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 AFRICA-EUROPE
RESEARCH AND
INNOVATION
COOPERATION
Global Challenges,
Bi-regional Responses

Edited by
Andrew Cherry,
James Haselip,
Gerard Ralphs
and Isabella E. Wagner
Africa-Europe Research and Innovation
Cooperation
 Andrew Cherry • James Haselip
Gerard Ralphs • Isabella E. Wagner
Editors

Africa-Europe
Research and
Innovation
Cooperation
Global Challenges, Bi-regional Responses
Editors
Andrew Cherry James Haselip
Association of Commonwealth DTU - Dept. Management Engineering
Universities UNEP DTU Partnership
London, UK Copenhagen, Denmark

Gerard Ralphs Isabella E. Wagner

Human Sciences Research Council Centre for Social Innovation
Cape Town, South Africa Vienna, Austria

ISBN 978-3-319-69928-8    ISBN 978-3-319-69929-5 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69929-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017963637

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is published open access.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as
you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the
Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly
from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub-
lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu-
tional affiliations.

Cover pattern © Melisa Hasan

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Preface

The Portuguese capital of Lisbon played host to a historic meeting in the

European winter of 2007. It was there that Heads of State and Governments
from Africa and the European Union (EU) gathered to agree a new pact—
the Joint Africa–EU Strategy (JAES). Setting JAES apart from previous
political agreements between the regions has been the explicit inclusion of
science and technology (S&T), initially as a distinct chapter of the rolling
JAES action plans alongside information society and space, and latterly as a
cross-cutting domain. That inclusion of S&T in JAES in part reflected the
global consensus at that time that capacity in S&T was essential to eco-
nomic competitiveness, sustainable development and poverty reduction.
Conceived against this background, the CAAST-Net project launched
very soon after the Lisbon Summit. Its purpose? To foster improved quality
and quantity of bi-regional cooperation in S&T between Europe and Africa.
Targeting areas of mutual interest and benefit, the project gave attention
equally to fostering bi-regional partnerships on the one hand through, for
example, greater use of EU’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) funding
programme, and on the other hand to bettering the conditions of collabora-
tion, for example, through lobbying for greater coordination between
national, and regional research and development policies and instruments.
The 2008 CAAST-Net kick-off meeting in Entebbe, Uganda, brought
together the network’s then 18 partner organisations, mostly national sci-
ence authorities from across Africa and Europe and marked the beginning
of what was itself to become a long-term Africa–Europe partnership
­forging new working relationships, exploring new ideas and striking new
friendships.

v
vi PREFACE

After five years, CAAST-Net gave way at the end of 2012 to CAAST-­
Net Plus with an expanded consortium of 25 partners, still mostly national
science authorities, collectively pursuing the same purpose particularly in
relation to the global societal challenges of climate change, food security
and health. More closely aligned to the interests and needs of the formal
Africa–EU partnership in science, technology and innovation (STI), the
new project also offered a platform for stakeholders to share opinions and
experience of Africa–Europe collaboration with the partnership’s gover-
nance structure, the so-called EU–Africa high-level policy dia-
logue (HLPD) on STI, and of course with myriad national policymakers
and programme owners.
Spanning a full decade (2008–2017), the CAAST-Net and CAAST-Net
Plus projects became bywords for Africa–Europe collaboration, reinforc-
ing the landscape, bringing together research and policy actors from the
two regions to engage on topics of mutual interest and to conduct analyti-
cal work to advance the practice of cooperation. The projects have not
been alone in this endeavour, however. CAAST-Net and CAAST-Net Plus
joined its voice to that of a family of similar initiatives, many best known
by their acronyms (PAERIP, PAEPARD, EUROAFRICA-ICT, RINEA to
mention a few), over the past decade, which collectively have done much
to build and reinforce our bi-regional S&T relationship in specific topics
and as a cross-cutting domain.
This book has had a long gestation. Conceived in 2014 as a way of
conveying the projects’ learning in a more digestible and accessible format
to a wider audience than its formal outputs, it also serendipitously fills the
S&T gap in the existing body of literature on Africa–Europe relations.
Writing not as academics but as practitioners, we have tried to bring
together our collective practical experiences and analysis of cooperation in
a way which we hope will provide a baseline for future assessment of our
partnership, a guidance for international cooperation policy and program-
ming and a sense of purpose to those working for a strong relationship
that addresses shared societal challenges.

June 2017
Andrew Cherry
 Eric Mwangi
 Acknowledgements

The idea for a book about Africa–Europe research and innovation coop-
eration was first floated in 2014, in discussion between Gerard Ralphs and
Andy Cherry. James Haselip and Isabella E. Wagner came on board soon
after and took on central roles in managing the editorial process. However,
the book reflects the rich experience and insights of all the members of the
CAAST-Net and CAAST-Net Plus teams as well as the projects’ close col-
laborators. As such, the editors recognise that the production of this book
would not have been possible without the contributions of a wide range of
individuals and their organisations. We would like to extend our specific
thanks to the following:
The chapter authors and the authors of the outcome testimonials pro-
filed through this book, for their commitment to the project, and for their
patience from the early review stages through to the finalisation of the
manuscript.
Anaïs Angelo joined the project team close to the book’s finalisation as
an editor. Her assiduous attention to detail and commitment to editorial
excellence have been incredible assets, for which we are truly grateful.
The team from Palgrave Macmillan were a pleasure to work with. Sarah
Roughley patiently supported and accompanied us right from the begin-
ning, and Samantha Snedden, Oliver Foster and ArunPrakash Ramasamy
assisted us very capably with the completion of the manuscript.
Financial support for the editing, layout and publishing of this book
was kindly provided by the European Commission (EC), through the
CAAST-Net Plus project (grant agreement 311806). The support of

vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

the EC has also helped to ensure that the book will remain an open access
resource for readers across the globe.
Lastly, we are grateful to all of the partner organisations, partner repre-
sentatives and stakeholders who have been part of the CAAST-Net and
CAAST-Net Plus family over the past decade, for their contributions to
strengthening Africa–Europe cooperation in research and innovation.

Andrew Cherry
James Haselip
Gerard Ralphs
Isabella E. Wagner
 Contents

Part I Politics, Policies and Programmes   1

1 The Politics and Drivers Underpinning Africa–Europe

Research and Innovation Cooperation   3
Andrew Cherry and Daan du Toit

2 Policy Frameworks Supporting Africa–Europe STI

Cooperation: Past Achievements and Future
Responsibilities  21
Ismail Barugahara and Arne Tostensen

Part II Cooperation in Food Security, Climate Change

and Health  37

3 The Dynamics of EU–Africa Research and Innovation

Cooperation Programmes  39
Erika Kraemer-Mbula, Constantine Vaitsas, and George
Owusu Essegbey

ix
x Contents

4 Bi-regional Scientific Cooperation on Food and Nutrition

Security and Sustainable Agriculture  65
Jean Albergel, Arlène Alpha, Nouhou Diaby, Judith-Ann
Francis, Jacques Lançon, Jean-Michel Sers, and Johan Viljoen

5 Africa–Europe Collaborations for Climate Change

Research and Innovation: What Difference Have
They Made?  81
James Haselip and Mike Hughes

6 Equality in Health Research Cooperation Between Africa

and Europe: The Potential of the Research Fairness
Initiative  99
Lauranne Botti, Carel IJsselmuiden, Katharina Kuss,
Eric Mwangi, and Isabella E. Wagner

Part III Futures of Africa–Europe Research and Innovation

Cooperation 121

7 Towards Better Joint Work: Reflections on Partnership

Effectiveness 123
Gerard Ralphs and Isabella E. Wagner

 ostscript | Future(s) of Africa–Europe Research

P
and Innovation Cooperation 141

Index 145
 List of Contributors

Jean Albergel has been the director of France’s CNRS-IRD joint office
in South Africa. He has worked extensively as a scientist within the EU’s
Framework Programmes and coordinated the HYDROMED (FP4) and
SOWAMED (FP6) projects. Within the context of EU research coopera-
tion and support action projects, Albergel has been a work package leader
in two Africa–Europe INCO-NET projects, CAAST-Net and CAAST-Net
Plus, and also coordinated of the ERA-NET project ERAfrica.
Arlène Alpha has been a research fellow at the French Agricultural
Research Centre for International Cooperation (CIRAD). A specialist in
food and nutrition security policies in West Africa, her focus is on Burkina
Faso. Alpha is also in charge of a research platform on food security in
West Africa, which aims at developing research collaboration between
CIRAD and West African public research institutions.
Ismail Barugahara heads up the Science, Technology and Policy
Coordination Division at the Uganda National Council for Science and
Technology. As one of the long-standing UNCST representatives within
the CAAST-Net and CAAST-Net Plus projects, Barugahara has co-­
authored CAAST-Net research on the institutional landscape for Africa
and Europe S&T cooperation, and on linkages between S&T and devel-
opment cooperation.
Lauranne Botti is Manager of the Research Fairness Initiative at the
Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED) and based in
Geneva, Switzerland. She has worked as a COHRED representative within

xi
xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

the CAAST-Net Plus project to advance the RFI as a sustainable platform

for European and sub-Saharan African cooperation in research, develop-
ment and innovation for health.
Alexandre Caron is a researcher at the French Agricultural Research
Centre for International Cooperation (CIRAD), where he conducts
research on disease ecology at wild/domestic interfaces in Transfrontier
Conservation Areas in southern Africa. He is currently hosted by the
Faculdade de Veterinaria at the Universidade Edouardo Mondlane in
Mozambique, involved in the coordination of the Research Platform
RP-PCP: “Production and Conservation in Partnership”.
Andrea Cefis is Project Manager for Improving Food Safety in Benin,
working closely with the Belgian Development Agency. He is a specialist
in food safety and food security in tropical countries and has worked in
several developing country projects to improve agro value chains.
Andrew Cherry has coordinated both the CAAST-Net and CAAST-Net
Plus projects since 2008. He is an entomopathologist and trained at
Imperial College London. He is presently based at the Association of
Commonwealth Universities (ACU), where he was assigned initially to
direct the Africa Unit and latterly to manage the ACU’s projects on foster-
ing international collaboration in scientific and technical research and
innovation.
Nouhou Diaby is a researcher in the Institut Fondamental d’Afrique
Noire at Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal. Diaby also
serves as a technical advisor to the Ministry of Higher Education and
Research. Since 2013, Diaby has been the focal point in Senegal for
UNESCO’s Global Observatory of Science, Technology and Innovation
Policy Instruments (GO-SPIN).
George Owusu Essegbey is the director of the Science and Technology
Policy Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research in Ghana. He has conducted extensive research on STI develop-
ment, especially in agriculture and industry. His key thematic areas of
research are micro and small enterprises, innovation studies, STI policy
and climate change. He has also executed assignments for agencies of the
UN system, including the World Bank, UNESCO, WIPO and UNEP.
Judith-Ann Francis is a senior programme coordinator, Science and
Technology Policy, at the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
   xiii

Cooperation ACP–EU (CTA), The Netherlands. She is also the executive

secretary of the European Forum on Agricultural Research for
Development and represents CTA in two FP7 projects: CAAST-Net Plus
and PACENet+. Both projects are bi-regional STI collaborations for
addressing the global challenges on food and nutrition security, climate
change and health.
Jochen Froebrich leads the Green Economic Growth Programme at
Alterra Wageningen UR, The Netherlands. A specialist in water stress
management in arid and semi-arid regions, his current focus is on transdis-
ciplinary approaches for fostering agribusiness innovation, circular and
green economy, as well as the related use of Public Private Partnership
concepts in the Netherlands, Europe, India and Africa.
James Haselip is a senior researcher at the UNEP DTU Partnership and
is based in Copenhagen. He works within the Cleaner Energy Development
group, where his work focuses on the design and implementation of
enabling frameworks for climate change mitigation technologies, using
multi-criteria, economic baselines and outcome mapping methodologies.
Since 2013, he has been involved in the CAAST-Net Plus project, contrib-
uting to its work on climate change.
Mike Hughes is an advisor for Science, Technology, Research and
Innovation within the Ministry of Education, Rwanda. His key role is to
develop Rwanda’s national policy and strategy for the development of STI
for poverty alleviation and economic growth. Hughes has also served in
the Office of the President of Rwanda.
Carel IJsselmuiden a physician, epidemiologist, public health practitioner,
academic and social entrepreneur, has been the executive director of the
Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED). IJsselmuiden
also teaches and undertakes research as an adjunct professor in the School
for Applied Human Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-­Natal in South
Africa. He was formerly head of department of the Department of
Community Health at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, and is a
founding director of its School of Health Systems and Public Health.
Erika Kraemer-Mbula is an associate professor at the University of
Johannesburg, South Africa, and Researcher at the DST-NRF Centre of
Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation
Policy. Her research interests concern the various routes involved in
xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

creating technological competencies in Africa. She recently co-authored

The Informal Economy in Developing Nations: Hidden Engine of Innovation?
Katharina Kuss is an advisor on International Cooperation, Research,
Health and Gender at the Spanish Foundation for International
Cooperation, Health and Social Affairs. She has worked as an external
evaluator for the European Commission, contributed to the development
of several EU projects and serves on an international advisory board on
women’s health. She has coordinated, managed and participated in several
projects funded by Directorate-General Research and DG Justice,
­including CPN-YAS-PRD, PRD College, Health NCP Net, CHANGE
and CAAST-Net Plus.
Jacques Lançon is a senior advisor for African institutions and policies
(Direction for Research and Strategy) at the French Agricultural Research
Centre for International Development (Cirad). As a researcher, he has
been responsible for projects and programmes on participatory plant
breeding, multi-actor platforms and seed exchanges with various crops.
He has also coordinated multidisciplinary and conceptual research on how
to design new cropping systems, as well as instructed loans for the
Development Bank of Vanuatu.
Toto Matshediso is Deputy Director for Strategic Partnerships at the
Department of Science and Technology in South Africa. In this capacity,
he has promoted and supported participation of South African National
System of Innovation stakeholders in EU’s programme of strategic impor-
tance to South Africa, including Horizon 2020, EUREKA, EDCTP,
COST, Erasmus Mundus and the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Science
and Technology programme.
Priscilla Mugabe is an associate professor in the Department of Animal
Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe and is an alter-
nate coordinator for Research Platform Production & Conservation
(RP-PCP).
Eric Mwangi is the deputy director of the Department of Research
Management at Kenya’s Ministry of Education, Science and Technology,
and has been the Africa Region Coordinator for the CAAST-Net and
CAAST-Net Plus projects. Through CAAST-Net and CAAST-Net Plus,
Mwangi has fostered MOEST and Kenyan participation in FP7 projects,
including ICT, research infrastructures and space science.
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
   xv

Emeka Orji is the deputy director of the National Office for Technology
Acquisition and Promotion, Nigeria. He is a scientist and technology
management professional, with extensive experience in technological
innovation, S&T policy dialogues and strategies. He is also a monitoring
and evaluation expert within the development of the small- and medium-­
sized enterprises sub-sector.
Melissa Plath is Head of Projects at the Finnish University Partnership
for International Development, a network of Finnish universities support-
ing the attainment of strategic global responsibility objectives within the
Finnish higher education sector. She is responsible for international coop-
eration and science policy within the network and manages UniPID’s
externally funded projects.
Erick Rajaonary a chartered accountant, is the president of the Malagasy
Entrepreneurial Association and CEO of GUANOMAD. In 2013,
Guanomad won the Outstanding “Small and Growing Business in Africa”
within the African Leadership for Entrepreneurship in Mauritius.
Gerard Ralphs joined the Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation
Indicators at the Human Science Research Council, South Africa, in 2017
as a programme manager and policy analyst. Prior to this he was the man-
ager of partnerships and projects at Research Africa, also in South Africa,
where he worked on the European Union-funded CAAST-Net, RIMI4AC
and CAAST-Net Plus projects. In 2011–2012, he was based in Ottawa as
a research awardee in the Donor Partnerships Division at Canada’s
International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
Jean-Michel Sers is European Affairs Coordinator for CIRAD. Prior to
joining CIRAD, he was a policy officer at the European Commission’s
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, and in charge of
research and innovation cooperation between European and South Asian
countries. In this role, his tasks included conduct and development of
research and innovation policy dialogue with majors Asian country part-
ners of EU, including the preparation of policy and position papers.
Mamohloding Tlhagale is the former head of International Cooperation
and Partnerships at South Africa’s Water Research Commission. She was
formerly Director: Strategic Partnerships at the Department of Science
and Technology, where she promoted strategic international partnerships
to leverage international resources to strengthen South Africa’s science
and technology capacities.
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