systems (4G):-4G,
•More applications combined with
short for fourth generation, is the fourth
artificial intelligent (AI) as human life will
generation of mobile telecommunications
be surrounded by artificial sensors which
technology, succeeding 3G and preceding
could be communicating with mobile
5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual
phones. Not harmful to human health.
voice and other services of 3G, provides
mobile broadband Internet access, for •Cheaper traffic fees due to low infra
example to laptops with wireless modems, structure deployment costs [5].
to smart phones, and to other mobile
devices. Potential and current applications
IV. CHALLENGES AND
include amended mobile web access,
REQUIRMENTS
IP telephony, gaming services, high-
definition mobile TV, video conferencing, The three fundamental requirements for
3D television, and cloud computing [15]. building 5G wireless networks are:

1. Capabilities for supporting massive

III. NEED FOR 5G? capacity and massive connectivity.
2. Support for an increasingly diverse
5G is needed because of the explosive set of services, application and users
growth in video traffic, the acute shortage –all with extremely diverging
of spectrum, the growing need to minimize requirements for work and life.
the energy requirements of web devices 3. Flexible and efficient use of all
and network infrastructure and to cater to available non-contiguous spectrums
the insatiable desire for higher data speed for wildly different network
deployment scenarios.
rates. The major difference, from a user
point of view, between current generations The challenges are as follows:-
and expected 5G techniques must be
something else than increased maximum 1. Integration of various standards:
throughput; other requirements include: Each engineering practice has their
own standard (F.eks Telecom has
 3GPP, 3GPP2, ITU, IETF, etc). To associated with very small data
integrate these various standards, payloads [8].
requires systematic and time
consuming approach.
2. Common Platform: There is no
common architecture for
interconnecting various engineering
practices. One common governing
body is required, which creates a
common platform for all engineering
practices to regularize the
interconnectivity issues as well as
knowledge sharing.
3. Physical scarcity of radio frequency [1]Figure: 5G All-spectrum access RAN
(RF) spectra allocated for cellular
communications. These frequency Mobile networks will increasingly become
spectra have been used heavily, and the primary means of network access for
there is no more to spare in the person-to-person and person-to-machine
existing cellular bands [9]. connectivity. These networks will need to
4. Some applications – such as remote match advances in fixed networking in
meter reading for billing purposes – terms of delivered quality of service,
have very relaxed latency reliability and security. To do so, 5G
requirements. Other applications, technologies will need to be capable of
such as safety or control delivering fiber-like 10 Gb/s speeds to
mechanisms in the process. make possible ultra-high definition visual
5. Industries, in the electrical- communications and immersive
distribution grid, or for traffic safety, multimedia interactions. These
have very strict requirements technologies will depend on ultra-wide
regarding low latency; 5G needs to bandwidth with sub-millisecond latencies
support latency of a few [1].
milliseconds or below to address V. CONCEPT OF 5G
such use cases.
6. Applications relating to the control
of critical infrastructure (such as Development of 5G should be structured
electrical grids), industrial control or around the following three main
vital societal functions, such as operational domains.
traffic, e-health and smart-city
management, require very high 1. Short-range low mobility
levels of network reliability – higher communications: Indoor/Outdoor
than today’s networks typically Human-Centric Communications
offer. The reliability requirements
2. Outdoor broadband wireless with
are much lower when it comes to,
for example, temperature or full mobility: Wireless Wide-Area-
moisture sensors in the home. Networks, WWANs.
7. Some applications, such as remote 3. Converged communications:
video surveillance, are associated Infrastructure Support, Integration
with the conveyance of significant with the Future Internet [4].
volumes of information, while other
applications, such as cargo tracking The 5G terminals will have software
in the shipping industry, are defined radios and modulation schemes as
well as new error-control schemes. In 5G, mobile phone by 5G phone manufactures.
each network will be responsible for The 5G mobile phone shall maintain
handling user-mobility, while the terminal virtual multi-wireless network
will make the final choice among different environment. For this purpose there should
wireless/mobile access network providers be separation of network layer into two
for a given service. Such choice will be sub-layers in 5G mobiles i.e. Lower
based on open intelligent middleware in network layer (for each interface) and
the mobile phone. Upper network layer (for the mobile
terminal). This is due to the initial design
A. Physical Layer of the Internet, where all the routing is
Physical and Medium Access Control based on IP addresses which should be
layers i.e. OSI layer 1 and OSI layer 2, different in each IP network world wide.
define the wireless technology. For these The middleware between the Upper and
two layers the 5G mobile networks is Lower network layers shall maintain
likely to be based on Open Wireless address translation from Upper network
Architecture. address (IPv6) to different Lower network
IP addresses (IPv4 or IPv6), and vice
B. Network Layer versa.

The network layer will be IP (Internet C. Open Transport Protocol (OTA) Layer
Protocol), because there is no competition
today on this level. The IPv4 (version4) is The mobile and wireless networks differ
worldwide spread and it has several from wired networks regarding the
problems such as limited address space transport layer. In all TCP versions the
and has no real possibility for QoS support assumption is that lost segments are due to
per flow. These issues are solved in IPv6, network congestion, while in wireless
but traded with significantly bigger packet networks losses may occur due to higher
header. Then, mobility still remains a bit error ratio in the radio interface.
problem. There is Mobile IP standard on Therefore, TCP modifications and
one side as well as many micro-mobility adaptation are proposed for the mobile and
solutions (e.g., Cellular IP, HAWAII etc.). wireless networks, which retransmit the
All mobile networks will use Mobile IP in lost or damaged TCP segments over the
5G, and each mobile terminal will be FA wireless link only. For 5G mobile
(Foreign Agent), keeping the CoA (Care of terminals will be suitable to have transport
Address) mapping between its fixed IPv6 layer that is possible to be downloaded and
address and CoA address for the current installed. Such mobiles shall have the
wireless network. However, a mobile can possibility to download (e.g., TCP, RTP
be attached to several mobile or wireless etc. or new transport protocol) version
networks at the same time. In such case, it which is targeted to a specific wireless
will maintain different IP addresses for technology installed at the base stations.
each of the radio interfaces, while each of This is called here Open Transport
these IP addresses will be CoA address for Protocol - OTP.
the FA placed in the mobile Phone. The
fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the
D. Application Layer active at the same time, with aim to have
this architecture to be functional.
Regarding the applications, the ultimate
request from the 5G mobile terminal is to
provide intelligent QoS management over
variety of networks. Today, in mobile
phones the users manually select the
wireless interface for particular Internet
service without having the possibility to
use QoS history to select the best wireless
connection for a given service. The 5G
phone shall provide possibility for service
quality testing and storage of measurement
information in information databases in the
mobile terminal. The QoS parameters, Functional architecture for 5G mobile network

such as delay, jitter, losses, bandwidth,

reliability, will be stored in a database in
the 5G mobile phone with aim to be used
by intelligent algorithms running in the
mobile terminal as system processes,
which at the end shall provide the best
wireless connection upon required QoS
and personal cost constraints [14].

Protocol layout for the elements of the proposed

architecture.
VI.ARCHITECTURE
Application connections are realized
Figure shows the system model that between clients and servers in the Internet
proposes design of network architecture via sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints
for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP for data communication flows. Each
based model for wireless and mobile socket of the web is a unified and unique
networks interoperability. The system combination of local IP address and
consists of a user terminal and a number of appropriate local transport
independent, autonomous radio access communications port, target IP address
technologies. Within each of the terminals, and target appropriate communication
each of the radio access technologies is port, and type of transport protocol.
seen as the IP link to the outside Internet Considering that, the establishment of
world. However, there should be different communication from end to end between
radio interface for each Radio Access the client and server using the Internet
Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. protocol is necessary to raise the
For e.g., if we want to have access to four appropriate Internet socket uniquely
different RATs, we need to have four determined by the application of the client
different access - specific interfaces in the and the server. This means that in case of
mobile terminal, and to have all of them interoperability between heterogeneous
networks and for the vertical handover packets based on defined policies. At the
between the respective radio technologies, same time this control system is an
the local IP address and destination IP essential element through which it can
address should be fixed and unchanged. determine the quality of service for each
Fixing of these two parameters should transmission technology. Protocol setup of
ensure handover transparency to the the new levels within the existing protocol
Internet connection end-to-end, when there stack, which form the proposed
is a mobile user at least on one end of such architecture, is presented in Figure3.
connection. In order to preserve the proper
layout of the packets and to reduce or The network abstraction level would be
prevent packets losses, routing to the target provided by creating IP tunnels over IP
destination and vice versa should be interfaces obtained by connection to the
uniquely and using the same path. Each terminal via the access technologies
radio access technology that is available to available to the terminal (i.e., mobile user).
the user in achieving connectivity with the In fact, the tunnels would be established
relevant radio access is presented with between the user terminal and control
appropriate IP interface. Each IP interface system named here as Policy Router,
in the terminal is characterized by it's IP which performs routing based on given
address and net mask and parameters policies. In this way the client side will
associated with the routing of IP packets create an appropriate number of tunnels
across the network. In regular inter-system connected to the number of radio access
handover the change of access technology technologies, and the client will only set a
(i.e., vertical handover) would mean local IP address which will be formed with
changing the local IP address. Then, sockets Internet communication of client
change of any of the parameters of the applications with Internet servers. The way
socket means and change of the socket, IP packets are routed through tunnels, or
that is, closing the socket and opening a choosing the right tunnel, would be served
new one. This approach is non flexible, by policies whose rules will be exchanged
and it is based on today’s internet via the virtual network layer protocol. This
communication. In order to solve this way we achieve the required abstraction of
deficiency a new level have been proposed the network to the client applications at the
that will take care of the abstraction levels mobile terminal. The process of
of network access technologies to higher establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router,
layers of the protocol stack. This layer is for routing based on the policies, are
crucial in the new architecture. To enable carried out immediately after the
the functions of the applied transparency establishment of IP connectivity across the
and control or direct routing of packets radio access technology, and it is initiated
through the most appropriate radio access from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-
technology, in the proposed architecture a level Protocol. Establishing tunnel
control system in the functional connections as well as maintaining them
architecture of the networks, which works represents basic functionality of the virtual
in complete coordination with the user network level [6].
terminal and provides a network
abstraction functions and routing of
 VII.APPLICATION OF 5G group co-operative relay
techniques.
compared to the 4G network, the 5G
7. Remote meter reading for billing
network should achieve 1000 times the
purposes.
system capacity, 10 times the spectral
8. Cargo tracking in the shipping
efficiency, energy efficiency and data rate
industry
(i.e., peak data rate of 10 Gb/s for low
mobility and peak data rate of 1 Gb/s for
high mobility), and 25 times the average VIII. SIXTH AND SEVENTH
cell throughput [9]. GENERATION TECHNOLOGY
(6G, 7G)
Applications of 5G would include

1. Data collection in disseminated 6G Mobile Technology Network is

sensor networks in urban futuristic technology aiming to provide
environments, e.g., for micro- unimaginably high speed internet access
climate control of public health [4]. on-air through mobile probably up to 10
2. Real wireless world with no more GBPS. It is fancied to provide user on the
limitation with access and zone fly high internet access speed without any
issues. fluctuations even if a user is travelling or a
3. Wearable devices with AI user is in a remote location.6G technology
capabilities. haven’t been fully revealed yet but search
4. Internet protocol version 6(IPv6), phrases like what is 6G mobile technology,
where a visiting care-of mobile IP 6G technology, 6G mobile, 6G network,
address is assigned according to 6G wiki, 6G technology ppt are getting
location and connected network. more familiar with new mobile technology
5. Pervasive networks providing getting evolved. The 7G will be the most
ubiquitous computing: The user advance generation in mobile
can simultaneously be connected to communication network. It is like the 6G
several wireless access for global coverage but it will also define
technologies and seamlessly move the satellite functions for mobile
between them these access communication. But in 7G, there will be
technologies can be a 2.5G,3G, 4G some research on demanding issues like
or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, the use of mobile phone during moving
WPAN or any other future access condition from one country to another
technology. In 5G, the concept may country, because satellite is also moving in
be further developed into multiple constant speed and in specific orbit, the
concurrent data transfer paths [7]. standards and protocols for cellular to
6. High altitude stratospheric platform satellite system and for the satellite to
station (HAPS) Systems. The radio satellite communication system. The
interface of 5G communication dream of 7G can only come true when all
systems is suggested in a Korean the standards and protocols are defined.
research and development program May be this is possible in next generation
to be based on beam division after 7G and can be named as 7.5G. [2]
multiple access (BDMA) and
 [8]"5G radio access",ericsson White paper
IX. CONCLUSION 284 23-3204 Uen | June 2013.
[9]C.-X. Wang, F. Haider, X. Gao, X.-H.
The 5G system for 2020 and beyond will You, Y. Yang, D. Yuan, H. Aggoune, H.
meet our long-term vision of unlimited Haas, S. Fletcher, and E.
access to information and sharing of data Hepsaydir."Cellular Architecture and Key
available anywhere and anytime to anyone Technologies for 5G Wireless
and anything.
Communication Networks",IEEE
Communications Magazine Issue Date:
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