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Non-Invasive Ventilation and Weaning
Principles and Practice
Second Edition
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Non-Invasive Ventilation and Weaning
Principles and Practice
Second Edition

Edited by
Mark W. Elliott
Stefano Nava
Bernd Schönhofer
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Contents

Contributors ix

1 Non-invasive ventilation: From the past to the present 1

Dominique Robert and Barry Make

Part 1 THE EQUIPMENT 9

2 Positive pressure ventilators 10

Dean R. Hess
3 Continuous positive airway pressure 22
Annie Lecavalier and Peter Goldberg
4 Emerging modes for non-invasive ventilation 30
Paolo Navalesi, Federico Longhini, Rosanna Vaschetto and Antonio Messina
5 Extracorporeal CO2 removal 36
Lara Pisani and V. Marco Ranieri
6 Interfaces 43
Cesare Gregoretti, Vincenzo Russotto and Davide Chiumello
7 Quality control of non-invasive ventilation: Performance, service, maintenance and infection control of ventilators 55
Jordi Rigau and Ramon Farré
8 Humidifiers and drug delivery during non-invasive ventilation 63
Antonio M. Esquinas Rodriguez and Maria Vargas
9 How to start a patient on non-invasive ventilation 73
Raffaele Scala and Martin Latham

Part 2 THE PRACTICE – ACUTE NIV 84

10 How to set up an acute non-invasive ventilation service 85

Paul K. Plant and Gregory A. Schmidt
11 Education programmes/assessment of staff competencies 95
Alanna Hare
12 Monitoring during acute non-invasive ventilation 101
Eumorfia Kondili, Nektaria Xirouchaki and Dimitris Georgopoulos
13 Troubleshooting non-invasive ventilation 111
Nicholas S. Hill, Mayanka Tickoo and Najia Indress
14 Sedation and delirium 122
Lara Pisani, Maria Laura Vega and Cesare Gregoretti
15 Timing of non-invasive ventilation 131
Stefano Nava and Paolo Navalesi
16 Why non-invasive ventilation works in acute respiratory failure? 139
Miguel Ferrer and Antoni Torres
17 Predicting outcome in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure 149
Tom Hartley and Stephen C. Bourke
18 Use of NIV in the real world 157
Mihaela Stefan, Peter Lindenauer, Najia Indress, Faisal Tamimi and Nicholas S. Hill

v
vi Contents

Part 3 THE PRACTICE – CHRONIC NIV 164

19 Chronic ventilation service 165

Maxime Patout, Antoine Cuvelier, Jean-François Muir and Peter Wijkstra
20 Diagnostic tests in the assessment of patients for home mechanical ventilation 175
Michael Polkey, Patrick B. Murphy and Nicholas Hart
21 Ultrasound 190
Daniel A. Lichtenstein
22 Patient and caregiver education 200
Ole Norregaard
23 Discharging the patient on home ventilation 207
Joan Escarrabill and Ole Norregaard
24 Monitoring during sleep during chronic non-invasive ventilation 216
Jean-Paul Janssens, Jean-Christian Borel, Dan Adler and Jean-Louis Pépin
25 Continuity of care and telemonitoring 223
Michele Vitacca

Part 4 THE DISEASES 233

26 Pathophysiology of respiratory failure 234

Paul P. Walker and Peter M. Calverley

Part 5 COPD 246

27 Non-invasive ventilation for exacerbation of COPD 247

Martin Dres, Alexandre Demoule and Laurent Brochard
28 NIV in chronic COPD 258
Enrico M. Clini, Nicolino Ambrosino, Ernesto Crisafulli and Guido Vagheggini
29 Non-invasive ventilation in COPD: The importance of comorbidities and phenotypes 266
Jean-Louis Pépin, Jean-Paul Janssens, Renaud Tamisier, Damien Viglino, Dan Adler and Jean-Christian Borel
30 High-intensity non-invasive positive pressure ventilation 272
Sarah Bettina Schwarz, Friederike Sophie Magnet and Wolfram Windisch

Part 6 HYPOXAEMIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE 278

31 Home oxygen therapy in chronic respiratory failure 279

Jadwiga A. Wedzicha and Mark W. Elliott
32 Acute oxygen therapy 287
Mark W. Elliott
33 High-flow oxygen therapy: Physiological effects and clinical evidence 295
Nuttapol Rittayamai, Arnaud W. Thille and Laurent Brochard
34 Equipment for oxygen therapy 307
Jane Slough
35 Non-invasive ventilation for hypoxaemic respiratory failure 315
Massimo Antonelli and Giuseppe Bello

Part 7 CARDIAC FAILURE 325

36 Acute heart failure syndrome 326

Ross S. Archibald and Alasdair J. Gray
37 Ventilation in chronic congestive cardiac failure 341
Matthew T. Naughton
 Contents vii

Part 8 NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE 353

38 Muscle disorders and ventilatory failure 354

David Hilton-Jones
39 Pathophysiology of respiratory failure in neuromuscular diseases 364
Franco Laghi, Hameeda Shaikh and Dejan Radovanovic
40 Slowly progressive neuromuscular diseases 375
Vikram A. Padmanabhan and Joshua O. Benditt
41 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 388
Stephen C. Bourke and John Steer
42 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 399
Anita K. Simonds
43 Central sleep apnoea 408
Shahrokh Javaheri and Mark W. Elliott
44 Mouthpiece ventilation for daytime ventilatory support 419
Miguel R. Gonçalves and Tiago Pinto

Part 9 CHEST WALL DEFORMITY 425

45 Scoliosis 426
William J. M. Kinnear

Part 10 OBESITY 440

46 Pathophysiology of respiratory failure in obesity 441

Francesco Fanfulla
47 Acute non-invasive ventilation in obesity-related respiratory failure 452
Patrick B. Murphy and Nicholas Hart
48 Non-invasive ventilation in acute and chronic respiratory failure due to obesity 457
Juan Fernando Masa, Isabel Utrabo and Francisco Javier Gómez de Terreros

Part 11 OTHER CONDITIONS 469

49 Bronchiectasis and adult cystic fibrosis 470

Sean Duffy, Frederic Jaffe and Gerard J. Criner
50 Non-invasive ventilation in highly infectious conditions: Lessons from severe acute respiratory syndrome 474
David S. C. Hui
51 NIV in cancer patients 481
Raffaele Scala, Uberto Maccari, Giuseppina Ciarleglio, Valentina Granese and Chiara Madioni
52 Non-invasive ventilation in the elderly 487
Erwan L’Her and Corinne Troadec-L’Her
53 Post-surgery non-invasive ventilation 496
Maria Laura Vega and Stefano Nava
54 Trauma 504
Umberto Lucangelo, Massimo Ferluga and Matteo Segat
55 Spinal cord injuries 509
Sven Hirschfeld

Part 12 PAEDIATRIC VENTILATORY FAILURE 518

56 Equipment and interfaces in children 519

Alessandro Amaddeo, Annick Frapin and Brigitte Fauroux
57 Chronic non-invasive ventilation for children 525
Alessandro Amaddeo, Annick Frapin and Brigitte Fauroux
viii Contents

58 Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in children with acute respiratory failure 533
Giorgio Conti, Marco Piastra and Silvia Pulitanò

Part 13 SPECIAL SITUATIONS 539

59 Bronchoscopy during non-invasive ventilation 540

Massimo Antonelli and Giuseppe Bello
60 Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in the obstetric population 544
Daniel Zapata, David Wisa and Bushra Mina
61 Diaphragm pacing (by phrenic nerve stimulation) 547
Jésus Gonzalez-Bermejo
62 Tracheostomy 554
Piero Ceriana, Paolo Pelosi and Maria Vargas
63 Swallowing and phonation during ventilation 564
Hélène Prigent and Nicolas Terzi

Part 14 PROLONGED WEANING 570

64 End-of-life care and non-invasive ventilation 571

Christina Faull
65 Pathophysiology of weaning failure 582
Theodoros I. Vassilakopoulos
66 Non-invasive ventilation for weaning and extubation failure 591
Scott K. Epstein
67 Weaning strategies and protocols 607
Michele Vitacca and Luca Barbano
68 Specialised weaning units 615
Aditi Satti, James Brown, Gerard J. Criner and Bernd Schönhofer
69 Psychological problems during weaning 623
Amal Jubran

Part 15 THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST AND ASSISTED VENTILATION 631

70 Respiratory physiotherapy (including cough assistance techniques and glossopharyngeal breathing) 632
Miguel R. Gonçalves and João Carlos Winck
71 Rehabilitation 645
Rik Gosselink, Bruno Clerckx, T. Troosters, J. Segers and D. Langer

Part 16 OUTCOME MEASURES 655

72 Health status and quality of life 656

Wolfram Windisch

Part 17 THE PATIENT EXPERIENCE OF NIV 665

73 Psychological issues for the mechanically ventilated patient 666

Linda L. Bieniek, Daniel F. Dilling and Bernd Schönhofer
74 The patient’s journey 690
Stefano Nava
75 A patient’s journey: NIV 691
Jeanette Erdmann and Andrea L. Klein
76 A carer’s journey 697
Gail Beacock and Patrick Beacock

Index 704
Contributors

Dan Adler Patrick Beacock

Division of Pulmonary Diseases Leeds, UK
Geneva University Hospital
Geneva, Switzerland Giuseppe Bello
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care
Alessandro Amaddeo Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli
Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Rome, Italy
and
Paris Descartes Faculty Joshua O. Benditt
Paris, France Respiratory Care Services
and University of Washington Medical Center
Research Unit Inserm U 955 Seattle, Washington
Créteil, France
Linda L. Bieniek
Nicolino Ambrosino International Ventilator Users Network
ICS Maugeri IRCCS and
Institute of Montescano Retired Certified Employee Assistance Professional
Pavia, Italy La Grange, Illinois
and
University of Surakarta Jean-Christian Borel
Surakarta, Indonesia HP2
Inserm U1042
Massimo Antonelli
and
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care
EFCR Laboratory
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli
Grenoble Alpes University Hospital
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Grenoble, France
Rome, Italy
and
Ross S. Archibald Association AGIR à dom
Department of Emergency Medicine Meylan, France
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, United Kingdom Stephen C. Bourke
Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
Luca Barbano North Tyneside General Hospital
Respiratory Unit and Weaning Centre North Shields, United Kingdom
Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri and
IRCCS Institute of Cellular Medicine
Lumezzane, Italy Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Gail Beacock
Leeds, UK

ix
x Contributors

Laurent Brochard Gerard J. Criner

Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
St Michael’s Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
and
Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine Ernesto Crisafulli
University of Toronto Department of Medicine and Surgery
Toronto, Canada University Hospital of Parma
University of Parma
James Brown Parma, Italy
Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery
Temple University Hospital Antoine Cuvelier
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Intensive
Care Department
Peter M. Calverley Rouen University Hospital
Department of Respiratory Medicine and
University Hospital Aintree Normandie University UNIROUEN
Liverpool, United Kingdom and
Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB)
Piero Ceriana Rouen, France
Pneumologia Riabilitativa e Terapia Subintensiva
Respiratoria Alexandre Demoule
IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri Sorbonne Université and INSERM
Pavia, Italy UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale
Davide Chiumello et Clinique
U O Anestesia e Rianimazione and
Dipartimento di Anestesia Intensive Care Unit and Respiratory Division
Rianimazione (Intensiva e Subintensiva) e Terapia del La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital
Dolore Paris, France
Milan, Italy
Daniel F. Dilling
Giuseppina Ciarleglio Loyola University Chicago Stritch
Pulmonology and Respiratory Intensive Care Unit School of Medicine
S. Donato Hospital Maywood, Illinois
Arezzo, Italy
Martin Dres
Bruno Clerckx Sorbonne Université and INSERM
Department Rehabilitation Sciences KU Leuven UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale
and et Clinique
Division of Critical Care Medicine and
Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences Intensive Care Unit and Respiratory Division
University Hospitals Leuven La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital
Leuven, Belgium Paris, France

Enrico M. Clini Sean Duffy

Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery
University Hospital of Modena Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Modena, Italy
Mark W. Elliott
Giorgio Conti Department of Respiratory Medicine
Intensive Care and Anesthesia Department St James’s University Hospital
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Leeds, United Kingdom
Catholic University of Rome, Policlinico A Gemelli
Rome, Italy
 Contributors xi

Scott K. Epstein Miguel Ferrer

Tufts University School of Medicine Servei de Pneumologia
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Institut Clinic de Respiratori
Tufts Medical Center Hospital Clinic
Boston, Massachusetts IDIBAPS
Universitat de Barcelona
Jeanette Erdmann Barcelona, Spain
Lübeck, Germany and
Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red–Enfermedades
Joan Escarrabill Respiratorias
Master Plan for Respiratory Diseases PDMAR (Health Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Ministry) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Institut d’Estudis de la Salut Madrid, Spain
Barcelona, Spain
Annick Frapin
Antonio M. Esquinas Rodriguez
Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit
Intensive Care Unit
Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades
Hospital Morales Meseguer
Paris, France
Murcia, Spain

Francesco Fanfulla Dimitris Georgopoulos

Sleep Medicine Unit Department of Intensive Care Medicine
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri University Hospital of Heraklion
Istituto Scientifico di Pavia IRCCS Crete, Greece
Pavia, Italy
Peter Goldberg
Ramon Farré Department of Critical Care Medicine
Biophysics and Bioengineering Unit McGill University Health Center
School of Medicine Montreal, Canada
University of Barcelona
IDIBAPS Francisco Javier Gómez de Terreros
Barcelona, Spain Pneumology Service
San Pedro de Alcántara Hospital
Christina Faull Cáceres, Spain
Department of Palliative Care
LOROS Hospice and University Hospitals of Leicester Miguel R. Gonçalves
Leicester, United Kingdom Noninvasive Ventilatory Support Unit
Pulmonology Department
Brigitte Fauroux
Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine Department
Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit
São João University Hospital
Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades
and
and
Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S)
Paris Descartes Faculty
Faculty of Medicine
Paris, France
University of Porto
and
Porto, Portugal
Research Unit Inserm U 955
Créteil, France
Jésus Gonzalez-Bermejo
Massimo Ferluga Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris
Department of Perioperative Medicine Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix
Intensive Care and Emergency Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale
Cattinara Hospital Département “R3S”
Trieste University School of Medicine and
Trieste, Italy UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale
et Clinique
Sorbonne Université
Paris, France
xii Contributors

Rik Gosselink Dean R. Hess

Department Rehabilitation Sciences KU Leuven Massachusetts General Hospital
and and
Division of Respiratory Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School
and Boston, Massachusetts
Division of Critical Care Medicine
Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences Nicholas S. Hill
University Hospitals Leuven Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
Leuven, Belgium Tufts Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts
Valentina Granese
Pulmonology and Respiratory Intensive Care Unit David Hilton-Jones
S. Donato Hospital Oxford Neuromuscular Centre
Arezzo, Italy Department of Clinical Neurology
John Radcliffe Hospital
Alasdair J. Gray Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Emergency Medicine
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Sven Hirschfeld
Edinburgh, United Kingdom BG Trauma Hospital Hamburg
Level 1 Trauma Centre
Cesare Gregoretti Spinal Cord Injury Department
Department of Biopathology and Medical Hamburg, Germany
Biotechnologies (DIBIMED)
Section of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and David S. C. Hui
Emergency Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
University Hospital Paolo Giaccone Chinese University of Hong Kong and Prince of Wales
University of Palermo Hospital
Palermo, Italy Shatin, Hong Kong

Alanna Hare Najia Indress

Department of Ventilation and Sleep Department of Internal Medicine
Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust St Elizabeth’s Hospital
London, United Kingdom Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Nicholas Hart
Frederic Jaffe
Division of Pulmonary, Adult Critical Care and Sleep
Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery
Lane Fox Respiratory Service
Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
St Thomas’ Hospital London
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
and
Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Science Jean-Paul Janssens
School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences Division of Pulmonary Diseases
King’s College London Geneva University Hospital
London, United Kingdom Geneva, Switzerland

Tom Hartley Shahrokh Javaheri

Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust Bethesda North Hospital
North Tyneside General Hospital and
North Shields, United Kingdom Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep
and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Institute of Cellular Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio
Newcastle University and
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Division of Cardiology
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
 Contributors xiii

Amal Jubran Peter Lindenauer

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science
Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital and
Hines, Illinois Department of Internal Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School–Baystate
William J. M. Kinnear Springfield, Massachusetts
Home Ventilation Service
Nottingham NHS Treatment Centre Queens Medical Federico Longhini
Centre Anesthesia and Intensive Care
Nottingham, United Kingdom Sant’Andrea Hospital
Vercelli, Italy
Andrea L. Klein
Cleveland, Tennessee Umberto Lucangelo
Department of Perioperative Medicine
Eumorfia Kondili
Intensive Care and Emergency
Department of Intensive Care Medicine
Cattinara Hospital
University Hospital of Heraklion
Trieste University School of Medicine
Crete, Greece
Trieste, Italy
Franco Laghi
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Uberto Maccari
Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine Pulmonology and Respiratory Intensive Care Unit
and S. Donato Hospital
Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital Arezzo, Italy
Hines, Illinois
Chiara Madioni
D. Langer Pulmonology and Respiratory Intensive Care Unit
Department Rehabilitation Sciences KU Leuven S. Donato Hospital
and Arezzo, Italy
Division of Respiratory Rehabilitation
Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences Friederike Sophie Magnet
University Hospitals Leuven Department of Pneumology
Leuven, Belgium Cologne Merheim Hospital
Kliniken der Stadt Köln
Martin Latham and
Sleep Service Faculty of Health
St James’s University Hospital School of Medicine
Leeds, United Kingdom gGmbH Witten/Herdecke University
Köln, Germany
Annie Lecavalier
Department of Critical Care Medicine Barry Make
McGill University Health Center COPD Program
Montreal, Canada National Jewish Health
and
Erwan L’Her University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine
Réanimation Médicale National Jewish Medical and Research Center
CHU de Brest Denver, Colorado
and
LATIM INSERM UMR 1101
Université de Bretagne Occidentale
Brest, France

Daniel A. Lichtenstein
Intensive Care Unit
Hospital Ambroise-Pare
Paris-West University
Boulogne, France
xiv Contributors

Juan Fernando Masa Paolo Navalesi

Respiratory Research Group Intensive Care Unit
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de University Hospital Mater Domini
Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
Ministry of Science and Innovation Magna Graecia University
Madrid, Spain Catanzaro, Italy
and
Intermediate Respiratory Care Unit Ole Norregaard
Pulmonary Division Danish Respiratory Center West
San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital Aarhus University Hospital
Cáceres, Spain Aarhus, Denmark

Antonio Messina Vikram A. Padmanabhan

Anesthesia and Intensive Care Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
Maggiore Della Carità Hospital University of Washington School of Medicine
Novara, Italy Seattle, Washington

Bushra Mina Maxime Patout

Pulmonary Critical Care Fellowship Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Intensive
Lenox Hill Hospital Care Department
Northwell Health Rouen University Hospital
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra and
New York, New York Normandie University UNIROUEN
and
Jean-François Muir Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB)
Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Intensive Rouen, France
Care Department
Rouen University Hospital Paolo Pelosi
and Dipartimento Ambiente
Normandie University UNIROUEN Salute e Sicurezza
and Universita’ Degli Studi Dell’insubria
Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) Varese, Italy
Rouen, France
Jean-Louis Pépin
Patrick B. Murphy HP2
Lane Fox Respiratory Service INSERM U1042
St Thomas’ Hospital and
and EFCR Laboratory
School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences Thorax and Vessels Division
King’s College Grenoble Alpes University Hospital
London, United Kingdom and
CHU Grenoble
Matthew T. Naughton Grenoble, France
Department of Respiratory Medicine
Alfred Hospital and Monash University Marco Piastra
Melbourne, Australia Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Policlinico A Gemelli
Stefano Nava Catholic University of Rome
Respiratory Intensive Care Unit Rome, Italy
Fondazione S Maugeri
IRCCS Tiago Pinto
Pavia, Italy Noninvasive Ventilatory Support Unit
Pulmonology Department
São João University Hospital
Porto, Portugal
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