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EDITED BY
EDWIN E. ETIEYIBO
Method, Substance, and the Future
of African Philosophy
Edwin E. Etieyibo
Editor

Method, Substance,
and the Future of
African Philosophy
Editor
Edwin E. Etieyibo
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa

ISBN 978-3-319-70225-4    ISBN 978-3-319-70226-1 (eBook)


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70226-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960956

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Cover Credit: EuroStyle Graphics / Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature


The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

The idea for this book began with the need to bring together some of the
papers presented at the September 9–11, 2015 African Philosophy (African
Philosophy: Past, Present and Future) Conference at the University of the
Witwatersrand. The conference, as many will remember, drew and
attracted many scholars working in African philosophy—both some of the
most established and prominent ones and a number of promising ones.
However, within the two years when work started on the collection and
following a couple of peer reviews, a number of essays that were not origi-
nally part of the conference out of necessity and their importance found
their way into the edited volume.
Although all the chapters in the volume are united by one common
subject matter—African philosophy—each of them individually (directly
and indirectly) touch on and develop further aspects of one or more of the
following sub-themes: (a) African philosophy in history; (b) methodologi-
cal debates in African philosophy; (c) substantive issues, topics and debates
in African philosophy; and (d) the future of African philosophy. In this
sense, the book as a whole can be construed as contributing to contempo-
rary efforts aimed at invigorating the excavation of knowledge (both
extant and primordial) in African philosophy.
Some acknowledgments seem appropriate to the extent that the collec-
tion is seeing the light of day. I want to thank every one of the contribu-
tors for patiently and painstakingly working with me on volume. The book
would not be out now without the numerous efforts expended by them
into their various chapters. I would also like to express some gratitude to
the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences for the

v
vi PREFACE

s­upport that they provided, which helped to fund some aspects of the
conference as well as facilitate some of the editorial- and administrative-
related work of this volume. And finally, some appreciations are due to the
anonymous reviewers who twice went through the book and offered very
helpful and constructive feedback.

Johannesburg, South Africa Edwin E. Etieyibo


Contents

1 Introduction   1
Edwin E. Etieyibo

Part I African Philosophy and History  11

2 African Philosophy in History, Context,


and Contemporary Times  13
Edwin E. Etieyibo

3 The Journey of African Philosophy  35


Barry Hallen

4 History of Philosophy as a Problem: Our Case  53


Dismas A. Masolo

5 The State of African Philosophy in Africa  71


Edwin E. Etieyibo and Jonathan O. Chimakonam

vii
viii Contents

Part II Method in African Philosophy  91

6 Questions of Method and Substance and the Growth


of African Philosophy  93
Simon Mathias Makwinja

7 Between the Ontology and Logic Criteria of African


Philosophy 113
Lucky Uchenna Ogbonnaya

8 The “Demise” of Philosophical Universalism and the Rise


of Conversational Thinking in Contemporary African
Philosophy 135
Jonathan O. Chimakonam

9 Is, Ought, and All: In Defense of a Method 161


Oritsegbubemi Anthony Oyowe

Part III Substance of African Philosophy 185

10 An Examination of Menkiti’s Conception


of Personhood and Gyekye’s Critique   187
Polycarp Ikuenobe

11 Justification of Moral Norms in African Philosophy   209


Uchenna Okeja

12 The Importance of an African Social


Epistemology to Improve Public Health and Increase
Life Expectancy in Africa   229
Helen Lauer

13 The Question of Rationality in Kwasi Wiredu’s


Consensual Democracy   251
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ani
Contents 
   ix

14 How to Ground Animal Rights on African Values:


A Constructive Approach   275
Thaddeus Metz

Part IV African Philosophy and Its Future   291

15 Philosophy and the State in Africa   293


Ifeanyi A. Menkiti

16 Jéan-Paul Sartre and the Agenda of an Africanist


Philosophy of Liberation   313
John M. Lamola

17 The Shaping of the Future of African Philosophy   335


Bernard Matolino

Index 355
Notes on Contributors

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ani is a senior lecturer at the University of Ghana,


Legon. He was appointed as a lecturer by the University of Ghana on August
1, 2011. He holds a BA in Philosophy from the University of Ibadan, a
BPhil in Philosophy from the Pontificia Università Urbaniana Roma (Urban
Pontifical University, Rome), Italy, and an MA and a PhD in Philosophy
from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. His research interests include
deliberative democracy, African philosophy, and philosophy of mind.
Jonathan Okeke Chimakonam is a senior lecturer at the University of
Calabar and a research associate at the University of Johannesburg. His
research interests include logic, African philosophy, and philosophy of
mind. His articles have appeared in journals such as Ultimate Reality and
Meaning, Confluence, South African Journal of Philosophy, African Studies
Quarterly, Phronimon, Polylog, Filosofia Theoretica, Philosophia Africana,
Dialogue and Universalism, among others. He is winner of ISUD’s Jens
Jacobsen Award for Outstanding Research in Philosophy (2016). He is
the African philosophy area editor for the Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. He propounded the theories of conversational thinking and
Ezumezuology.
Edwin E. Etieyibo is an associate professor of philosophy in the
Department of Philosophy, School of Social Sciences, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. His teaching and research
interests cover philosophy of law, ethics (theoretical and applied), social and
political philosophy, African philosophy, epistemology, history of philoso-
phy, philosophy of education and with children, and African socio-­political

xi
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

economy. He is the co-author (with Odirin Omiegbe) of Disabilities in


Nigeria: Attitudes, Reactions, and Remediation (Hamilton Books, 2017);
guest editor of the South African Journal of Philosophy special issue on
“Africanising the Philosophy Curriculum in Universities in Africa”; editor
of Perspectives in Social Contract Theory (CRVP, 2018), and Decolonisation,
Africanisation and the Philosophy Curriculum (Routledge, 2018).
Barry Hallen is currently director of Southern Crossroads Academic. He
was Reader in Philosophy at Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. He
has also been Professor of Philosophy, Morehouse College, Fellow of the
W.E.B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University, and director of a UNESCO
research project.
Polycarp Ikuenobe is a professor of philosophy at Kent State University,
Kent, Ohio, USA. He holds a PhD in philosophy from Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan, USA. His research and teaching interests
include African philosophy, philosophy of law, social, moral, and political
philosophy, informal logic, and philosophy of race. He is the author of
Philosophical Perspectives on Communalism and Morality in African
Traditions (Lexington Books, 2006), and numerous peer-reviewed journal
articles and book chapters.
John M. Lamola is a senior research fellow in philosophy at the University
of Fort Hare, South Africa. He holds a PhD (Edinburgh) and an MBA
degree in Aviation and Aerospace Management from Embry Riddle
Aeronautical University (Florida, USA). Dr Lamola is a public intellectual
and director of companies with an academic publishing track record in lib-
eration theology, African philosophy, politics, and business management.
Helen Lauer is a professor of philosophy in the Department of Philosophy
and Religious Studies, College of Humanities, University of Dar es Salaam.
From 1988 to 2015, she was on faculty of philosophy at the University of
Ghana. Prior to a post doctorate at Oxford University in 1987, her MPhil
(1983) and PhD (1986) were awarded by the philosophy program of the
City University of New York Graduate Center, under the doctoral supervi-
sion of David M. Rosenthal. In 2015 she was inducted as a fellow of the
Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Simon M. Makwinja is a lecturer in the Department of Philosophy,
University of Malawi at Chancellor College. He has taught philosophy
undergraduate courses for more than ten years. Currently, he is a doctoral
Notes on Contributors 
   xiii

candidate in the School of Religion, Philosophy, and Classics at the


University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus. He has research
interests in African philosophy and African moral theory. His publications
(with P.N. Mwale) include Critical Thinking and Reasoning Skills: An
Introduction to Logic (Montfort Press, 2016) and (with G.M. Kayange)
“Exploring the Ethical Basis of Animal Treatment in Malawi”
(J. Humanities, 24, 2016).
Dismas A. Masolo is a native of Kenya and professor of philosophy at the
University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. He is the author of
African Philosophy in Search of Identity (1994) and Self and Community in
a Changing World (2010). He is also co-editor (with Ivan Karp) of African
Philosophy as Cultural Inquiry (2000).
Bernard Matolino is a senior lecturer in philosophy at the University of
KwaZulu-Natal. His research interests are in African philosophy and race
and racism. He is author of Personhood in African Philosophy.
Ifeanyi A. Menkiti is professor emeritus, Department of Philosophy,
Wellesley College, Massachusetts. He was born in Onitsha, Nigeria. He
received his BA from Pomona College and PhD from Harvard University
where he studied with John Rawls, his dissertation adviser. He retired
from Wellesley College in 2014 after forty-one years of teaching. In addi-
tion to his work in philosophy, Menkiti is also a poet, and, at the present
time, is the owner/proprietor of the historic Grolier Poetry Book Shop in
Harvard Square, a bookshop made famous by its association with poets
such as T.S. Eliot, E.E. Cummings, Ezra Pound, Robert Lowell, and oth-
ers. Menkiti has served on the boards of many civic institutions such as the
Cambridge Arts Council, the Greater Boston Youth Pro Musica, and the
Board of Trustees of the Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Mass., a
Harvard University-affiliated teaching hospital.
Thaddeus Metz is distinguished professor at the University of
Johannesburg (2015–2019), where he is affiliated with the Department of
Philosophy. Author of about 200 books, articles, and chapters, he is par-
ticularly known for having analytically articulated an African moral theory,
applied it to a variety of ethical and political controversies, compared it to
East Asian and Western moral perspectives, and defended it as preferable
to them. His book, A Relational Moral Theory: African Contributions to
Global Ethics, is expected to be published by Oxford University Press in
2018.
xiv Notes on Contributors

Lucky Uchenna Ogbonnaya recently concluded his PhD program in


the Department of Philosophy, University of Calabar, Calabar. His areas of
specialization and research interests include metaphysics, logic, and African
philosophy. He is a member of the Conversational School of Philosophy
(CSP), Calabar Circle. He has some articles in academic journals and
chapters in a number of edited books. Ogbonnaya has presented papers at
a number of i­nternational and local conferences. He is an editorial assis-
tant of the journal, Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy,
Culture and Religions.
Uchenna Okeja is an associate professor in the Department of Philosophy
at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa. His research inter-
ests lie in the area of political philosophy, ethics, critical theory, and African
philosophy. He is the author of Normative Justification of a Global Ethic:
A Perspective from African Philosophy (Lexington Books, 2012).
Oritsegbubemi Anthony Oyowe is a senior lecturer in the Department
of Philosophy at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa where
he teaches African Philosophy and Political Philosophy. He was lecturer at
the University of KwaZulu-Natal and a fellow in the African Humanities
Program of the American Council of Learned Societies. He is currently
the secretary of the Philosophical Society of Southern Africa. His research
interests straddle the Western and African philosophical traditions and lie
at the points of intersection between metaphysics and value theory, with
specific focus on ethical, political, and legal issues. He has researched and
published in both local and international journals on questions related to
personhood, Ubuntu, justice, and human rights. He is co-author, with
David Bilchitz and Thaddeus Metz, of the book Jurisprudence in an
African Context (Oxford, 2018).
List of Figures

Fig. 8.1 Conversational curve 148


Fig. 8.2 Diagram of conversational thinking 149

xv
List of Tables

Table 5.1 Universities in Southern Africa 1 76


Table 5.2 Universities in Southern Africa 2 76
Table 5.3 Universities in Southern Africa 3 77
Table 5.4 Universities in Southern Africa 4 78
Table 5.5 Universities in Southern Africa 5 78
Table 5.6 Universities in West Africa 1 82
Table 5.7 Universities in West Africa 2 82
Table 5.8 Universities in West Africa 3 83
Table 5.9 Universities in West Africa 4 83

xvii
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