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Organizing for networked information technologies
readings in process integration and transformation
articles Pitnit Digital Instant Download
Author(s): PITNIT;Damsgaard, Jan
ISBN(s): 9788773079188, 8773079189
Edition: Ny udgave /
File Details: PDF, 10.30 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
 Organizing for Networked
Information Technologies
Readings in Process Integration and Transformation Articles

Edited by Jan Damsgaard, Jens Hørlück, Pernille Kræmmergaard & Jeremy Rose

PITNIT, Aalborg University, 2003

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 2 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

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 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies 3

Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

Process Integration and Transformation Articles

Edited by Jan Damsgaard, Jens Hørlück, Pernille Kræmmergaard & Jeremy Rose

PITNIT, Aalborg University, 2003

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 4 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

Cases in Process Integration and Transformation
First Published in 2001
ISBN 87-7307-918-9
Copyright The authors
Publisher Process Integration and Transformation based on New Networked
Information Technologies (PITNIT), Aalborg University
Project number 9900102, the Danish Research Agency
Distribution Aalborg Universitetsforlag
Niels Jernes Vej 6b
DK-9220 Aalborg Ø
Phone: +45 96357140
Fax: +45 96350076
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: www.forlag.auc.dk
Print J. Tengstedt
Cover and layout Morten Rask

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 Table of Content

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................9
BACKGROUND FOR THE RESEARCH PROJECT ....................................................11
THE ARTICLES ....................................................................................................12
Group A: Articles primarily related to one organization's perspective on parts
of the framework .............................................................................................12
Group B: Articles primarily related to the interconnecting of organizations in a
network............................................................................................................13
Group C: Articles related to the overall framework.......................................14
ARTICLES, RELATED TO THE PITNIT PROJECT, BUT NOT INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK ....14
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................16
KNOWLEDGE CREATION ON THE INTRANET .......................................17
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................17
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................17
INTRANET TECHNOLOGY ...................................................................................18
Intranet technology usage...............................................................................19
KNOWLEDGE CREATION PROCESSES .................................................................20
A Model of knowledge creation ......................................................................20
A MODEL OF INTRANET-FACILITATED KNOWLEDGE CREATION .......................22
Socialisation....................................................................................................23
Externalisation ................................................................................................24
Combination....................................................................................................24
Internalisation.................................................................................................24
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................25
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................26
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................26
MAKE OR BUY - A TAXONOMY OF INTRANET IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGIES......................................................................................................29
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................29
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................29
BACKGROUND THEORY ......................................................................................30
Definition of intranet technology ....................................................................31
Characteristics of intranet technology............................................................31
RESEARCH METHODS .........................................................................................32
CHOOSING AN IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ....................................................33
Implementation process: In-house or outsourced...........................................33
Intranet architecture: Tailor-made or ready-made ........................................34
A taxonomy of four types of intranets .............................................................35
THE FOUR INTRANET IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES ......................................36
Type I - Homemade intranet (a.k.a. The Amateur) .........................................36
Type II - Tailor-made intranet implemented by consultants (a.k.a. The
Craftsman) ......................................................................................................37
Type III - Intranet in-a-box customized by in-house personnel (a.k.a. The
Engineer).........................................................................................................38

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 6 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

Type IV - Intranet in-a-box customized by outside contractor (a.k.a. Traveling

Fitter) ..............................................................................................................39
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................40
Discussion of results .......................................................................................40
Recommendations ...........................................................................................41
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................41
Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................42
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................42
EVALUATION OF ERP IMPLEMENTATION: A MULTI-PERSPECTIVE
APPROACH.........................................................................................................45
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................45
KEYWORDS.........................................................................................................45
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................46
Background. ....................................................................................................46
Methodology....................................................................................................46
ENABLING PROCESS ORIENTATION THROUGH ERP SYSTEMS ............................47
Industrial Challenges......................................................................................47
The transformation of the enterprise ..............................................................47
The role of ERP in transforming the enterprise..............................................48
A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON ERP-IMPLEMENTATION SUCCESS ...............................48
Implementation success...................................................................................49
A framework for evaluating ERP implementation ..........................................50
ALPHA - ORGANIZING FOR AGILITY? ................................................................51
Background. ....................................................................................................51
ERP implementation .......................................................................................51
The technological perspective.........................................................................52
The business perspective.................................................................................53
The organizational perspective .......................................................................54
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................55
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................56
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................56
MANAGING THE ERP JOURNEY .................................................................58
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................58
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................58
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................59
THE ERP IMPLEMENTATION JOURNEY ...............................................................60
MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES FOR ERP IMPLEMENTATIONS .........................62
THE ERP JOURNEY AT OMEGA ..........................................................................64
Project Chartering ..........................................................................................65
The Project......................................................................................................67
Shakedown ......................................................................................................68
Onward and upward .......................................................................................69
Discussion .......................................................................................................69
COMPETENCIES FOR ERP MANAGERS.................................................................71
CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................73
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................74
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................74
RIGHT SPEED IN NETWORK-BASED PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND

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 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies 7

ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LEARNING, CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT

(CIM), AND CONTINUOUS INNOVATION (CI) ..........................................76
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................76
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................76
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................77
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS AND FINDINGS ...............................................78
UNDERSTANDING "THE FIELD OF NETWORK-BASED HIGH SPEED PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT"..................................................................................................79
RIGHT TIME IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT - THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ......85
RIGHT SPEED IN NETWORK-BASED PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ........................86
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT LEADERSHIP (PDL) AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT (PDM) .......................................................................................87
SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM SUCCESS CRITERIA OF PDL ..........................89
CONTRIBUTION TO THEORY ..............................................................................90
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ..................................................90
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................91
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................91
A SCANDINAVIAN APPROACH TO INTERNET PORTALS: GENESIS,
ADOLESCENCE AND MATURATION ..........................................................93
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................93
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................94
PORTALS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ...............................................................94
Portal lifecycle and business model ..............................................................95
FIELD STUDY.....................................................................................................96
Field study design..........................................................................................96
Data collection and analysis .........................................................................97
ANALYSIS .........................................................................................................97
Netdoktor.dk - a Danish health portal...........................................................98
Netdoktor.se - a Swedish health portal .........................................................98
Verkkoklinikka - a Finnish health portal.......................................................99
Jippii - a Finnish based mobile service portal ............................................100
Telia Mobile/MyDoF - a Swedish mobile service portal ............................101
Mobilstationen - a Danish mobile service portal........................................101
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ......................................................................102
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................105
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................105
APPENDIX A - INTERVIEW GUIDE ..................................................................107
ERP II - NEXT-GENERATION EXTENDED ENTERPRISE RESOURCE
PLANNING ........................................................................................................108
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................108
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................108
THE EVOLUTION OF ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ....................................................109
LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT .............................................112
THE EXTENDED ENTERPRISE AND BEYOND ...................................................113
DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................114
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................116
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................117
AN INTRODUCTION TO EXPORT ASSISTANCE IN THE INTERNET AGE

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 8 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

........................................................................................................................................................ 119
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................119
METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................121
STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER ............................................................................121
SUMMARY OF OUR WEB SITES REVIEW .......................................................121
CONCEPTUALIZING INTERNET BASED EXPORT ASSISTANCE ........................... 123
IMPLICATIONS OF INTERNET BASED EXPORT ASSISTANCE FOR PRACTICE .126
Export Assistance Targeting. ......................................................................126
Increasing Assistance Program Awareness ................................................126
Facilitating Market Intelligence Sharing ....................................................127
From an Expense Oriented Activity towards a Profit-Oriented Activity! ...127
IMPLICATIONS OF INTERNET BASED EXPORT ASSISTANCE FOR THE RESEARCH
COMMUNITY ...................................................................................................128
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................128
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................129
INTERNET SITES..............................................................................................131
A TYPOLOGY OF SUPPLIER-INVOLVED INTERFACES BETWEEN NEW
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION ...................................132
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................132
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................132
Differences between NPD and Production .................................................134
A STRUCTURAL VIEW ON PRODUCT INNOVATION .........................................135
A TYPOLOGY OF RELATIONSHIPS ...................................................................136
Lead partner type 1: Lead partner has NPD and production.....................136
Lead partner type 2: Lead partner only has production and no NPD. .......138
Lead partner type 3: Lead partner only has NPD and no production ........139
Lead partner type 4: Lead partner has no NPD and no production...........140
CASE COMPANY BETA..................................................................................141
Critical roles................................................................................................142
DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................144
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................144
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................145
INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT.......................146
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................146
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................147
PROJECT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT .........................................................148
MANAGING CONFLICT ....................................................................................152
CASES .............................................................................................................152
Case one ......................................................................................................153
Case two ......................................................................................................153
Case 3 ..........................................................................................................154
DISCUSSION OF CONFLICT THEORY AND INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL PROJECT
MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................155
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................157
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................158

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 Introduction

This book comprises a number of research articles that share the common topic of
how companies' implement new networked IT to transform their internal and
external business processes. It is the hope that the reader of the articles will gain an
overview of some of the challenges and pitfalls that face modern organizations when
putting various types of advanced IT to use. The idea is to share some of the practical
challenges that companies face but cast in a traditional research article manner. The
audience for this book are researchers and graduate students that wish to understand,
reflect upon, and learn about the implementation of new networked information
technologies.

The casebook is an output from the interdisciplinary research project called PITNIT.
The PITNIT project was supported by the Danish Research Agency under grant
number 9900102. The articles document a co-operative effort to research the merger
and interplay between novel industrial and marketing concepts, and new complex,
standard-based and networked technologies. The goal of PITNIT was to describe,
analyze and offer practical guidelines for the integration and transformation of
industrial processes enabled by networked IT innovation. The project integrated
researchers from production engineering, social sciences and computer science
departments from Aalborg University and from the department of economics at
Aarhus University (see table 1 for an overview of researchers in PITNIT). In addition
many national and international researchers visited the PITNIT project. Table 2 lists
the principal visitors.

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 10 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

Table 1: Researchers in PITNIT (1999 - 2003)

Jan Damsgaard Associate Dept. of Computer Science Aalborg University
Project manager Professor
Poul H. K. Hansen Associate Dept. of Production Aalborg University
Professor
Jens Hørlück Associate Dept. of Management Aarhus University
Professor
Charles Møller Associate Dept. of Production Aalborg University
Professor
Pernille Kræmmergaard Assistant Dept. of Production Aalborg University
Jensen Professor
Morten Rask Assistant Dept. of International Business Aalborg University
Professor Studies
Jeremy Rose Associate Dept. of Computer Science Aalborg University
Professor
Jan Karlsbjerg* Ph.D. Dept. of Computer Science Aalborg University
student
Peter Lindgren* Ph.D. Dept. of Production Aalborg University
student
Somasundaram Ph.D. Dept. of Computer Science Aalborg university
Ramanathan* student

Table 2: PITNIT Visitors (1999 - 2003)

Ellen Christiaanse Associate Department of University of
Professor Accountancy and Amsterdam Netherlands
Information Management
Jan Kristensen Ph.D. Dept. of Information The Aarhus
student Science School of Denmark
Business
Kalle Lyytinen Professor Department of Information Case Western
Systems Reserve USA
University
Ojelanki K. Professor Dept. of Information Virginia
Ngwenyama Systems Commonwealth USA
University
Knut Rolland Ph.D. Dept. of Information University of Oslo Norway
Student Systems
Rens Scheepers Senior School of Information Swinburne
Lecturer Technology University of Australia
Technology
Duane P. Truex Assistant Computer Information Georgia State USA
Professor Systems Department University
Detlev Zwick Ph.D. Dept. of Marketing University of USA
Student Rhode Island

__________________________
* Ph.D. scholarship financed by the PITNIT project
* Ph.D. scholarship 50 per cent financed by the PITNIT project. Peter has completed his Ph.D. (2003)
* Ph.D. scholarship financed by the PITNIT project

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 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies 11

Background for the research project

The background of the PITNIT project was our observation that established
industrial structure was besieged by new networked IT innovations that challenged
the status quo and forced a total rethinking of the traditional industrial value chain.
As a consequence, the conception of a single organization was, and still is shifting
towards a united and highly interrelated value network consisting of suppliers,
production units, and customers and consumers. This network of semi-autonomous
business units together comprises a complex network of integrated business
processes that is constantly reconfiguring itself in response to changes in the market
and in the technology or in the management thereof.

Figure 1: The world according to PITNIT

Instrumental in this transition is the pervasive emergence of complex, standard-

based, and networked technologies. Examples of such technologies are the Internet,
Intranet, Extranet, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), and Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) systems. Each of these offers new possibilities for extensive business
process reengineering of the enterprise, but also posses a significant threat if left
unattended.
In recent years many researchers have concentrated on understanding these IT
innovations individually, and with good reason since they are innovative and
different from traditional IT innovations. However the technologies are networked
and therefore interconnect previously separated business processes. Consequently
there is a natural and urgent need to integrate previously segregated research
activities into a more holistic view of complex, standard based, and network
technologies and their impact on the totality of industrial processes both inside and
outside of the company.

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 12 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

The articles

We have selected 10 articles from the PITNIT related production. They can be
grouped into three, partly overlapping groups, covering different topics within the
framework of PITNIT. Except for one, all articles have been published - or are
about to be published - elsewhere.

Group A: Articles primarily related to one organization's perspective on parts

of the framework

1. Damsgaard, J. and R. Scheepers (2001). " Knowledge Creation on the Intranet."

Australian Journal of Information Systems, 9(Special Issue on Knowledge
Management, December).
Organisations implement intranets with the intent of harnessing the technology to
support knowledge management. The article defines a model, rooted in Nonaka
and Konno's well-known framework of knowledge creation, combined with a
taxonomy of five intranet use modes. For each of Nonaka's knowledge creating
activities a corresponding primary intranet use mode can foster that particular
knowledge creation process. It is illustrated by empirical intranet field studies in
Denmark and South Africa.
2. Karlsbjerg, J. and J. Damsgaard (2001). Make or buy - A taxonomy of intranet
implementation strategies. The 9th European Conference on Information
Systems, "Global Co-operation in the New Millennium", Bled, Slovenia.
This speculative paper is initiated by the fundamental question "how should
intranets be implemented?" The discussion uses a framework describing four
different intranet implementation strategies based on who implement the intranet
(in-house vs. outsourced project) and the technology used (development tools or
shrink-wrapped intranet packages). Each of the four strategies has advantages as
well as disadvantages. The empirical analysis suggests that the appropriate
strategy must be chosen in accordance with the level of internal technical
expertise, core competence, and maturity of the technology.
3. Kraemmergaard, P. and C. Møller (2002). "Evaluation of ERP implementation: A
multi-perspective approach." Journal of Enterprise Resource Management 4(4).
ERP-implementation is a critical activity for industrial enterprises. We have seen
many disastrous implementation projects leaving companies with delivery
problems and frustrated employees. This is one of the reasons why the
management of ERP-implementation is a significant challenge to both practice
and academia. The article argues that a multi-perspective framework for studying
ERP-implementation must be used, including the different stakeholders and using
at least three different perspectives from which an implementation can be
evaluated: organizational, business and technological.
4. Kræmmergaard, P. and J. Rose (2002). "Managing the ERP Journey."
Information Systems Frontiers 4(2).
In many cases ERP implementations are late, over budget or fail to meet the
desired business outcomes. The list of factors influencing implementation is long
and mostly relate to the technical implementation - until the system goes live.
After that it is an ongoing journey where new functionality, modules, updates,

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 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies 13

and corrections need to be carried out, in conjunction with changes in

organizational processes. The article reports a five-year longitudinal interpretive
study of the ERP implementation journey. Though all the project managers were
experienced, knowledgeable and skilled, they did not necessarily have the right
mix of skills for all of the stages of the ERP journey. In the article their
managerial competences are aligned with the ERP journey stages.
Group B: Articles primarily related to the interconnecting of organizations in a
network.

5. Bohn, K. R. and P. Lindgren (2002). Right Speed in Network Based Product

Development and the Relationship to Learning, CIM, and CI. CINET, Center for
Industriel Produktion, Aalborg Universitet.
Speed or high speed in network-based product development is in focus in many
industries. Unfortunately, the combination of high-speed product development,
uniqueness, and being the innovative firm has proved to be a difficult game.
The article explores how speed is related to network-based product development
and what impact the right speed has on network-based product development.
Right speed in product development has to be learned. Speed strategies in
network-based product development for different product development
conditions are central and should be strongly related to learning and product
development leadership.
6. Damsgaard, J., A. Horsti and O. Nilsson (under review). "A Scandinavian
Approach to Internet Portals: Genesis, Adolescence and Maturation."
Portals exist for a large number of topics and they are becoming quite common on the
Internet, but few portal business development models have been reported and none
empirically tested. This article investigates whether existing portals witness similar
evolution patterns, are based on the same business models and if similarities/differences
can be observed in a sample of portals across language domains. Existing theories seem
to provide an adequate theoretical vehicle for explaining the evolution of these portals,
and the article develops a set of guidelines that can be applied by portal managers to
identify focus areas.
7. Møller, C. (2003). ERP II - Next Generation Extended Enterprise Resource
Planning. The Seventh World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and
Informatics, Orlando, US.
ERP II system is a new concept introduced by Gartner Group in 2000 to label the
latest extensions to ERP-systems - including interorganizational collaboration.
By combining a network oriented Extended Enterprise concept with the evolution
of the enterprise systems, it seems as if there is a gap between state-of-the-art
theory (advocating loose-coupled architecture) and state-of-the-art practice
(supporting tightly coupling). This gap is an architectural challenge, which must
be managed and the big question is how this will this influence the structure of
Enterprise Systems in the Extended Enterprise perspective? In some cases
extended ERP concepts can be used for extended enterprise systems, but in other
cases we will require business to rethink their approach to enterprise systems, to
implementation, and to design of new supply chain strategies.
8. Somasundaram, R. and M. Rask (2003). An Introduction to Export Assistance in

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 14 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

the Internet Age. 8th International Conference on Marketing and Development,

Bangkok, Thailand.
Governments and other non-profit organizations have been providing
information-oriented services for long to encourage exports and during the last
few years, the Internet has emerged as an effective communication media. Today
a lot of export assistance is provided over the Internet and this article documents
and explains the developments. 25 export assistance web sites are analysed for
web marketing strategies for Internet related export assistance and the
implications of providing export assistance over the Internet are highlighted.
Group C: Articles related to the overall framework.

9. Smulders, F. E., P. K. Hansen, E. Gubi, H. Boer, et al. (2002). A Typology of

Supplier-involved Interfaces Between New Product Development and
Production. 9th International Product Development Management Conference,
Sophie Antipolis, France.
This paper describes a typology of supplier relationships with different interfaces
between new product development and production processes, including both
intra-firm and inter-firm interfaces. For each product innovation process, several
types of relationships between the outsourcing and supplying parties may exist
and that the various relationships are experienced differently by the outsourcing
partner and thus call for different approaches regarding the management and
organisation of the relationship. The typology will later be used as a basis for
further research aimed at identifying consistent configurations of the many
different types of co-ordination mechanisms that are available for industry to
increase the effectiveness and efficiency of product innovation processes.
10. Hørlück, J., P. Kræmmergaard, P. Lindgren and J. S. Nielsen (2002).
Interorganizational Project Management. Conference paper, 4th CINet
conference, Helsinki Finland.

During the last decade, we have witnessed an increasing number of a special type
of inter-organizational projects, where companies participate with equal power
and where the project manager has little or no authority, or where the project
management is divided between the partners. In some of these cases, the project
manager relates to several formal project owners. The project managers often
have to deal with conflict resolution between the partners involved in the project,
but without the authority normally behind an interorganizational project manager
and the article deals with the question of how to manage conflicts in inter-
organizational projects.

Articles, related to the PITNIT project, but not included in this

book.

Bohn, K. and P. Lindgren (2002). Produktudvikling i Netværk, Aalborg Universitets

forlag.

Damsgaard, J. (2004?). "WLAN commons." under review.

Damsgaard, J. and J. Karlsbjerg (2002). Software Packages: What you always

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 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies 15

wanted to know when buying software but were afraid to ask. IFIP Working Group
8.4 Second Conference on E-business: multidisciplinary research and practice,
Copenhagen, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Kaltoft, R., J. S. Nielsen, C. Møller and P. Kræmmergaard (2003). Building Strategic

Supplier Collaboration through Gaming. International Workshop on Experimental
Interactive Learning in Industrial Management, Aalborg, Denmark.

Kræmmergaard, P. and C. Møller (2001). A Research Framework for studying the

Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems.

Kræmmergaard, P. and J. Rose (2002). "Managerial Competences for ERP

Journeys." Information Systems Frontiers 4(2): 199-211.

Lindgren, P. and A. Gudmundsson (2003). OWNERSHIP AND COLLOBARATIVE

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. EUROMA CONFERENCE.

Møller, C. (2001). På sporet af fremtidens forsyningskæde: Agile Logistics?

Produktion Horisont, Horsiont Gruppen A/S. 39.

Møller, C. (2002). Du er det svageste led - farvel! - planlægning på tværs af

forsyningskæden. Logistik Horison. 5.

Møller, C. (2002). Fremtidens forsyningskæde. En mosaik af dansk

logistikforskning. C. Møller, Aalborg University Press: 7-20.

Møller, C. (2003). Ingen SCM uden e-business. LogistikHorisont. 29.

Rask, M. (2002). Evolution of Web-based International Marketing: Patterns

Exhibited by Danish Companies. Global E-Commerce and Online Marketing. N.
Dholakia, W. Fritz and R. R. Dholakia. Greenwich, CT, Quorum Books.

Rose, J., M. Jones and D. Truex (2003). The Problem of Agency; How Humans Act,
How Machines Act. ALOIS Workshop: Action in Language, Organisations and
Information Systems, Linköping, Sweden, Linköping University.

Rose, J. and P. Kraemmergaard (2002). Dominant technological discourses in action:

paradigmatic shifts in sense making in the implementation of an ERP system. Global
and Organizational Discourse about Information Technology. E. H. Wynn, E. A.
Whitley, M. D. Myers and J. I. DeGross. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Sørensen, M. and C. Møller (2003). "Fremtidens forsyningskæde: Trend og

tendenser." LogistikHorisont 29(2).

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 16 Organizing for Networked Information Technologies

Acknowledgments

Much is owed to the research agency's representative, Søren Damgaard, Director,

IBM Europe. Throughout the process Søren has been an excellent aid in managing
the PITNIT project, in formulating plausible research goals, and in bouncing off new
ideas at our joint meetings. We highly commend this manner of organizing
collaboration and interaction between a project and the research agency. Salutations
also go to PITNITs project secretary Ms. Helle Schroll. Helle has been an invaluable
support in the project, in meeting deadlines and in budgeting. Finally a warm thank
to the Computer Science dept., Aalborg University for hosting PITNIT.

17 November 2003

Jan Damsgaard Jens Hørlück

Project manager, the PITNIT project Project participant

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 Knowledge Creation on the Intranet

Jan Damsgaard
Weatherhead School of Management
Case Western Reserve University
10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106
Phone: +1 216 368 4640, Fax: +1 216 368 4776
E-mail: [email protected]

Rens Scheepers
School of Information Technology, Swinburne University of Technology,
PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
Phone: +61 3 9214 8439, Fax: +61 3 9214 5501
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Organisations implement intranets with the intent of harnessing the technology to support
knowledge management. Our model defines how organisations can use intranet technology
to support knowledge creation processes. The model is rooted in Nonaka and Konno's well-
known framework of knowledge creation which is combined with a taxonomy of five
intranet use modes. For each of Nonaka's knowledge creating activities we associate a
corresponding primary intranet use mode that we argue can foster that particular knowledge
creation process. We illustrate the arguments with findings from our own empirical intranet
field studies in Denmark and South Africa. We conclude with some implications of the
model and suggest fruitful avenues for further research.

Introduction
The mid 1990s marked the global adoption of the Internet and the Web in many
spheres of the world. In an organisational context, Web technologies have opened up
opportunities for wider participation by workers without the need for special IT
skills. The formerly unknown Intranet technology is now common and widespread in
modern organizations.
A vast number of organisations have now embarked on large-scale implementations
of their second generation intranet. Whereas the first generation intranets were
emergent in nature and did not follow any a priori plan, the second generation
intranets are designed more carefully, often with knowledge management (KM) in
mind (Scott, 1998; Alavi & Leidner, 1999; Newell et al., 1999; Alavi & Leidner,
2001).
KM is positioned as a novel approach to stimulate creativity and innovation in
organisations (Davenport & Prusak, 1998; Kanter, 1999; Cross & Baird, 2000).
Many organisations operate in complex, dynamic and competitive global

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Module 1: Critical analysis and evaluation

Learning Objective 1: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 7: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 8: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 2: Ethical considerations and implications
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 11: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 16: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 17: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 3: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 26: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 28: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 4: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 32: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 35: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 37: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 38: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 39: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Section 5: Key terms and definitions
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 41: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 46: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 47: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 6: Study tips and learning strategies
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 51: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 52: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 53: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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