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OPEN
CITIES
OPEN
DATA
COLLABORATIVE CITIES
IN THE INFORMATION ERA
EDITED BY SCOTT HAWKEN,
HOON HAN AND CHRIS PETTIT
Open Cities | Open Data
 Scott Hawken • Hoon Han
Christopher Petit
Editors

Open Cities | Open

Data
Collaborative Cities in the
Information Era
Editors
Scott Hawken Hoon Han
Urban Development and Design City Planning, Faculty of the Built
Faculty of the Built Environment Environment
University of New South Wales University of New South Wales
Sydney, NSW, Australia Sydney, NSW, Australia

Christopher Petit
Urban Science, Faculty of the Built
Environment
University of New South Wales
Sydney, NSW, Australia

ISBN 978-981-13-6604-8    ISBN 978-981-13-6605-5 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6605-5

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans-
mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover image: Anna Klepatckaya

Cover design: Tom Howey

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte
Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
 Foreword

Open Cities Open Data addresses, and indeed links, two of the most
transformational processes at work in the contemporary world: urbanisa-
tion and digitalisation. While the academic, policy and indeed market
discussions about ‘Smart Cities’ have been underway for over a decade,
the chapters and research in this collection reflect a more recent, and I
think more interesting, re-framing of the discussion around what
Goldsmith and Crawford (2014) have termed the ‘data-driven and
responsive city’. Some commentators have questioned whether or not
‘Smart Cities’ itself remains a useful term or whether it has become tar-
nished by rhetorical overkill, under-delivery by city governments, or
over-selling by vendors of their technology. Regardless of these ques-
tions it is a fact that digital technologies and platforms have created an
exciting potential for improved city management and governance and
thus urban outcomes. That is to say we can, by leveraging ‘digital’ and the
fast-morphing reality of the Internet of Things with the right policies and
values, manage our cities in a smarter and more inclusive manner.
Given the decisive shift towards an urban future for the majority of the
world’s population and the strains that the world-historical process is
putting on our urban systems and infrastructure, nothing could be more
important than to ensure that as our cities get bigger, they get smarter
and more responsive to their inhabitants. We have already seen how tech-
nologies and platforms such as hand-held smart devices, social media,
v
vi Foreword

WiFi and fibre networks, have transformed service design and delivery
for consumers. They have also reduced the gap, blurred the distinction
even, between consumers and producers of products and services. We
have also begun to see the more digitally savvy and progressive public
bodies and city governments redesign their business processes and com-
munity engagement using such tools, with the best ensuring that their
city has access to the necessary digital infrastructure and the skills required
to benefit from it.
While we have been through bouts of technological determinism and
indeed optimism before, I think it is fair to conclude that the trend in
this direction is irreversible and welcome. We are moving towards a more
digitally enabled city government. With enhanced fibre networks, the
Internet of Things, and the advent of 5G, more data-driven and respon-
sive infrastructure networks and services will augur the first real instru-
mentalising of the Smart City and the making of active prosumers out of
once passive consumers. We will see digitally empowered communities
demanding to shape not just government service design and delivery but
also the very strategic planning objectives of their council and indeed
their city. We will also—through the proliferation of data from sensors in
infrastructure, the streets we walk on, the buildings we pass by, the energy
and water systems we deploy and the transport that we use, know as never
before about how our core urban systems are performing; both in relation
to expectations and in relation to other cities. In a digital era, ‘big data’
will be ubiquitous, whether or not it is formally released by governments
and councils to inform civil society about the development path of its
cities. In prospect, our governments and cities will have the opportunity
to be better managed but also more accountable through the translation
of Big Data into Open Data. With Open Data the true costs and benefits
of urban infrastructure—did those new roads really reduce congestion or
just make our cities worse?—will be evermore apparent.
This direction of technological development is, I believe, universally
applicable and the articles in the Open Cities Open Data collection pro-
vide insights of international relevance. The collection is of particu-
lar importance in Australia. This is because despite being one of the more
urban societies on the planet and notwithstanding Australia’s strong per-
formance in the wider region as a centre of tech start-ups and fintech
 Foreword vii

innovation, it would be hard to describe any Australian city as the lead in

terms of realising Smart Cities’ objectives. It is not one of the interna-
tional city benchmarking exercises in which our cities yet do well. This I
suspect, has a lot to do with the governance challenge in Australian cities,
as the cities which are doing best in such benchmarking—Singapore,
Boston, London—are smart in a governance sense and not just in tech-
nology. Specifically, such cities have effective city governance at the met-
ropolitan level or have responsibility at the council level for significant
budgets and services. The City of Boston has the usual range of services
you would see in an Australian council plus housing, public transport,
police, education and health. Singapore, perhaps the leading global Smart
City, is effectively a city-state with aligned government services promot-
ing an effective integration of technology, land use and transport. In
both, the city government is either big enough or integrated enough for
data-driven approaches and technology tools and platforms to be applied
across the government, across the whole city or indeed both.
By contrast digital innovation and exemplars may be being developed
in Australian cities, but they will be found in say one or more of the 31
separate councils operating in Sydney, or one of 20 or more siloed New
South Wales (NSW) Government departments or agencies. Such frac-
tured governance makes it hard for such innovation to be scaled up or
spread across government or across the whole of a city at a metro level.
Relatedly, without effective governance at the metropolitan level and in
the context of a siloed state government, there is as yet little capacity to
feed data on urban or infrastructure performance from councils or state
departments back into the management of the city. And without account-
ability for performance at the metropolitan level to electorates, Australian
cities have both a democratic and a managerial deficit whose conse-
quences for liveability, productivity and equity have begun to be noted in
global city benchmarking exercises.
It has been well said of Australian cities that they are orphans of public
policy with their management and governance falling between too many
small and under-powered councils and a too mighty and remote state
government on the other. This has also left city inhabitants without the
institutions or platforms to enable them to shape their cities at a
­metropolitan level or even have a cross-city discussion about urban ideas
that matter at the local level.
viii Foreword

However, this situation makes the drive towards more ‘data-driven and
responsive’ cities in Australia even more important, not less. Without
conventional governance and urban management arrangements for our
metros, data openness and digitally enabled civic engagement become
crucial alternative tools of accountability and performance improvement
in and for Australian cities.
Consequently, academics, researchers and policy experts, in and out of
the university, are essential in promoting an understanding of best prac-
tice in urban performance and transformation. By identifying good ‘data-­
driven and responsive’ practices and great projects they have a unique
opportunity to show the way for public decision-makers and iden-
tify strategies to scale up Open Data innovation across government or
indeed the city as a whole. By providing, collating and analysing data on
the actual performance of a key piece of urban infrastructure in relation
to its claimed benefits, when initially justified and prioritised, better pol-
icy and investment decisions can flow. By seeking to ensure that such
findings are not confined to academic outputs but are disseminated also
via broader media channels, a better civic debate about the direction and
performance of our cities can be created.
With much controversy now in Australia about these matters, and a
strong sense that our cities are neither understood fully nor managed and
yet are on a path to double in population just after mid-century, there
was never a better moment for ‘big data’ to shape the critical debate about
the future of our now rather ‘big cities’. And therefore, no better time for
a collection of this title to be published.
Tim Williams is Cities Leader for Arup in Australasia and Chair of
Open Cities whose mission is to promote more data-driven, responsive,
resilient and inclusive cities in Australia.

Sydney, Australia Tim Williams

Reference

Goldsmith, S., & Crawford, S. (2014). The responsive city: Engaging com-
munities through data-smart governance. Hoboken: Wiley.
 Acknowledgement

Each chapter in this book went through a rigorous double to triple blind
peer review process. The editors would like to thank the many reviewers
for their critical contributions and considerable investment in time. The
editors would like to acknowledge the dedication and intelligent support
provided by the urban designer and scholar Ashley Bakelmun. Ashley
assisted with the production of the book in many valuable ways including
communications with the various chapter authors, through the compila-
tion of the chapters and through the facilitation of the rigorous double-
and triple-blind peer-review process. This work was carried out with great
professionalism and humanity.
The book was financially assisted by the Faculty of the UNSW Built
Environment, Sydney, which also supported the 2015 Open Cities Open
Data workshop that inspired many of the ideas and connections evident
in the book. The workshop was convened by the UNSW Built
Environment’s Smart Cities Research Cluster. The Smart Cities Research
Cluster is a research network that supports collaboration and research on
Smart Cities and has annual high profile events. The Smart Cities
Research Cluster (SCRC) seeks to promote and advance the design, plan-
ning and delivery of urban environments and services through the use of
information and communication technologies with a focus on spatial
technologies.

ix
 Contents

1 Introduction: Open Data and the Generation of Urban

Value  1
Scott Hawken, Hoon Han, and Christopher Petit

Part I Urban Inclusion and Social Entrepreneurship  27

2 Homelessness and Open City Data: Addressing a Global

Challenge 29
Sonia Hugh and Mark S. Fox

3 Open Data and Racial Segregation: Mapping the Historic

Imprint of Racial Covenants and Redlining on American
Cities 57
Ashley Bakelmun and Sarah Jane Shoenfeld

4 Safer Cities for Women: Global and Local Innovations

with Open Data and Civic Technology 85
Scott Hawken, Simone Z. Leao, Ori Gudes, Parisa Izadpanahi,
Kalpana Viswanath, and Christopher Petit

xi
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xii Contents

5 Open Online Platforms and the Collaborative Production

of Micro Urban Spaces: Towards an Architecture of Civic
Engagement107
Homa Rahmat

6 Slum Digitisation, Its Opponents and Allies in

Developing Smart Cities: The Case of Kibera, Nairobi129
Bitange Ndemo

Part II Knowledge Ecosystems and Resilience 149

7 Mapping Climate Vulnerability with Open Data: A

Dashboard for Place-­Based Action151
Scott Hawken, Komali Yenneti, and Carole Bodilis

8 Urban Metabolism and Open Data: Opportunities and

Challenges for Urban Resource Efficiency177
Aristide Athanassiadis

9 Tackling the Challenge of Growing Cities: An Informed

Urbanisation Approach197
Christopher Petit, Elizabeth Wentz, Bill Randolph, David
Sanderson, Frank Kelly, Sean Beevers, and Jonathan Reades

10 Linking Complex Urban Systems: Insights from Cross-­

Domain Urban Data Analysis221
Lelin Zhang, Bang Zhang, Ting Guo, Fang Chen, Peter Runcie,
Bronwyn Cameron, and Roger Rooney

11 Interfacing the City: Mixed Reality as a Form of Open

Data241
Jeremy Harkins and Christopher Heard
 Contents xiii

12 A Dashboard for the Unexpected: Open Data for Real-­

Time Disaster Response265
Ian Tilley and Christopher Petit

Part III Civic Innovation and Transparency 287

13 An Information Management Strategy for City Data

Hubs: Open Data Strategies for Large Organisations289
Pascal Perez, Christopher Petit, Sarah Barns, Jonathan Doig,
and Carmela Ticzon

14 Tell Me How My Open Data Is Re-used: Increasing

Transparency Through the Open City Toolkit311
Auriol Degbelo, Carlos Granell, Sergio Trilles, Devanjan
Bhattacharya, and Jonas Wissing

15 From Repositories to Switchboards: Local Governments as

Open Data Facilitators331
Irina Anastasiu, Marcus Foth, Ronald Schroeter, and Markus
Rittenbruch

16 Understanding the Open Data Challenge for Building

Smart Cities in India359
Sarbeswar Praharaj and Saswat Bandyopadhyay

17 Resilient Cities, User-Driven Planning, and Open Data

Policy383
Paul Burton, Anne Tiernan, Malcolm Wolski, Lex Drennan,
and Lochlan Morrissey

Index401
 Notes on Contributors

Irina Anastasiu is a PhD candidate at the Queensland University of

Technology, Australia. She holds a BSc and an MSc in Media Informatics
and Communication Science from Ludwig Maximilian University of
Munich, and an Honours degree in Technology Management from the
Center for Digital Technology and Management. She is interested in
exploring participatory citymaking as an opportunity to build solidarity
with those neglected or affected by dominating smart city visions in order
to strengthen urban social movements towards systemic change in how
cities are produced and governed. In doing so, she seeks to integrate
social, political and urban theory into civic technology, further drawing
upon her extensive industry experience in the design and implementa-
tion of digital technology.

Aristide Athanassiadis is Chair of Circular Economy and Urban

Metabolism at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. Within this
framework, he attempts to build bridges between the academia, public
administrations and “circular” actors in order to accelerate Brussels’ tran-
sition towards a more circular economy and metabolism. During the last
years, he has advised and has acted as an external consultant for a number
of local, regional and international administrations and organisations on
the topics of urban metabolism and circular economy. Finally,
Athanassiadis co-created the non-profit organisation and open-­source
xv
xvi Notes on Contributors

platform Metabolism of Cities that promotes urban metabolism by cen-

tralising data and publications and developing free online tools for teach-
ing and research.

Ashley Bakelmun is Founder and Director of Urban Equity Lab, an

urban strategy consultancy advocating for the most vulnerable popula-
tions in cities. Her research and design projects address complex “urban
questions” with a goal of working towards socially and environmentally
just cities. Her current work focuses on the intersection of urban design
and planning with inequality and segregation. In her past consulting
roles, she led design and construction teams to deliver sustainable master
plans on education/corporate campuses.

Saswat Bandyopadhyay is a professor at the School of Planning, CEPT

(Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology) University, India.
Bandyopadhyay is the Area Chair for the infrastructure planning pro-
gramme at CEPT with over two decades of experience in the urban
development sector in South Asia. He has spearheaded several Indian
urban missions and capacity development activities. Government of
India, The World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and United
Nations Development Program (UNDP) are some of the clients that
Bandyopadhyay has consulted for.

Sarah Barns is a research fellow based at the Institute for Culture and
Society, Western Sydney University, Australia. In August 2013, Barns was
awarded a three-year Urban Studies Postdoctoral Research Fellowship by
the Urban Studies Foundation for a project titled ‘Platform urbanism:
The Role of City Labs, Data Infomediaries, and Open Government
Experiments in Urban Governance’. The project examines how urban
knowledge is being shaped through smart technologies and pervasive
data and will address new institutional alignments and governance
arrangements emerging in key digital cities. Barns’ current research builds
on her doctoral thesis, ‘The Death & Life of the Real-Time City:
Re-imagining the City of Digital Urbanism’.
 Notes on Contributors xvii

Sean Beevers helped establish the London Air Quality Network and the
Environmental Research Group at King’s College London, is a m ­ ember
of the MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health and leads the MSc
Global Air Pollution and Health (https://www.kcl.ac.uk/study/postgrad-
uate/taught-courses/global-air-pollution-and-health-management-and-
science.aspx). He is also Senior Lecturer in Air Pollution Modelling,
King’s College London, UK. Beevers has written 74 peer-reviewed papers
and has worked closely with London policymakers to implement major
changes to the city, from the London Congestion Charging Zone to the
recent London Ultra Low Emissions Zone. Beevers’ future research goals
are to investigate associations between air pollution and health by apply-
ing King’s air quality models to cities globally and to develop models of
personal exposure indoors and outdoors. He aims to develop policies that
reduce exposure to air pollution and to investigate the interaction between
air quality and climate change policy.

Devanjan Bhattacharya holds a PhD in Geomatics Engineering and

his research interests are in applications of geoinformatics for societal
challenges, geohazard management, smart cities, and spatial technolo-
gies. He is a postdoctoral manager of the EU H2020 project GEO-C at
NOVA IMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.

Carole Bodilis is an engineer with a major in Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) and Urbanism. She is completing her Joint European
Master in Environmental Studies—Cities and Sustainability (Erasmus
Mundus programme JEMES CiSu) in Portugal, working on relevant
indicators for planning support systems focused on environmental issues.

Paul Burton is Professor of Urban Management and Planning and

Director of the Cities Research Institute at Griffith University, Australia.

Bronwyn Cameron originally joined Sydney Water in 2012 as an

undergraduate Co-op Scholar. She returned to Sydney Water on the
Graduate Program in 2014. During her four years at Sydney Water, she
has worked in civil delivery, network operations and strategic analytics.
xviii Notes on Contributors

She works in Service Planning, developing asset strategies. Cameron

holds a First Class Honours degree in Civil Engineering from University
of New South Wales (UNSW) and a Masters in Water Resources.

Fang Chen is a prominent leader in AI/data science with international

reputation and industrial recognition. She is the winner of the “Oscars”
of Australian science, 2018 Australian Museum Eureka Prize for excel-
lence in data science. She has created many innovative research and solu-
tions, transforming industries that utilise AI/data science. She has helped
industries worldwide advance towards excellence in increasing their pro-
ductivity, innovation, profitability and customer satisfaction. The trans-
formations to industry with practical impact won her many industrial
recognitions including being named as “Water Professional of The Year”
in 2016. She has actively led in developing new strategies, which priori-
tise the organisation’s objectives, and capitalise on any growth opportuni-
ties. She has built up a career in creating research and business plans, and
executing with leadership and passion. In science and engineering, Chen
has 300+ refereed publications, including several books. She has filed 30+
patents in Australia, US, Canada, Europe, Japan, Korea, Mexico and
China.

Auriol Degbelo is a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for

Geoinformatics, University of Münster, Germany. His current research
interests include semantic integration of geospatial information, re-use of
open government data, and interaction with geographic information.

Jonathan Doig is working on establishing Urban Analytics Data

Infrastructure involving geospatial data services and semantic web tech-
niques. He has nearly 30 years’ experience with geospatial information
systems, web services, and data management in government and private
firms in Australia and the UK, with a focus on environmental data pub-
lishing and reporting.

Lex Drennan is an Adjunct Industry Fellow at the Policy Innovation

Hub, Griffith University, Australia.
 Notes on Contributors xix

Marcus Foth is Professor of Urban Informatics in the QUT Design Lab,

Australia, and an Honorary Professor in the School of Communication
and Culture at Aarhus University, Denmark. His transdisciplinary work
is at the international forefront of human-computer interaction research
and development with a focus on smart cities, community engagement,
media architecture and sustainability. Foth founded the Urban Informatics
Research Lab in 2006 and the QUT Design Lab in 2016. Ahead of their
time and before the term “smart cities” became popular, Foth pioneered
a new field of study and practice: Urban informatics examines people
creating, applying and using information and communication technol-
ogy and data in cities and urban environments.

Mark S. Fox is Distinguished Professor of Urban Systems Engineering,

Professor of Industrial Engineering and Computer Science and founding
director of the Centre for Social Services Engineering at the University of
Toronto, Canada. He is a fellow of the Association for the Advancement
of Artificial Intelligence.

Carlos Granell holds a five-year Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship

at the Universitat Jaume I (UJI) of Castellón, Spain. Before re-joining
The Geospatial Technologies (Geotec) research group in 2014, he worked
for three years as a post-doc in the Digital Earth and Reference Data Unit
of the European Commissions’ Joint Research Centre (JRC), and was a
post- and pre-doctoral researcher during the period 2003–2010 at the
Universitat Jaume I of Castellón, from which he holds a PhD (2006). His
research interests lie in multi-disciplinary GIS, model web, and spatial
analysis and visualization.

Ori Gudes is a research fellow at the City Futures Research Centre and
a lecturer in the City Analytics Program at the University of New South
Wales (UNSW), Australia. His research focuses on GIS, urban informat-
ics, decision supports systems for urban planners, evaluation and usabil-
ity, spatial analysis and visualisation. He works on developing Planning
Support Systems (PSS) in the urban planning settings and evaluates its
effectiveness and impact.
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• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Learning Objective 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 5: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Important: Practical applications and examples
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Review 3: Research findings and conclusions
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 21: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 4: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 30: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 32: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 36: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 37: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 38: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 39: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 5: Current trends and future directions
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 6: Current trends and future directions
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 53: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 55: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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