ENGR 240:
CIRCUIT
A N A LY S I S A N D
THEORY
Instructor: Dr. Debarshi
Ghosh
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
REQUIRED TEXTBOOK
• Title: Electric Circuits, 12/E. Edition/Copyright: 9/E
Published Date: 2011Publisher: Pearson-Prentice Hall
ISBN: 9780132845649
• (Please find the link here for the textbook:
https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-
catalog/p/electric-
circuits/P200000003451/9780137648160?srsltid=AfmBO
opW5mF65qjMvfmbXWNr3ZrfYWZspG6uOM8Ny67m5L
7LkbqUU767 )
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
P R AC T I C A L P E R S P E C T I V E – B A L A N C I N G P OW E R
The linear circuits we study have no
net power, so the sum of the power
associated with all circuit components
must be zero.
If the total power for the circuit is
zero, we say that the power balances,
but if the total power is not zero, we
need to find the errors in our
calculation.
In the figure, a and b represent the source of electrical power for the home. The
components labeled f, g, and h represent lamps, televisions, hair dryers, refrigerators,
and other devices that require power.
So,
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
! 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎, 𝑏 = ! 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ)
E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G A N D C I RC U I T T H E O RY
The electrical engineering profession focuses on
systems that produce, transmit, and measure
electric signals.
Electrical engineering combines the physicist’s
models of natural phenomena with the
mathematician’s tools for manipulating those
models to produce systems that meet practical
needs.
An electric circuit is a mathematical model that
approximates the behavior of an actual electrical
system. Note that the term electric circuit is
commonly used to refer to an actual electrical
system as well as to the model that represents it This is a telephone system. Here electromagnetic
waves travel either through the air or through coaxial
09/09/25
cables Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
C I RC U I T T H E O RY
Circuit theory is a special case of electromagnetic field theory: the study
of static and moving electric charges.
Three basic assumptions permit us to use circuit theory, rather than
electromagnetic field theory, to study a physical system represented by
an electric circuit.
Electrical effects happen instantaneously throughout a system . We
can make this assumption because we know that electric signals travel
at or near the speed of light and this assumption is called a lumped-
parameter system .
The net charge on every component in the system is always zero.
Thus, no component can collect a net excess of charge, although some
components, as you will learn later, can hold equal but opposite
separated charges.
There is no magnetic coupling between the components in a system.
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
I NTERNATI ONA L S YS TEM OF UNI T S (SI UNI T)
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
C I R C U I T A N A LY S I S - O V E R V I E W
• All engineering designs begin with a need ①.
• Once a design is proposed, the design
specifications ② allow us to assess whether
or not the design actually meets the need.
• A concept circuit design ③comes next.
• Then comes circuit analysis: A commonly
used mathematical model for electrical
systems is a circuit model ④, ⑤.
• Once the desired and predicted behaviours
are in agreement, a physical prototype ⑥ can
be constructed.
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
E L E C T R I C A L C H A RG E
The concept of electrical charge is the basis for describing all electrical phenomena.
Some important characteristics of electrical charge:
• Electric charge is bipolar, meaning that electrical effects are described in terms of positive and negative
charges.
• Electric charge exists in discrete quantities, which are integer multiples of the electronic charge,
1.6022×10!"# 𝐶.
• Electrical effects are attributed to both the separation of charge and charges in motion.
In circuit theory, the separation of charge creates an electric force (voltage), and the motion of charge
creates an electric fluid (current).
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
V O LT A G E A N D C U R R E N T
The concepts of voltage and current are useful from an engineering point of view because they can be expressed
quantitatively.
Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation.
We express this ratio in differential form as
$%
𝑣= , where v is voltage in volts, w is energy in joules, q is charge in coulombs.
$&
The electrical effects caused by charges in motion depend on the rate of charge flow. The rate of charge flow is
known as the electric current, which is expressed as
𝑑𝑞
𝑖=
𝑑𝑡
Where, i is the current in amperes, q is the charge in coulombs, t is time in seconds
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
I D E A L B A S I C C I RC U I T E L E M E N T
An Ideal Basic Circuit Element has three attributes:
Ø It has only two terminals, which are points of connection to other circuit components.
Ø It is described mathematically in terms of current and/or voltage.
Ø It cannot be subdivided into other elements.
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
I D E A L B A S I C C I RC U I T E L E M E N T
In Fig. 1.5, the voltage across the
terminals of the box is denoted by v,
and the current in the circuit element
is denoted by i.
The plus and minus signs indicate the
polarity reference for the voltage, and
the arrow placed alongside the
current indicates its reference
direction.
Note that algebraically the notion of
positive charge flowing in one
direction is equivalent to the notion
of negative charge flowing in the
opposite direction.
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
PA S S I V E S I G N C O N V E N T I O N
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
E X A M P L E – PA S S I V E S I G N C O N V E N T I O N
No charge exists at the left terminal of the element in Fig. 1.5 for 𝑡 < 0. At 𝑡 = 0,a 5 A
current begins to flow into the left terminal.
a.Derive the expression for the charge accumulating at the left terminal of the element
for 𝑡 > 0.
b.If the current is stopped after 10 seconds, how much charge has accumulated at the
left terminal?
The rate of charge flow is known as the electric
current , which is expressed as
𝑑𝑞
𝑖=
𝑑𝑡
09/09/25 Dr. Debarshi Ghosh
