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View from the Murney Tower Salem Bland the Late
Victorian Controversies and the Search for a New
Christianity Volume 1 1st Edition Richard Allen Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Richard Allen
ISBN(s): 9781442689589, 1442689587
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.76 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
TH E VIE W F ROM M U R NE Y TO W ER
This page intentionally left blank
RICHARD ALLEN

The View from Murney

Tower
Salem Bland, the Late Victorian
Controversies, and the Search for a
New Christianity

Book One
Salem Bland: A Canadian Odyssey

U N I V E R S I T Y O F T O R O N TO P R E S S
Toronto Buffalo London
© University of Toronto Press Incorporated 2008
Toronto Buffalo London
www.utppublishing.com
Printed in Canada

ISBN 978-0-8020-9748-4

Printed on acid-free paper

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Allen, Richard, 1929–

The view from Murney Tower : Salem Bland, the late Victorian
controversies, and the search for a new Christianity / Richard Allen.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Contents: bk. 1. Salem Bland, a Canadian odyssey
ISBN 978-0-8020-9748-4 (bk. 1)

1. Bland, Salem Goldworth, 1859–1950. 2. Social gospel. 3. Church and

social problems. 4. Canada – Church history – 19th century. 5. United
Church of Canada – Clergy – Biography. I. Title.

BX9883.B49A45 2008 287.9′2092 C2008-900028-5

University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its

publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts
Council.

University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support for its

publishing activities of the Government of Canada through the Book
Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP).

This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian
Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to
Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided by the Social
Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
For Nettie
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

Acknowledgments ix
Abbreviations xiii
Prologue xv

Epiphany 3
1 Newness of Life 7
2 Family Pilgrimage 25
3 Heresy! 57
4 The World, the Flesh, and the Young Preacher 68
5 The View from Murney Tower 90
6 Protestant Passions and the Politics of Prophecy 115
7 Signs of the Times 135
8 The Religiousness of Reason 160
9 How the Walls Fall Away! 202
10 The Consciences of Many Are Still Asleep 248
11 A Large and Animating Hope 272
12 Nation and Empire 298
13 Capital Prospects 323
14 The Word Made Flesh 354
Epilogue: Afloat on Such a Sea 384
viii Contents

Notes 399
Bibliography 467
Note on Archival Sources 467
Primary Sources 469
Secondary Sources 480
Illustration Credits 503
Index 505
Acknowledgments

In the course of the long gestation of this work, I have been indebted to
numerous people and institutions. Professor Roger Graham, now
deceased, suggested the subject for a master’s thesis at the University
of Saskatchewan, after the then Head of the Department of History,
Hilda Neatby, dismissed my first suggestion, ‘The Idea of History in the
Social Gospel,’ with the curt remark, ‘I wasn’t aware they knew any his-
tory!’ Successive archivists at the United Church Archives – Arthur
Reynolds, Glenn Lucas, and Sharon Larade – together with their staffs
and those at branch offices in Montreal, Ottawa, and Winnipeg, were
of inestimable value in supplying primary materials, as were various
staff members of the public archives of Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and
Ontario, the Queen’s University Archives, McGill University Archives,
and the Library and Archives Canada. Access to records still in the pos-
session of several churches served by Salem’s father and himself, prin-
cipally Wesley Chapel in Lachute, Quebec, Chalmers-Wesley in Quebec
City, and St. Paul’s–Eastern in Ottawa, was willingly provided by later
incumbents. Family members, including Salem’s widow, Emma, and
nieces Dorothy and Gwendolen, were generous in sharing recollections
and a small collection of relevant items still in their possession. Corre-
spondence with a few of Salem’s surviving Wesley College students
and interviews with those with whom he was involved in the interwar
movements of the 1920s and 1930s, while more relevant to his later
career, were indispensable in conveying a sense of his engaging person-
ality, his teaching and preaching style, and the renewing and challeng-
ing force of his intellect.
Several people have contributed greatly to the merits of the manu-
script by reading it in part or in its entirety and offering numerous help-
x Acknowledgments

ful comments and suggestions. Marguerite Van Die at Queen’s Univer-

sity at Kingston has provided constant encouragement and generously
lent her expertise in nineteenth-century Canadian Methodist family and
intellectual culture. Ian McKay, also of Queen’s, provided a thorough
critique, allowed me the pleasure and profit of reading the manuscript
of his work in progress on the early history of Canadian socialism, and
pressed me to re-examine the relative roles of Darwin and Spencer and
the circumstances of Cornwall in the emergence of Salem’s social
thought. Roger Hutchinson of Victoria University and Emmanuel Col-
lege, and Robert Bater, past principal of Queen’s Theological College,
reviewed it from the perspective of their respective fields of Christian
Social Ethics and New Testament scholarship and offered helpful
suggestions.
Richard Rempel and Charles M. Johnston, both colleagues at McMas-
ter University, gave me the benefit of their expertise in late Victorian
British History and British imperialism, while the latter, together with
James G. Greenlee of Memorial University, enriched my knowledge of
the interplay of missionaries and imperial regimes. Greenlee’s reading
of the entire manuscript yielded as well numerous helpful observations
throughout the text. And I am much indebted to Carl Berger, not just
for his precise critique of the text and suggestions for improvement, but
for his seminal works on the intellectual culture of the period. Phyllis
Airhart, out of her deep knowledge of the Canadian Methodist transi-
tion from the old to the new progressive social evangelism, read and
offered helpful comments on the concluding chapter. Andrew Brink,
who, with his wife Helen, lived during their student days with Salem’s
widow in Toronto, brought his impeccable McMaster English Depart-
ment credentials as a stylist to bear, offering encouragement and stern
advice in equal proportions.
To the anonymous readers of the University of Toronto Press, to
James Thomas, who copy-edited the manuscript, and to Richard Rat-
zlaff, assistant managing editor of the press, I express my heartfelt
thanks for rigorous reviews and helpful recommendations that have
added many merits to the manuscript. Len Husband, as Canadian His-
tory and Philosophy editor, has made the sometimes arduous publica-
tion process a warm and rewarding experience.
The research for the book was facilitated by leave fellowships pro-
vided by the Canada Council and the Social Sciences and Humanities
Research Council, and I am grateful, as well, for a grant in aid of publi-
cation from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sci-
 Acknowledgments xi

ences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using

funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Coun-
cil of Canada. The various versions of an evolving text were carefully
word-processed by Greg Terluk and Sarah Fick, whose skill and
patience with an author’s idiosyncrasies deserve my deepest respect
and thanks.
Clearly any merits the manuscript may have claimed have been
much enhanced by many minds; however, the errors or omissions, of
fact or interpretation, and other miscellaneous perversities in the text
must be laid at the door of the author.
Finally, no words of mine can adequately convey my profound
appreciation for the support and encouragement of my wife, Nettie,
who has ‘lived’ with Salem Bland almost as long as I have, typed the
first drafts of the manuscript, and has borne patiently, not to say hero-
ically, the obsessions and inevitable challenges that come with being
wedded to a scholar and author who dabbles in religion and politics. It
is to her that I dedicate this book with undying gratitude and, as
always, my love.

Richard Allen
Dundas, Ontario
2007
This page intentionally left blank
Abbreviations

CHR Canadian Historical Review

CMM Canadian Methodist Magazine
HFB Henry Flesher Bland Papers
LAC Library and Archives Canada
MM Methodist Magazine
MMR Methodist Magazine and Review
SGB Salem Goldworth Bland Papers
UCA United Church Archives
YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association
WCTU Women’s Christian Temperance Union
This page intentionally left blank
Prologue

Salem Bland was a pioneer of progressive religion in Canada. Like

many another who has entertained new conceptions and given them
public voice, he was lionized by some and attacked by others as a dan-
gerous person. He began his probation for the Methodist ministry in
1881, facing a charge of heresy in Kingston for his views on the nature
of childhood; as a young minister he incurred the wrath of his more
conservative Montreal Conference brethren by promoting the new his-
torical criticism of the Bible; in industrial Cornwall he forthrightly
blamed the labour unrest of the 1890s on an un-Christian way of doing
business; he enraged leading Winnipeg clergy and lay people when he
scored the hypocrisy of wealthy congregations on social justice ques-
tions; and he ended a professorial career amid an academic freedom
cause célèbre that reverberated across western Canada. When in 1920, in
Toronto, he published his small book, The New Christianity, sketching
his vision of the religious and social revolution overtaking the modern
world, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police worked covertly to under-
mine its public reception; and when the articles he wrote as a journalist
for the Toronto Star in the 1930s cut too close to the bone, powerful
voices tried in vain to remove him from its pages.
He was born into an age of profound controversy in 1859, the year
Charles Darwin published his revolutionary The Origin of Species, and a
year before the publication of the equally unsettling Essays and Reviews,
both of which challenged long and deeply held beliefs based on tradi-
tional biblical religion. The evangelical Christianity of mid-nineteenth-
century Methodism had been mother’s milk for Salem, but an enquir-
xvi Prologue

ing mind and a characteristic intellectual integrity drove him to explore

the new currents of thought that would change forever the ways
human beings would think of themselves. In his lexicon, the new
thought of the age – of any age – had to be taken seriously and would
inevitably challenge reigning conceptions of mankind and nature and,
not least of all, their general basis in the world of religious belief. With
an earnestness characteristic of the age, Salem Bland threw himself into
the late Victorian controversies and became a controversial figure him-
self, in his search for a new theology and a new social consciousness
more relevant to changing times and his deepening understanding of
the human condition. In the course of a long career, stretching from the
1880s to the 1940s, he made a notable impact not just on the religion of
his upbringing but on the self-understanding of Canadians, the struc-
ture of their society, and the nature of their politics.
For Canadians in the period covered by this volume, which spans the
first half of Bland’s life and the first third of his career up to 1903, it was
a time of railway expansion and increasing social mobility. New tech-
nologies were submerging long-established skills and a system of fac-
tory labour was spreading across the land, changing patterns of work
and creating a new class system of control and subservience. Some
were profiting enormously; others were losing treasured skills and live-
lihood. Urban growth was challenging rural and small-town domi-
nance; new elites were contesting old. Militant forms of Christianity,
both Catholic and Protestant, were in an expansive mode, confident in
their ability to cope with changing times, to inspire the upwardly
mobile, and bring comfort to those desperately wondering if their
anchors would hold in the storms of life. And there was an expanding
exchange, both in literary and journalistic media and in travel, between
the ‘new’ world and the ‘old,’ an exchange in which Salem Bland gen-
erously indulged, which bred a heady sense of exuberance in quarters
such as his, but also strong currents of anxiety over the challenge to tra-
ditional belief and morality posed by new thought arriving from older
centres of culture. Controversy was not a welcome guest in the pulpit
or the parlour, yet the times cried out for discussion and debate. Such
was the context of Salem Bland’s first decades of ministry. However, if
Salem’s readiness to give voice to the new thought of the age, to ques-
tion reigning assumptions in religion and society and to challenge the
gods of politics and economics provoked anxiety and sometimes anger
among the hidebound and the established, it also brought encourage-
ment to the more adventurous spirits of the time. He was gifted with
 Prologue xvii

unusual eloquence, was lionized by students and youth movements,

and much sought after for his pulpit and platform skills. Nevertheless,
he believed that it was only by weighing anchor and sailing into the
storm that the deepest truth about life would be found, a conviction
that inevitably led to a stormy passage in an era of profound change in
Canadian society.
As someone of note, Salem Bland is not at all an unknown quantity in
Canadian historical writing. He has been presented in various guises in
numerous works of the last generation: as a prime example of the pro-
gressive Methodism that emerged from the split in the evangelical tra-
dition in the 1890s, in Phyllis Airhart’s ‘Serving the Present Age’; as a
student and prominent convert of John Watson’s idealism, in Brian
McKillop’s A Disciplined Intelligence; as an unfortunate influence in
Canadian secularization, in Ramsay Cook’s The Regenerators; as a differ-
ent, more adventurous voice among leading ‘clergymen-professors,’ in
Michael Gauvreau’s Evangelical Century; as a major force in the emer-
gence of a Canadian social gospel, in my own Social Passion; as a forma-
tive influence in the life of prairie radicals, in Anthony Mardiros’ Life of
William Irvine; as a friend of labour, in David Bercuson’s Confrontation in
Winnipeg; as a proponent of harnessing the First World War to the char-
iots of social reform, in John Thompson’s Harvests of War; as a notable
figure in the emergence of social democratic politics in Canada, in Ken-
neth McNaught’s A Prophet in Politics and in Michiel Horn’s The League
for Social Reconstruction; as a supporter of the League Against War and
Fascism, in Walter Young’s Anatomy of a Party; as honorary chair of the
Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, in Roderick Stewart’s Bethune;
as a notable case in the battle for academic freedom in Canada, in
Michiel Horn’s book of that title (Academic Freedom in Canada). And
most recently, as ‘a towering intellectual of the First Wave of Canadian
socialism’ in Ian McKay’s forthcoming revisionist work, provisionally
entitled Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists and the Peoples’ Enlightenment in
Canada, 1890–1920. In all of these works, however, the recognition of
Bland’s merits is incidental to other themes, leaving the impression of a
significant, engaging, but elusive figure. It is surely time for a full
accounting of the man, the influences that moulded his mind and his
message, and the significance of his long and active life.1
His principal monument, the magnificent Lawren Harris portrait in
the Art Gallery of Ontario, portrays a towering individual, a formida-
bly ascetic visionary, far-seeing beyond the horizons of the mass of
mankind. Yet he was very much a down to earth, accessible person, a
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[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 18: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Important: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
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Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
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Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
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Note: Experimental procedures and results
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Example 35: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
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[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
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Remember: Experimental procedures and results
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 45: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
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Part 6: Critical analysis and evaluation
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
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[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 7: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 61: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 62: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 64: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 8: Interdisciplinary approaches
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 71: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 77: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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