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ETHNOBOTANY
Application of Medicinal Plants

Editors
José L. Martinez
Vice Rectory of Research
Development and Innovation
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
Santiago, Chile
Amner Muñoz-Acevedo
Chemistry and Biology Research Group
Department of Chemistry and Biology
Universidad del Norte
Barranquilla, Colombia
Mahendra Rai
Department of Biotechnology
SGB Amravati University
Amravati, Maharashtra, India

p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover credit: Reproduced by kind courtesy of Prof. Amner Muñoz-Acevedo (co-editor)

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 9
by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

Version Date:
20180621

International Standard Book Number-13:

978-1-1383-2066-6

(Hardback)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Martinez, José L. (José Luis), 1959- editor. | Muñoz-Acevedo,
Amner, editor. | Rai, Mahendra, editor.
Title: Ethnobotany : application of medicinal plants / editors, José L.
Martinez, Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, Mahendra Rai.
Other titles: Ethnobotany (Martinez)
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] | "A
Science Publishers book." | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018021988 | ISBN 9781138320666 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Plants, Medicinal | Ethnobotany--methods
Classification: LCC QK99 | NLM QV 766 | DDC 581.6/3--dc23
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 Preface

Ethnobotany is essentially an important branch of plant science, which deals with the study of the relationship
between plants and people. Since time immemorial, people are using plants for food, medicine, shelter and
agriculture. These plants are mostly used by rural and tribal people for their livelihood. Unfortunately, this
traditional knowledge is being lost because it is not being preserved.
The book discusses the current research on ethnobotany and includes the most important investigations
of Latin America, Africa, Asia, Egypt, Europe and other parts of the world, where plants are used as
medicines by people in general and tribes in particular. In fact, this book incorporates important studies
based on ethnobotany of different geographic zones.
More specifically, the book incorporates description about ethnomedicinal plants used in Latin America
since the Latin American ethnobotany is less known beyond South America. This book covers medicinal
and aromatic plants, ethnopharmacology, bioactive molecules, plants used in cancer, hypertension, disorders
of central nervous system, and also as antipsoriatic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiurolithiatic, etc. Each
chapter has been written by one or more specialists in the concerned topic.
The book would be very useful for a diverse group of readers including plant scientists, pharmacologists,
clinicians, herbalists, natural therapy experts, chemists, microbiologists, NGOs and those who are interested
in traditional therapies. The students should find this book useful and reader friendly.
José L. Martinez
Amner Muñoz-Acevedo
Mahendra Rai
 Contents

Preface iii

Section I: Applications of Ethnomedicinal Plants

1. Some Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used for the Treatment of 3
Cancers/Tumors, with Special Reference to Its Scientific Validations
Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, María C. González, Sandra M. Rodríguez,
Martha Cervantes-Díaz and Carlos E. Díaz
2. Use of Ethnomedicinal Herbs to Treat and Manage Schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe: 35
Past Trends and Future Directions
Alfred Maroyi
3. Ethnobotany: Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Hypertension 47
Patricia Landazuri, Nelsy Loango Chamorro and Beatriz Restrepo Cortes
4. Plants Used for Central Nervous System Disorders by Brazilian Indians 56
Priscila Yazbek, Thamara Sauini, Fernando Cassas, Giuseppina Negri and Eliana Rodrigues
5. Ethnobotanical Retrospective and Features of the Multipurpose Plant 69
Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae)
Kyria Cilene de Andrade Bortoleti, Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva, Silvany de Sousa Araújo,
Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal and Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
6. Paramela (Adesmia boronioides Hook. f.): From Popular Uses to Commercialization 89
Silvia B. González, Ana H. Ladio, Bruno Gastaldi, Fresia M. Silva Sofrás,
Ariel Mazzoni and Gustavo Sánchez
7. The Genus Vismia: Geographical Distribution, Chemical Composition and 105
Recent Biological Studies
Janne Rojas and Alexis Buitrago
8. Curcuma longa L.: From Ethnomedicinal to Novel Biomedical Applications 136
Mahendra Rai, Avinash Ingle, Raksha Pandit, Priti Paralikar, Farkhanda Rehman,
Netravati Anasane, Pramod Ingle and Suneesh Buxy
9. Medicinal Plants of the Khyang Tribe of Bandarban District, Bangladesh 156
Md. Shahadat Hossan, Christophe Wiart, Emratul Jannat, Abu Hanif, Prozzal Roy,
Taufiq Rahman, Rownak Jahan, Tracey D. Bradshaw and Mohammed Rahmatullah
10. Management of Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Complications Using 177
Traditional Herbs and Spices
Kavisha Mooroteea and Fawzi Mahomoodally
11. Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants in Primary Health Care 189
Nélida Soria Rey
vi Ethnobotany: Application of Medicinal Plants

12. Secondary Metabolites of Some Ethno-medicinal Plants of Arunachal Pradesh, India 202
Pallabi Kalita Hui, Debmalya Das Gupta and Hui Tag
13. Characterization and Purification of Antiurolithiatic Metabolites from Medicinal 217
Plants
Ankit S. Kale, Anita S. Patil, Hariprasad Paikrao and Surendra R. Patil

Section II: Ethnopharmacology

14. In Vitro Experimental Design and Data Analysis in Ethnopharmacology 233
Raúl Vinet, Marcela Knox, Marcos Lorca-Morales, Claudio Laurido and José Luis Martínez
15. Insights into the Ethnopharmacological Uses of Rutaceae: A Golden Source for Many 240
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Dalia I. Hamdan, Fadia S.Youssef, Mohamed L. Ashour and Assem M. El-Shazly
16. Pharmacological Properties of Extracts and Compounds Isolated from 271
Platonia insignis Mart.—A Perspective for Developing Phytomedicines
Antonio do Nascimento Cavalcante, Chistiane Mendes Feitosa, Layana Karine Farias Lima,
Ronaldo dos Santos Sousa Júnior and Ana Gabriela Sousa Alencar
Index 285
Editors Biography 287
 Section I

Applications of Ethnomedicinal
Plants
 1
Some Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Used for the Treatment of Cancers/
Tumors, with Special Reference to
Its Scientific Validations
Amner Muñoz-Acevedo,1,* María C. González,1 Sandra M. Rodríguez,2
Martha Cervantes-Díaz3 and Carlos E. Díaz 4

Introduction
Cancer is one of the main diseases causing morbidity/mortality (second cause of death) in the world and
the main factor considered for its development/progression/death is heredity, though other factors could
also contribute significantly (e.g., behavioral, labor and dietary risks, and viruses). For this reason, a timely
cancer diagnosis is required in order to receive the adequate treatment, e.g., radiotherapy, chemotherapy,
and surgery, or combination thereof, which are the most frequent therapeutical alternatives. If the cancer
is detected and treated early, it has a high cure rate. Based on the statistical data recorded up to 2014,
ca. 14 million of people were diagnosed, ca. 8 million of them died, and it is expected to increase ca. 19
million of people diagnosed for 2024. The cancers that produced the most deaths were lung cancer, liver
cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, and breast cancer; it is very important to emphasize that cancer
mortality is higher in men than in women (1.4 men/1 woman).
Since 1995 until 2017, the most prestigious multinational pharmaceutical companies (e.g., Novartis,
Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer HealthCare, etc.) have registered ca. 215 drugs for
treatment of cancer and palliative care in the U.S. FDA agency, which has approved them for marketing.
Despite this, the pharmaceutical industries are in a search of new drugs for the treatment of cancer,
with highest effectiveness, and lowest toxicity and side effects; some active pharmaceutical ingredients

1
Chemistry and Biology Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla,
Colombia.
2
Economic Analysis Group, Caribbean Economic Studies Institute - Department of Economy, Universidad del Norte, Colombia.
3
Environmental Research Group for Sustainable Development, Environmental Chemistry Faculty, Universidad Santo Tomás,
Bucaramanga, Colombia.
4
Photochemistry and Photobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla,
Colombia.
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
4 Ethnobotany: Application of Medicinal Plants

(f.i., afatinib, belinostat, cabozantinib, eribulin, nivolumab, etc.) obtained by means of chemical synthesis
have been effective for treatment of some types of cancers. Besides producing synthetic drugs, some
biologically active molecules (e.g., etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, irinotecan, paclitaxel, and vinblastine/
vincristine) against cancer have also been isolated from plants (e.g., Podophyllum peltatum, Camptotheca
acuminate, Taxus brevifolia, and Catharanthus roseus) and approved by FDA for use.
In the scientific literature, numerous articles have been published about plants that have presented
cytotoxicity/antiproliferative/antitumor properties on different cell lines, which have proved to be
promising. Nevertheless, some of them were not “medicinal plants”, or if they were medicinal plants
did not have ethnobotanical uses for treatment of cancer; thus, the anticancer activity was the result of
“serendipity”. In contrast, other medicinal plants that have been used in ethnomedicine for treatment of
cancer, when they were tested on cancer cell lines did not have any effectivity. Therefore, after a thorough
review of medicinal plants with anticancer/antitumor properties, evidenced in the traditional medicine and
scientifically validated, were selected ca. 49 plants, most of them from the ethnobotanical point of view,
were useful to treat cancer in general, whose 50% inhibition/lethal/effective concentration/dose values
were lower than 10 µg/mL or 10 mM.
Finally, the patent analysis related to the development of anticancer/antitumor drugs from the
plants selected allowed to establish that the highest number of patents by plant was for Solanum lyratum
(56 patents), followed by Curcuma longa (54 patents), Marsdenia tenacissima (54 patents), Sarcandra
glabra (44 patents), and Withania somnifera (14 patents). Most of these patents were related to the plant
fractions/extracts (e.g., Annona squamosa, C. longa, M. tenacissima, etc.) and only some patents with
isolated compounds (e.g., saponin mixture from M. tenacissima, etc.).
This chapter will discuss some medicinal/aromatic plants ethnobotanically recognized by their
efficacy for the treatment of cancers/tumors, whose biological properties (e.g., cytotoxicity, antineoplastic,
antiproliferative, and antitumor activities) have been scientifically validated.

Cancer: general aspects

As reported by International Agency for Research on Cancer of World Health Organization in its website
(WHO 2015) “cancer is related to a set of diseases” affecting some organs and tissues, in which cells
constituting them undergo an alteration/modification in the cell cycle causing them to be divided/replicated
without control. The abnormality in cell behavior (cycle altered) is a consequence of changes in genes,
e.g., proto-oncogenes (normal cell growth/division), tumor suppressor genes (control cell growth/division)
(Levine et al. 1983), and DNA repair genes (fixing damaged DNA), which govern the main cell functions.
Therefore, cancer could be the result of a “genetic disease”, and in this way, the modified genes could be
inherited from parents to children. Likewise, there are other factors (besides the genetic) involved with the
development and progression on cancer such as behavioral (tobacco/alcohol abuses, sedentary lifestyles)
and dietary (bad food habits) factors, and environmental (chemical substances/physical exposures) risks.
Cancer is one of the main diseases causing morbidity/mortality (second cause of death) in the world:
in 2015, ca. 9 million of people died, and the most common cancers that were related to death were lung
cancer (~ 1.7 million), liver cancer (788 thousand), colorectal cancer (774 thousand), stomach cancer
(754 thousand), and breast cancer (571 thousand) (MEDS/AHRQ 2014). According to the statistical data
recorded in 2008–2012, the prevalence of cancer by sickness (new cases) and deceases were ca. 455 new
cases/100000 men-women/year and 171 death/100000 men-women/year. In 2014, ca. 14 million of people
were diagnosed and it is expected to increase ca. 19 million for 2024. It is worth highlighting that mortality
by cancer is higher among men (208 death/100000 men) than women (145 death/100000 women).
Africa, Asia, and Central and South America are the most affected regions of the world by this chronic
disease; 70% of deaths occur in the low- and middle-income countries, attributable to that only one in
five countries have necessary data and public programs (advertising and prevention) against the cancer.
In 2010, the total annual cost of this sickness was estimated ca. USD $ 1.2 trillion, converting it into a
disease with a high economic impact for the countries and the world. It is very important to state that
the estimated costs did not include the indirect charges: that is, all the required expenditures (family and
labor budgets, etc.) for patients to participate in the treatment, which can sometimes equalize the direct
 Some Medicinal Plants Useful for Cancers/Tumors Treatment 5

costs (Singleterry 2017). One of the reasons for high economic impact is due to the fact that most drugs
available on the market, used for treatment of cancer are very expensive, and these drugs are getting
increasingly costlier as they get more complex; also, the costs for patients are related to both the category
and the spread of treatment. According to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research, between 1995
and 2013 the prices of cancer drugs had an increase of 10% per year. Given the steady rise in prices, the
estimates show that payments for drug against cancer could rise from USD $ 100 billion in 2014 to USD
$ 150 billion in 2020 (Goldstein et al. 2016).
Figure 1.1 shows the distribution by the number of cancer deaths (2012) in agreement to gender, types
of cancer (most common), geographic location and the world, based on data of GLOBOCAN 2012 website
(WHO 2015). As can be observed in the figure, there were a significant difference among regions and gender
in the number of deaths by types of cancer, f.i., cancers of liver, stomach, and cervical were highly correlated
to the region-developing level; in the same sense, 19% of deaths of women due to stomach/liver cancers
were in more-developed regions; whilst, 73–81% were in less-developed regions. The highest number of
deaths was related to a higher occurrence of lung cancer, mainly in males; however, two specific cancers
(breast and cervix) for females were the second cause of mortality. It should be noted that colon-rectal and
prostate cancers were persistent (prevailed), regardless of the regions (less-developed/more-developed,
except the America-region), indicating the aggressiveness of these types of cancers. For the year 2016
(based on U.S.A. National Cancer Institute website) (NCI 2017) the most common cancers were projected
as: breast cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, prostate cancer, colon and rectum cancer, bladder cancer,
melanoma of the skin, kidney and pelvis cancer, leukemia, endometrial cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

1200
1099

1000

800
682

600 521 522 522

491
441
374
400 320 324 324 307
281 254 266
224 198 230
182 186 165
200 149
113
35 43
0
Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Women Women Men
Lung Liver Colorectal Stomach Breast Cervix Prostate

World More developed regions Less developed regions WHO Americas region (PAHO)

Fig. 1.1
Source: Data were taken of GLOBOCAN 2012 website (WHO 2015). Graph elaborated by authors.

Text mining about cancer, medicinal plants and scientific validation

Through a preliminary review of some medicinal plants/species, whose anticancer/antitumor properties
(evidenced in traditional medicine) have been scientifically validated, 157 species/plants were identified;
and based on these medicinal plants a search equation was structured into the Scopus database including
title-abs-key, doctype and pubyear > 1999. In correspondence, 2156 registers were found. Frequency of
publication monitored, in agreement to the numbers of articles/year concerning individual/specific medicinal
plants reported with ethnobotanical information and effectiveness for the treatment of cancers/tumors,
together with scientific validation, is shown in the Fig. 1.2. Based on the timeline selected (2000–2017),
since 2000 an exponential growth in the register numbers on this theme was observed, 2012–2015 being
6 Ethnobotany: Application of Medicinal Plants

250
30 00
Y = 610.96e0.1389x
25 00 R2 = 0.983
20 00
200
15 00

10 00

500
Number of records

150
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

100

50

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Series 1 36 52 52 65 72 78 96 113 103 117 147 149 189 205 196 204 168 69

Fig. 1.2
Source: Bibliometry Unit – CRAI-Library, Universidad Santo Tomás (Bucaramanga). Calculations based on Scopus information
(Elsevier, B.V., 2017), processed with VantagePoint software (VP Student, Search Technology).

the years with the highest article production with 189–204 records. With the aid of De Solla Price’s Law1
(De Solla Price 1963) it was possible to estimate during this period, the growth rate (percentage value/
year) of the articles related to this subject, which was 14.9%/year.
Pursuant to the search equation preceding it was also found that the most studied plants related
to anticancer properties (against more than five types of cancers) have been C. longa (444 articles),
V. album (428 articles), A. vera (134 articles), C. roseus (96 articles), U. dioica (52 articles), and A. muricata
(51 articles). In the same way, the main types of cancers examined, in agreement to the numbers of
registers found (from highest to lowest), were: breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer,
colorectal cancer, etc. with 272 records, 86 records, 76 records, 76 records, 75 records, etc., respectively.
A correlation matrix was constructed (Fig. 1.3), based on the previous search equation, to establish the
relationships between 157 medicinal plants and the different types of cancers. The figure shows that breast
cancer was mainly correlated with V. album (101 records), followed by C. longa (51 records), and A. vera
(27 records); similarly, C. longa (37 registers), along with V. album (13 registers), and A. vera (8 registers)
were correlated with colon cancer, predominantly.

Traditional drugs used as therapeutical agents against cancer

Since 1995 until 2017, the most recognized multinational pharmaceutical companies have registered ca.
215 drugs for treatment of cancer and palliative care in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
agency, who has approved them for use and marketing (FDA 2017). In spite of these achievements, the
pharmaceutical industries are in continuous search of new drugs for the treatment of cancer, with highest
effectiveness, and lowest toxicity and side effects. Besides producing synthetic and hemisynthetic drugs,
some biologically active molecules against cancer have also been isolated from plants and approved by
FDA, e.g., etoposide (1) and teniposide (2) (both compounds isolated from Podophyllum peltatum extract)
(Damayanthi and Lown 1998) are the active ingredients of two drugs with the trade names of Etopophos®,

1
De Solla Price’s Law results from the observation of the growth in the number of science papers published. As has been
observed—with reliable records since the 18th century-, scientific articles have an almost constant growth rate, taking into
account both the set of science publications in all disciplines considered as a whole, and the one of each discipline separately.
 Some Medicinal Plants Useful for Cancers/Tumors Treatment 7

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Curcuma longa L
0
r Viscum album
ce er r Aloe vera
c an anc ce cer er
n r Tripterygium wilfordii
st n c ca an nc ce er r
ea lo te l c ca an nc ce er r Urtica dioica
Br co sta cta ng s c ca an nc ce er er
o re lu ea ry h c ca an nc nc er r Jatropha curcas L.
Pr olo r a c ix c a c e r
c nc ov ma erv ver in c k ca can anc nce ain Taxus brevifolia
pa o c li sk ec er c a p er r
st ne n dd uth y c cer nc ce r Acorus calamus
e
ir
n d la o n e n l ca can nce ter er r
ut m kid ca ica a n
a b s c ce an
c ce er
ad v
er hag ria
u n
er ic c an anc
he C p a n c t c
s id c
o v a a u
es O c re er o
nc ut thyr
Pa

Fig. 1.3
Source: Bibliometry Unit – CRAI-Library, Universidad Santo Tomás (Bucaramanga). Calculations based on Scopus information
(Elsevier, B.V, 2017), processed with VantagePoint software (VP Student, Search Technology).

and Vumon®, respectively; the camptothecin derivatives, topotecan (3) and irinotecan (4), isolated from
Camptotheca acuminata (trade names Hycamptin® and Camptosar®).Two of the most important and
successful examples are paclitaxel (5) (taxol®) and vinblastine (6)/vincristine (7) alkaloids (velban®/
oncovin®) (Breza et al. 1975) isolated correspondingly, from Taxus brevifolia, and Catharanthus roseus.
These two drugs are used for treatment of several cancers: taxol® is applied to treat the cancers of breast,
lung, cervical, and pancreatic, and sarcoma, etc.; velban®/oncovin® is used for leukemia, neuroblastoma,
melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer, etc.
8 Ethnobotany: Application of Medicinal Plants

Scientific validation of medicinal plants ethnobotanically recognized by

their effectiveness for the treatment of cancers/tumors
In the scientific literature, numerous articles have been published about plants that have presented
cytotoxicity/antiproliferative/antitumor properties on different cell lines, which have proved to be
promising (Réthy et al. 2007, Cates et al. 2013, Ravipati et al. 2013). Nevertheless, some of them were
not “medicinal plants”, or if they were medicinal plants did not have ethnobotanical uses for treatment of
cancer (Mena-Rejón et al. 2009); thus, the anticancer activity was the result of a “serendipity”. In contrast,
other medicinal plants that have been used in ethnomedicine for treatment of cancer, when these plants
were tested on cancer cell lines did not have any effectivity (Alonso-Castro et al. 2011, Schmidt and Cheng
2017). This document dealt with some medicinal plants ethnobotanically recognized by their efficacy for
the treatment of cancers/tumors, whose biological properties have been scientifically validated. Table 1.1
contains a list of 49 medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer/tumor along with forms evaluated of
plant preparations and cell lines tested. Additionally, the discussion about anticancer/antitumor properties
of plants listed was carried out principally based on type(s) of extract(s) or active compound(s) isolated,
cell line(s) tested, assay(s) used, and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), 50% lethal dose (LD50), 50%
effective dose (ED50), 50% lethal concentration (LC50) or 50% growth inhibition (GI50) values calculated,
lower than 10 µg/mL or 10 mM.
Ten diarylheptanoid compounds isolated from A. japonica bark were tested on four cell lines. The IC50
values obtained by MTT method applied on each cell line were between ~ 17–76 µM for B16, ~ 28–55 µM
for SNU1, ~ 48–102 µM for SNU354, and ~ 45–320 µM for SNUC4. In the case of B16 melanoma and
SNU1 carcinoma, the most active compounds were 8 (IC50 ~ 17 µM) and 9 (IC50 ~ 17 µM), respectively.
Platyphylloside (8) was the compound with lowest IC50 values on SNU354 (IC50 ~ 48 µM) and SNUC4
(IC50 ~ 45 µM) (Choi et al. 2008). One of the main antraquinones [aloe-emodin (10)] constituent of
A. vera was assessed on cell lines of neuroblastoma and Ewing’s sarcoma. The neuroectodermal tumor cells
were specifically inhibited in growth by 10 and ED50 (equivalent to IC50) values were ~ 1 µM, ~ 7 µM, and
~ 13 µM, respectively, for neuroblastoma, pPNET, and Ewing’s sarcoma (Pecere et al. 2000). The cytotoxic
effects of a solid residue obtained of hydroalcohol extract from A. scholaris stem bark were determined
on three cell lines. The IC50 values were ~ 6 μg/mL (HeLa cells), 10 μg/mL (KB line) and ~ 11 μg/mL
(HL60 cells) (Jagetia and Baliga 2016).
A plant studied in almost all continents is A. muricata, whose ethnobotany always has been related
to antitumoral/anticancer properties. According to a review by Coria-Téllez et al. (2017), six types of
acetogenins have been isolated from different parts of the plant; and, these molecules are responsible for
the extraordinary effectiveness against cancers. Wu et al. (1995) isolated annomuricins A (11) y B (12)
from plant leaves. These acetogenins showed remarkable antiproliferative capacities when tested on A549
and HT29 cell lines by means of MTT method. The ED50 value for 11 was 3.3 x 10–1 µg/mL on A549
cells; whilst, for 12, the ED50 values were 1.6 x 10–1 µg/mL (on A549 line) and 4.4 x 10–1 µg/mL (on HT29
cells). Zeng et al. (1996) isolated annopentocins A-C 13–15 and a mixture of cis- and trans-annomuricin-
D-ones (16–17) from plant leaves. The antineoplastic screening of these compounds was carried out on six
cancer lines, resulting in significant effects on all lines; thereby, for 13, ED50 values were between
~ 3.6 x 10–2 µg/mL – ~ 18 µg/mL, with PaCa2 line being the most sensitive; for 14 and 15, ED50 values
were between ~ 2.1 x 10–2 µg/mL – ~ 3.6 µg/mL, being A549 line the most susceptible for both compounds;
and for the mixture 16 and 17, ED50 values were between < 10–2 µg/mL – ~ 1.3 µg/mL, being the most
injured cell lines the A549, HT29 and PaCa2 (ED50 < 10–2 µg/mL).
To end with the Annona species, Li et al. (1990) studied the bark from A. squamosa. They isolated
three acetogenins (bullatacin 18, bullatacinone 19 and squamone 20), which resulted to be highly efficacious
against A549, MCF7 and HT29 cell lines (by MTT method). The effectivity order on: (1) HT29 was 18
(< 10–12 µg/mL) > 19 (< 10–3 µg/mL) > 20 (~ 2 µg/mL); (2) A549 was 18 (~ 9 x 10–12 µg/mL) > 19
(~ 1.4 x 10–4 µg/mL) > 20 (~ 1 µg/mL); and (3) MCF7 was 19 (< 10–7 µg/mL) > 20 (~ 2 µg/mL) > 18
(> 10 µg/mL). Chen et al. (2012) isolated some acetogenins (annosquacins A-D, and annosquatins A and
B) from fruit seeds, which were screened to estimate of cytotoxic potential against six cancer cells by MTT
method. The six acetogenins were able to powerfully inhibit the growth of all cancer cells, with IC50 values
between ~ 6 x 10–2 µg/mL – ~ 5 µg/mL. The most effective acetogenins with lower IC50 values ranged
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