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Jerusalem as the Text of Culture
 PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURAL STUDIES
REVISITED/HISTORISCH-GENETISCHE STUDIEN
ZUR PHILOSOPHIE UND KULTURGESCHICHTE
Edited by/herausgegeben von
Seweryn Blandzi

Advisory Board/Wissenschaftlicher Beirat

Manfred Frank (University of Tübingen)
Kamila Najdek (University of Warsaw)
Marek Otisk (University of Ostrava, Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague)
Wojciech Starzyński (Polish Academy of Sciences)

VOL. 1
 Dorota Muszytowska / Janusz Kręcidło /
Anna Szczepan-Wojnarska (eds.)

Jerusalem as the Text of Culture

Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at
http://dnb.d-nb.de.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Muszytowska, Dorota, 1972- editor. | Krecidlo, Janusz, 1966- editor.|
Szczepan-Wojnarska, Anna M. (Anna Marta), 1972- editor.
Title: Jerusalem as the text of culture / Dorota Muszytowska,
Janusz Krecidlo, Anna Szczepan-Wojnarska (eds.).
Description: New York ; Berlin : Peter Lang, [2018] | Series: Philosophy and
cultural studies revisited / Historisch genetische Studien zur Philosophie
und Kulturgeschichte ; Vol. 1 | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018030969 | ISBN 9783631756843
Subjects: LCSH: Jerusalem—History. | Jerusalem—Religion. | Jerusalem—In the Bible. |
Pilgrims and pilgrimages—Jerusalem.
Classification: LCC DS109.9 .J4555 2018 | DDC 203/.509569442—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018030969

The publication is co-financed by the Faculty of Humanities of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński
University with funds obtained from the subsidy of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

Cover Design: © Olaf Gloeckler, Atelier Platen, Friedberg

ISSN 2510-5353

E-ISBN 978-3-631-76218-9 (E-PDF)

E-ISBN 978-3-631-76219-6 (EPUB)
E-ISBN 978-3-631-76220-2 (MOBI)
DOI 10.3726/b14421

© Peter Lang GmbH

Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften
Berlin 2018
All rights reserved.

Peter Lang – Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙

Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien

All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the
strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden
and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations,
microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems.

This publication has been peer reviewed.

www.peterlang.com
 In Place of a Foreword

Jerusalem as a theme of the present collection of essays evokes multidimensional

reflections and enters the ongoing discourse concerning this particular city and
forms of its appearance in culture. Therefore, this book does not pretend to be a
comprehensive study guide to Jerusalem but brings together different approaches
that meet on the ground of culture understood as a text and highlights the pre-
vailing ways of thinking. Jerusalem taken as a text itself to be read and under-
stood, as a metaphor and as a point of reference serves as material to academic
investigation and, at the same time, presents itself as a motif, key word, part of
the created world within literary texts while remaining the real city. With its
entangled biography, the historical and contemporary city is constantly urged to
express itself in front of accumulative pilgrims’ and tourists’ narrations inscribed
in different religious traditions, and their mutual tensions determined by the
national traditions, preferences, and aesthetics, as well as by political relations.
The specificity of this process is determined by multitude of texts to be con-
fronted but not known to the real inhabitants of Jerusalem, nor comprising their
experience of the city, however, referring to it and – from the authors perspec-
tive – being even a part of their experience. To write on Jerusalem means, there-
fore, to write a palimpsest purposely, to incrust the text with the words of the
Bible, of great national poems of different countries, as well as of popular guide
books, common metaphors, and images – in order to mark paths to be opened,
to suggest multiple ways of reading, to mirror the city in mirroring mirrors
without the one dominant narration.
This book is divided into four parts that focus on Jerusalem in biblical tradi-
tion, Jewish tradition, pilgrimage accounts, and in cultural perspective. These
four directions reflect the four questions that can be posed in relation to the
Holy City. The first one concerns the meaning of Jerusalem in the Bible under-
stood as the shared text for Jews and Christians. Beginning with the consider-
ation of Jerusalem as a City of the Book, discussed by Waldemar Chrostowski,
this part leads to a close analysis of the significance of Jerusalem in the specific
biblical books, such as the Book of Baruch, illustrated by Michał Wojciechowski,
or the Book of Tobit, taken up by Waldemar Linke. The City of the Book is also
discussed in the paper devoted to references to Jerusalem and its Temple in the
New Testament as displayed by Janusz Kręcidło. The last text in Part 1, presented
by Dorota Hartman, concerns the fall of Jerusalem and its significance in the
Gospel of Luke.
6 In Place of a Foreword

The second question addressed attempts to respond to what extent the under-
standing of Jerusalem is identified with Jewish tradition. The first article in this
part, penned by James Aitken, encompasses the problem of envisaging Jerusalem
in early Jewish sources. The following text by Anna Kuśmirek presents Jerusalem
in the light of targumic tradition. The Holy City as the fulfilment of Israeli hopes
is discussed by Maria Miduch in her essay analyzing the Fourth Book of Ezra
and the Second Book of Baruch. Part 2 ends with a detailed analysis of references
to Jerusalem in the writings of Philo of Alexandria and in the Dead Sea Scrolls
presented by Dorota Muszytowska.
The third question examines the pilgrims’ accounts derived from different
backgrounds and inherited narrations, however united by the place of destina-
tion. Therefore, Part 3 illustrates a variety of accounts, beginning with an exam-
ination of the motif of Jerusalem in the texts of pilgrims and crusaders of the
13th century by Anna Maleszka. The motif of Jerusalem is analyzed also on the
basis of Bulgarian travelogues depicted by Margreta Grigorova, and in the Polish
pilgrimage discourse from the second half of the 19th century, presented by
Wiesława Tomaszewska, as well as in the context of Italian literary accounts by
Dorota Karwacka-Pastor.
The fourth question refers to cultural aspects that transcend purely reli-
gious life. Therefore, Part 4 consists of five essays. The first one, written by Anna
Szczepan-Wojnarska, reflects on the mutual effect of memory on Jerusalem and
of Jerusalem on memory determined phenomena. The two subsequent essays,
by John J. Pilch and Monika Zytke, open new perspective to read Jerusalem as
music, to perceive its sounds and include them into academic reflection. Stefan
M. Attard’s paper examines the founding and propelling force of the order of
the Knights Hospitaller, while the Sakowicz’s essay explains the meaning of
Jerusalem in Islam.
Jerusalem – a treasure and a jewel at once, a city with an effect of ontoma-
nia, axis mundi, a registration address for tax payments and the last judgement,
an object of longing and disappointment, a promised ideal city materialized in
architectural style of every epoch, still awaited, still remembered, expected to
open the gates to heaven.
The Editors
 Contents
List of Contributors ................................................................................................ 11

Part 1: Jerusalem in Biblical Tradition

Waldemar Chrostowski
Jerusalem: The City of the Book ........................................................................... 15

Michał Wojciechowski
Jerusalem in the Book of Baruch ......................................................................... 23

Waldemar Linke
Jerusalem in the Book of Tobit ............................................................................. 33

Janusz Kręcidło
New Testament Perspective on Jerusalem and Its Temple ................................ 51

Dorota Hartman
“A Fulfillment of All That Is Written” (Lk 21:22): The Fall of Jerusalem
in the Gospel of Luke ............................................................................................. 65

Part 2: Jerusalem in Jewish Non-Biblical Tradition

James K. Aitken
The City without Streets: Envisaging Jerusalem in Biblical and Early
Jewish Sources ........................................................................................................ 97

Anna Kuśmirek
The Role of Jerusalem in Targumic Tradition .................................................... 115

Maria Miduch
Jerusalem Rebuilt: The Fulfillment of Israeli Hopes. The Apocalyptic
Image of New Jerusalem in the Fourth Book of Ezra and the Second
Book of Baruch ....................................................................................................... 131
8 Contents

Dorota Muszytowska
Jerusalem in the Writings of Philo of Alexandria and in the Dead Sea
Scrolls ....................................................................................................................... 141

Part 3: Jerusalem as the Place of Pilgrimage – Literary Reception

Anna Maleszka
Is Jerusalem Fallen and Lost? The Motif of Jerusalem in the Texts of
Pilgrims and Crusaders of the 12th and 13th Centuries ................................... 161

Margreta Grigorova
Mihail Madjarov’s Pilgrim Travelogues in the Context of the Bulgarian
Hadzhiystvo ............................................................................................................. 177

Wiesława Tomaszewska
The Holy Sepulcher and the Wailing Wall: Instances of Reception in
the Polish Pilgrimage Discourse from the Second Half of the 19th
Century. An Outline of the Problem ................................................................... 193

Dorota Karwacka-Pastor
Jerusalem of the Late 19th Century and Its Cultural, Ethnic, and
Religious Diversity: An Attempt to Capture “the Soul of That Blessed
Land Where Christ Dwelt and His Voice Was Heard” in Nel paese di
Gesù. Ricordi di un viaggio in Palestina by Matilde Serao ................................. 207

Part 4: Cultural Reception of Jerusalem

Anna Szczepan-Wojnarska
Jerusalem: Memory of the Place and the Place of Memory .............................. 223

John J. Pilch
Jerusalem Set to Music .......................................................................................... 235

Monika Zytke
Jerusalem: The City of Music ................................................................................ 251
 Contents 9

Stefan M. Attard
Jerusalem: Founding and Propelling Force of the Order of the Knights
Hospitaller ............................................................................................................... 257

Eugeniusz Sakowicz
Jerusalem in Islam .................................................................................................. 281

Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 287

List of Figures .......................................................................................................... 321

 List of Contributors

Prof. James K. Aitken Anna Maleszka, MA

University of Cambridge Nicolaus Copernicus University
in Toruń
Rev. Prof. Stefan M. Attard
University of Malta Dr. Maria Miduch
WSDTS in Kraków
Rev. Prof. Waldemar Chrostowski
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Prof. Dorota Muszytowska
Faculty of Theology Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University,
Faculty of Humanities
Prof. Margreta Grigorova
St. Ciril and St. Methodius University Prof. Wiesława Tomaszewska
of Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University,
Faculty of Humanities
Dr. Dorota Hartman
Università degli Studi di Napoli Prof. Michał Wojciechowski
L’Orientale University of Warmia and Masuria,
Department of Literary, Linguistics Faculty of Theology
and Comparative Studies
Dr. John Pilch (†)
Dr. Dorota Karwacka-Pastor Johns Hopkins University
University of Gdansk, Institute of
Prof. Anna Szczepan-Wojnarska
Romance Philology, Department of
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University,
Romance Literature
Faculty of Humanities
Rev. Prof. Janusz Kręcidło
Prof. Eugeniusz Sakowicz
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University,
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University,
Faculty of Theology
Faculty of Theology
Prof. Anna Kuśmirek
Prof. Monika Zytke
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University,
Pomeranian University in Słupsk
Faculty of Theology
Rev. Prof. Waldemar Linke
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University,
Faculty of Theology
Part 1: Jerusalem in Biblical Tradition
 Waldemar Chrostowski

Jerusalem: The City of the Book

Abstract: The paper analyzes the essential role of Jerusalem in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and
Greek Bible for the formation of the religious and ethnic identity of Israel.
Keywords: Jerusalem, New Sinai, Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible, Aramaic Bible

People and events forming a chain and led by the patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac,
and Jacob/Israel, along with their wives referred to as matriarchs, constitute the
very root of the Bible. All these characters have grown into legend, so have the
other heroes of faith of the biblical Israel. The legend has had its kernel, a vehicle,
which is remembrance, passed down from generation to generation at a variety
of holy places and under various circumstances. It is mainly in the environments
of local sanctuaries, but not only there, that traditions took their shape becoming
established memories of persons and events testifying an extraordinary impact
of God. These traditions were commonly accepted as “holy,” which means they
were dissimilar from all other elements of collective memory and thus constitu-
tive for the religious and ethnic identity of Israel. Collected and organized with
utmost care, the traditions were long passed on by oral communication.

1 Jerusalem: A new Sinai

Increasingly essential for the consolidation of the sacred traditions integrating
the Israelites was Jerusalem, the manifest from about 1000 BC when David con-
quered the chief stronghold of the Canaanite tribe of the Jebusites and made it the
capital city of his kingdom. This process became even more intensive since the
reign of King Solomon (970–930) and the construction of the Temple – which,
along with the royal court, became the main place of transmission, recording for
the most important elements of the collective memory.
Following the collapse of the United Monarchy after King Solomon’s death,
there emerged two new centers of the religious cult: Bethel and Dan that posed
a serious challenge to the role Jerusalem had played before. Recognized as schis-
matic, the two cities also became the places of gathering and consolidating the
sacred traditions regarding significant people and events in the northern part of
the Divided Monarchy. Since the second half of the 9th century BC, the new cap-
ital of the Kingdom of Israel, Samaria, became essential as well.
16 Waldemar Chrostowski

One century later, namely, in the second half of the 8th century BC, the situa-
tion dramatically changed. Following Assyrian invasions and several deportation
waves that hit the Kingdom of Israel, its territory was severely depopulated. Some
50,000 Israelites were deported to Mesopotamia and in spite of all difficulties they
did keep alive the memory of their past, including the teachings of the prophets
Elijah and Elisha as well as Hosea and Amos. Their descendants passed from the
exile to diaspora, thereby gaining a certain degree of security, which stimulated
the process of recording the crucial elements of the sacred traditions brought from
their motherland. However, a considerable number of the inhabitants of Samaria
and the Kingdom of Israel, whose number is estimated at about 20,000, in order to
escape Assyrian invasions and deportations fled to Jerusalem and the Kingdom of
Judah. They too wanted to preserve and save their identity and memory.
From the end of the 8th century BC, when Samaria and the Kingdom of Israel
ceased to exist, Jerusalem itself became the place of consolidation of the religious
life. The sacred traditions born at a variety of times and places were collected and
reinterpreted. Many of them involved the same people and events who were dif-
ferently remembered and approached from different perspectives. Consequently,
the new circumstances required adapting, adjusting, and updating the very dif-
ferent traditions contained in the capacious repository of the sacred Tradition of
Israel. This was achieved not by eliminating or negotiating the existing accounts
but by means of collecting and recording them next to each other. The earliest
stage of the process was reflected in the Torah, known as the Torah of Moses. It
preserves the divergent trends, currents, and aspects of the sacred Tradition that
existed before their written records were done.
Jerusalem is the place where the core of the Torah, namely, the Book of
Deuteronomy, was composed and preserved. Then, most probably during the
reign of “ungodly” King Manasseh (697–642), it faded into oblivion, but was
found in 622 BC in the course of some repair work undertaken during the reign
of King Josiah (640–609). The recovery of the scroll marked the start of a new
stage in the history of Israel:
At the king’s summons, all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem assembled before him. The
king went up to the House of the LORD, together with all the men of Judah and all the
inhabitants of Jerusalem, and the priests and prophets – all the people, young and old.
And he read to them the entire text of the covenant scroll which had been found in the
House of the LORD. The king stood by the pillar [or: on the platform] and solemnized
the covenant before the LORD: that they would follow the LORD and observe His com-
mandments, His injunctions, and His laws with all their heart and soul; that they would
fulfill all the terms of this covenant as inscribed upon the scroll. And all the people
entered into the covenant. (2 Kgs 23:1–3)
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