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Exam : MLS-C01

Title : AWS Certified Machine

Learning - Specialty

Vendor : Amazon

Version : DEMO

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NO.1 A Machine Learning Specialist is packaging a custom ResNet model into a Docker container so
the company can leverage Amazon SageMaker for training The Specialist is using Amazon EC2 P3
instances to train the model and needs to properly configure the Docker container to leverage the
NVIDIA GPUs What does the Specialist need to do1?
A. Bundle the NVIDIA drivers with the Docker image
B. Build the Docker container to be NVIDIA-Docker compatible
C. Organize the Docker container's file structure to execute on GPU instances.
D. Set the GPU flag in the Amazon SageMaker Create TrainingJob request body
Answer: B
Explanation:
To leverage the NVIDIA GPUs on Amazon EC2 P3 instances, the Machine Learning Specialist needs to
build the Docker container to be NVIDIA-Docker compatible. NVIDIA-Docker is a tool that enables
GPU- accelerated containers to run on Docker. It automatically configures the container to access the
NVIDIA drivers and libraries on the host system. The Specialist does not need to bundle the NVIDIA
drivers with the Docker image, as they are already installed on the EC2 P3 instances. The Specialist
does not need to organize the Docker container's file structure to execute on GPU instances, as this is
not relevant for GPU compatibility. The Specialist does not need to set the GPU flag in the Amazon
SageMaker Create TrainingJob request body, as this is only required for using Elastic Inference
accelerators, not EC2 P3 instances. References: NVIDIA-Docker, Using GPU-Accelerated Containers,
Using Elastic Inference in Amazon SageMaker

NO.2 A car company has dealership locations in multiple cities. The company uses a machine
learning (ML) recommendation system to market cars to its customers.
An ML engineer trained the ML recommendation model on a dataset that includes multiple attributes
about each car. The dataset includes attributes such as car brand, car type, fuel efficiency, and price.
The ML engineer uses Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler to analyze and visualize data. The ML
engineer needs to identify the distribution of car prices for a specific type of car.
Which type of visualization should the ML engineer use to meet these requirements?
A. Use the SageMaker Data Wrangler scatter plot visualization to inspect the relationship between
the car price and type of car.
B. Use the SageMaker Data Wrangler quick model visualization to quickly evaluate the data and
produce importance scores for the car price and type of car.
C. Use the SageMaker Data Wrangler anomaly detection visualization to identify outliers for the
specific features.
D. Use the SageMaker Data Wrangler histogram visualization to inspect the range of values for the
specific feature.
Answer: D

NO.3 A Machine Learning Specialist previously trained a logistic regression model using scikit-learn
on a local machine, and the Specialist now wants to deploy it to production for inference only.
What steps should be taken to ensure Amazon SageMaker can host a model that was trained locally?
A. Build the Docker image with the inference code. Tag the Docker image with the registry hostname
andupload it to Amazon ECR.
B. Serialize the trained model so the format is compressed for deployment. Tag the Docker image
with theregistry hostname and upload it to Amazon S3.

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C. Serialize the trained model so the format is compressed for deployment. Build the image and
upload it toDocker Hub.
D. Build the Docker image with the inference code. Configure Docker Hub and upload the image to
Amazon ECR.
Answer: A
Explanation:
To deploy a model that was trained locally to Amazon SageMaker, the steps are:
Build the Docker image with the inference code. The inference code should include the model
loading, data preprocessing, prediction, and postprocessing logic. The Docker image should also
include the dependencies and libraries required by the inference code and the model.
Tag the Docker image with the registry hostname and upload it to Amazon ECR. Amazon ECR is a fully
managed container registry that makes it easy to store, manage, and deploy container images. The
registry hostname is the Amazon ECR registry URI for your account and Region. You can use the AWS
CLI or the Amazon ECR console to tag and push the Docker image to Amazon ECR.
Create a SageMaker model entity that points to the Docker image in Amazon ECR and the model
artifacts in Amazon S3. The model entity is a logical representation of the model that contains the
information needed to deploy the model for inference. The model artifacts are the files generated by
the model training process, such as the model parameters and weights. You can use the AWS CLI, the
SageMaker Python SDK, or the SageMaker console to create the model entity.
Create an endpoint configuration that specifies the instance type and number of instances to use for
hosting the model. The endpoint configuration also defines the production variants, which are the
different versions of the model that you want to deploy. You can use the AWS CLI, the SageMaker
Python SDK, or the SageMaker console to create the endpoint configuration.
Create an endpoint that uses the endpoint configuration to deploy the model. The endpoint is a web
service that exposes an HTTP API for inference requests. You can use the AWS CLI, the SageMaker
Python SDK, or the SageMaker console to create the endpoint.
AWS Machine Learning Specialty Exam Guide
AWS Machine Learning Training - Deploy a Model on Amazon SageMaker
AWS Machine Learning Training - Use Your Own Inference Code with Amazon SageMaker Hosting
Services

NO.4 A company has an ecommerce website with a product recommendation engine built in
TensorFlow. The recommendation engine endpoint is hosted by Amazon SageMaker. Three compute-
optimized instances support the expected peak load of the website.
Response times on the product recommendation page are increasing at the beginning of each month.
Some users are encountering errors. The website receives the majority of its traffic between 8 AM
and 6 PM on weekdays in a single time zone.
Which of the following options are the MOST effective in solving the issue while keeping costs to a
minimum? (Choose two.)
A. Configure the endpoint to use Amazon Elastic Inference (EI) accelerators.
B. Create a new endpoint configuration with two production variants.
C. Configure the endpoint to automatically scale with the Invocations Per Instance metric.
D. Deploy a second instance pool to support a blue/green deployment of models.
E. Reconfigure the endpoint to use burstable instances.
Answer: A C

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Explanation:
The solution A and C are the most effective in solving the issue while keeping costs to a minimum.
The solution A and C involve the following steps:
Configure the endpoint to use Amazon Elastic Inference (EI) accelerators. This will enable the
company to reduce the cost and latency of running TensorFlow inference on SageMaker. Amazon EI
provides GPU- powered acceleration for deep learning models without requiring the use of GPU
instances. Amazon EI can attach to any SageMaker instance type and provide the right amount of
acceleration based on the workload1.
Configure the endpoint to automatically scale with the Invocations Per Instance metric. This will
enable the company to adjust the number of instances based on the demand and traffic patterns of
the website. The Invocations Per Instance metric measures the average number of requests that each
instance processes over a period of time. By using this metric, the company can scale out the
endpoint when the load increases and scale in when the load decreases. This can improve the
response time and availability of the product recommendation engine2.
The other options are not suitable because:
Option B: Creating a new endpoint configuration with two production variants will not solve the issue
of increasing response time and errors. Production variants are used to split the traffic between
different models or versions of the same model. They can be useful for testing, updating, or A/B
testing models. However, they do not provide any scaling or acceleration benefits for the inference
workload3.
Option D: Deploying a second instance pool to support a blue/green deployment of models will not
solve the issue of increasing response time and errors. Blue/green deployment is a technique for
updating models without downtime or disruption. It involves creating a new endpoint configuration
with a different instance pool and model version, and then shifting the traffic from the old endpoint
to the new endpoint gradually. However, this technique does not provide any scaling or acceleration
benefits for the inference workload4.
Option E: Reconfiguring the endpoint to use burstable instances will not solve the issue of increasing
response time and errors. Burstable instances are instances that provide a baseline level of CPU
performance with the ability to burst above the baseline when needed. They can be useful for
workloads that have moderate CPU utilization and occasional spikes. However, they are not suitable
for workloads that have high and consistent CPU utilization, such as the product recommendation
engine. Moreover, burstable instances may incur additional charges when they exceed their CPU
credits5.
1: Amazon Elastic Inference
2: How to Scale Amazon SageMaker Endpoints
3: Deploying Models to Amazon SageMaker Hosting Services
4: Updating Models in Amazon SageMaker Hosting Services
5: Burstable Performance Instances

NO.5 A company wants to segment a large group of customers into subgroups based on shared
characteristics. The company's data scientist is planning to use the Amazon SageMaker built-in k-
means clustering algorithm for this task. The data scientist needs to determine the optimal number
of subgroups (k) to use.
Which data visualization approach will MOST accurately determine the optimal value of k?
A. Calculate the principal component analysis (PCA) components. Run the k-means clustering
algorithm for a range of k by using only the first two PCA components. For each value of k, create a

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scatter plot with a different color for each cluster. The optimal value of k is the value where the
clusters start to look reasonably separated.
B. Calculate the principal component analysis (PCA) components. Create a line plot of the number of
components against the explained variance. The optimal value of k is the number of PCA components
after which the curve starts decreasing in a linear fashion.
C. Create a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) plot for a range of perplexity values.
The optimal value of k is the value of perplexity, where the clusters start to look reasonably
separated.
D. Run the k-means clustering algorithm for a range of k. For each value of k, calculate the sum of
squared errors (SSE). Plot a line chart of the SSE for each value of k. The optimal value of k is the
point after which the curve starts decreasing in a linear fashion.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The solution D is the best data visualization approach to determine the optimal value of k for the k-
means clustering algorithm. The solution D involves the following steps:
Run the k-means clustering algorithm for a range of k. For each value of k, calculate the sum of
squared errors (SSE). The SSE is a measure of how well the clusters fit the data. It is calculated by
summing the squared distances of each data point to its closest cluster center. A lower SSE indicates
a better fit, but it will always decrease as the number of clusters increases. Therefore, the goal is to
find the smallest value of k that still has a low SSE1.
Plot a line chart of the SSE for each value of k. The line chart will show how the SSE changes as the
value of k increases. Typically, the line chart will have a shape of an elbow, where the SSE drops
rapidly at first and then levels off. The optimal value of k is the point after which the curve starts
decreasing in a linear fashion. This point is also known as the elbow point, and it represents the
balance between the number of clusters and the SSE1.
The other options are not suitable because:
Option A: Calculating the principal component analysis (PCA) components, running the k-means
clustering algorithm for a range of k by using only the first two PCA components, and creating a
scatter plot with a different color for each cluster will not accurately determine the optimal value of
k. PCA is a technique that reduces the dimensionality of the data by transforming it into a new set of
features that capture the most variance in the data. However, PCA may not preserve the original
structure and distances of the data, and it may lose some information in the process. Therefore,
running the k-means clustering algorithm on the PCA components may not reflect the true clusters in
the data. Moreover, using only the first two PCA components may not capture enough variance to
represent the data well. Furthermore, creating a scatter plot may not be reliable, as it depends on
the subjective judgment of the data scientist to decide when the clusters look reasonably separated2.
Option B: Calculating the PCA components and creating a line plot of the number of components
against the explained variance will not determine the optimal value of k. This approach is used to
determine the optimal number of PCA components to use for dimensionality reduction, not for
clustering. The explained variance is the ratio of the variance of each PCA component to the total
variance of the data. The optimal number of PCA components is the point where adding more
components does not significantly increase the explained variance. However, this number may not
correspond to the optimal number of clusters, as PCA and k-means clustering have different
objectives and assumptions2.
Option C: Creating a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) plot for a range of
perplexity values will not determine the optimal value of k. t-SNE is a technique that reduces the

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dimensionality of the data by embedding it into a lower-dimensional space, such as a two-

dimensional plane. t-SNE preserves the local structure and distances of the data, and it can reveal
clusters and patterns in the data. However, t-SNE does not assign labels or centroids to the clusters,
and it does not provide a measure of how well the clusters fit the data. Therefore, t-SNE cannot
determine the optimal number of clusters, as it only visualizes the data.
Moreover, t-SNE depends on the perplexity parameter, which is a measure of how many neighbors
each point considers. The perplexity parameter can affect the shape and size of the clusters, and
there is no optimal value for it. Therefore, creating a t-SNE plot for a range of perplexity values may
not be consistent or reliable3.
1: How to Determine the Optimal K for K-Means?
2: Principal Component Analysis
3: t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding

NO.6 A company has video feeds and images of a subway train station. The company wants to create
a deep learning model that will alert the station manager if any passenger crosses the yellow safety
line when there is no train in the station. The alert will be based on the video feeds. The company
wants the model to detect the yellow line, the passengers who cross the yellow line, and the trains in
the video feeds. This task requires labeling. The video data must remain confidential.
A data scientist creates a bounding box to label the sample data and uses an object detection model.
However, the object detection model cannot clearly demarcate the yellow line, the passengers who
cross the yellow line, and the trains.
Which labeling approach will help the company improve this model?
A. Use Amazon Rekognition Custom Labels to label the dataset and create a custom Amazon
Rekognition object detection model. Create a private workforce. Use Amazon Augmented AI (Amazon
A2I) to review the low-confidence predictions and retrain the custom Amazon Rekognition model.
B. Use an Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth object detection labeling task. Use Amazon Mechanical
Turk as the labeling workforce.
C. Use Amazon Rekognition Custom Labels to label the dataset and create a custom Amazon
Rekognition object detection model. Create a workforce with a third-party AWS Marketplace vendor.
Use Amazon Augmented AI (Amazon A2I) to review the low-confidence predictions and retrain the
custom Amazon Rekognition model.
D. Use an Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth semantic segmentation labeling task. Use a private
workforce as the labeling workforce.
Answer: D

NO.7 A company distributes an online multiple-choice survey to several thousand people.

Respondents to the survey can select multiple options for each question.
A machine learning (ML) engineer needs to comprehensively represent every response from all
respondents in a dataset. The ML engineer will use the dataset to train a logistic regression model.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
A. Perform one-hot encoding on every possible option for each question of the survey.
B. Perform binning on all the answers each respondent selected for each question.
C. Use Amazon Mechanical Turk to create categorical labels for each set of possible responses.
D. Use Amazon Textract to create numeric features for each set of possible responses.
Answer: A

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Explanation:
In cases where survey questions allow multiple choices per question, one-hot encoding is an effective
way to represent responses as binary features. Each possible option for each question is transformed
into a separate binary column (1 if selected, 0 if not), providing a comprehensive and machine-
readable format that logistic regression models can interpret effectively.
This approach ensures that each respondent's selections are accurately captured in a format suitable
for training, offering a straightforward representation for multi-choice responses.

NO.8 A machine learning specialist works for a fruit processing company and needs to build a system
that categorizes apples into three types. The specialist has collected a dataset that contains 150
images for each type of apple and applied transfer learning on a neural network that was pretrained
on ImageNet with this dataset.
The company requires at least 85% accuracy to make use of the model.
After an exhaustive grid search, the optimal hyperparameters produced the following:
68% accuracy on the training set
67% accuracy on the validation set
What can the machine learning specialist do to improve the system's accuracy?
A. Upload the model to an Amazon SageMaker notebook instance and use the Amazon SageMaker
HPO feature to optimize the model's hyperparameters.
B. Add more data to the training set and retrain the model using transfer learning to reduce the bias.
C. Use a neural network model with more layers that are pretrained on ImageNet and apply transfer
learning to increase the variance.
D. Train a new model using the current neural network architecture.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The problem described in the question is a case of underfitting, where the neural network model
performs poorly on both the training and validation sets. This means that the model has not learned
the features of the data well enough and has high bias. To solve this issue, the machine learning
specialist should consider the following change:
Add more data to the training set and retrain the model using transfer learning to reduce the bias:
Adding more data to the training set can help the model learn more patterns and variations in the
data and improve its performance. Transfer learning can also help the model leverage the knowledge
from the pre-trained network and adapt it to the new data. This can reduce the bias and increase the
accuracy of the model.
Transfer learning for TensorFlow image classification models in Amazon SageMaker Transfer learning
for custom labels using a TensorFlow container and "bring your own algorithm" in Amazon
SageMaker Machine Learning Concepts - AWS Training and Certification

NO.9 A Data Scientist needs to create a serverless ingestion and analytics solution for high-velocity,
real-time streaming data.
The ingestion process must buffer and convert incoming records from JSON to a query-optimized,
columnar format without data loss. The output datastore must be highly available, and Analysts must
be able to run SQL queries against the data and connect to existing business intelligence dashboards.
Which solution should the Data Scientist build to satisfy the requirements?
A. Create a schema in the AWS Glue Data Catalog of the incoming data format. Use an Amazon

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Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream to stream the data and transform the data to Apache Parquet
or ORC format using the AWS Glue Data Catalog before delivering to Amazon S3. Have the Analysts
query the data directly from Amazon S3 using Amazon Athena, and connect to Bl tools using the
Athena Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) connector.
B. Write each JSON record to a staging location in Amazon S3. Use the S3 Put event to trigger an AWS
Lambda function that transforms the data into Apache Parquet or ORC format and writes the data to
a processed data location in Amazon S3. Have the Analysts query the data directly from Amazon S3
using Amazon Athena, and connect to Bl tools using the Athena Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
connector.
C. Write each JSON record to a staging location in Amazon S3. Use the S3 Put event to trigger an AWS
Lambda function that transforms the data into Apache Parquet or ORC format and inserts it into an
Amazon RDS PostgreSQL database. Have the Analysts query and run dashboards from the RDS
database.
D. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics to ingest the streaming data and perform real-time SQL queries
to convert the records to Apache Parquet before delivering to Amazon S3. Have the Analysts query
the data directly from Amazon S3 using Amazon Athena and connect to Bl tools using the Athena Java
Database Connectivity (JDBC) connector.
Answer: A
Explanation:
To create a serverless ingestion and analytics solution for high-velocity, real-time streaming data, the
Data Scientist should use the following AWS services:
AWS Glue Data Catalog: This is a managed service that acts as a central metadata repository for data
assets across AWS and on-premises data sources. The Data Scientist can use AWS Glue Data Catalog
to create a schema of the incoming data format, which defines the structure, format, and data types
of the JSON records. The schema can be used by other AWS services to understand and process the
data1.
Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose: This is a fully managed service that delivers real-time streaming data
to destinations such as Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, Amazon Elasticsearch Service, and Splunk. The
Data Scientist can use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to stream the data from the source and
transform the data to a query-optimized, columnar format such as Apache Parquet or ORC using the
AWS Glue Data Catalog before delivering to Amazon S3. This enables efficient compression,
partitioning, and fast analytics on the data2.
Amazon S3: This is an object storage service that offers high durability, availability, and scalability.
The Data Scientist can use Amazon S3 as the output datastore for the transformed data, which can be
organized into buckets and prefixes according to the desired partitioning scheme. Amazon S3 also
integrates with other AWS services such as Amazon Athena, Amazon EMR, and Amazon Redshift
Spectrum for analytics3.
Amazon Athena: This is a serverless interactive query service that allows users to analyze data in
Amazon S3 using standard SQL. The Data Scientist can use Amazon Athena to run SQL queries against
the data in Amazon S3 and connect to existing business intelligence dashboards using the Athena
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) connector. Amazon Athena leverages the AWS Glue Data Catalog
to access the schema information and supports formats such as Parquet and ORC for fast and cost-
effective queries4.
1: What Is the AWS Glue Data Catalog? - AWS Glue
2: What Is Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose? - Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose

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3: What Is Amazon S3? - Amazon Simple Storage Service

4: What Is Amazon Athena? - Amazon Athena

NO.10 A large mobile network operating company is building a machine learning model to predict
customers who are likely to unsubscribe from the service. The company plans to offer an incentive
for these customers as the cost of churn is far greater than the cost of the incentive.
The model produces the following confusion matrix after evaluating on a test dataset of 100
customers:
Based on the model evaluation results, why is this a viable model for production?
A. The model is 86% accurate and the cost incurred by the company as a result of false negatives is
less than the false positives.
B. The precision of the model is 86%, which is less than the accuracy of the model.
C. The model is 86% accurate and the cost incurred by the company as a result of false positives is
less than the false negatives.
D. The precision of the model is 86%, which is greater than the accuracy of the model.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Based on the model evaluation results, this is a viable model for production because the model is
86% accurate and the cost incurred by the company as a result of false positives is less than the false
negatives. The accuracy of the model is the proportion of correct predictions out of the total
predictions, which can be calculated by adding the true positives and true negatives and dividing by
the total number of observations. In this case, the accuracy of the model is (10 + 76) / 100 = 0.86,
which means that the model correctly predicted
86% of the customers' churn status. The cost incurred by the company as a result of false positives
and false negatives is the loss or damage that the company suffers when the model makes incorrect
predictions. A false positive is when the model predicts that a customer will churn, but the customer
actually does not churn. A false negative is when the model predicts that a customer will not churn,
but the customer actually churns. In this case, the cost of a false positive is the incentive that the
company offers to the customer who is predicted to churn, which is a relatively low cost. The cost of
a false negative is the revenue that the company loses when the customer churns, which is a
relatively high cost. Therefore, the cost of a false positive is less than the cost of a false negative, and
the company would prefer to have more false positives than false negatives.
The model has 10 false positives and 4 false negatives, which means that the company's cost is lower
than if the model had more false negatives and fewer false positives.

NO.11 A retail company intends to use machine learning to categorize new products A labeled
dataset of current products was provided to the Data Science team The dataset includes 1 200
products The labeled dataset has
15 features for each product such as title dimensions, weight, and price Each product is labeled as
belonging to one of six categories such as books, games, electronics, and movies.
Which model should be used for categorizing new products using the provided dataset for training?
A. An XGBoost model where the objective parameter is set to multi: softmax
B. A deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with a softmax activation function for the last layer
C. A regression forest where the number of trees is set equal to the number of product categories
D. A DeepAR forecasting model based on a recurrent neural network (RNN)

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Answer: A
Explanation:
XGBoost is a machine learning framework that can be used for classification, regression, ranking, and
other tasks. It is based on the gradient boosting algorithm, which builds an ensemble of weak
learners (usually decision trees) to produce a strong learner. XGBoost has several advantages over
other algorithms, such as scalability, parallelization, regularization, and sparsity handling. For
categorizing new products using the provided dataset, an XGBoost model would be a suitable choice,
because it can handle multiple features and multiple classes efficiently and accurately. To train an
XGBoost model for multi-class classification, the objective parameter should be set to multi: softmax,
which means that the model will output a probability distribution over the classes and predict the
class with the highest probability. Alternatively, the objective parameter can be set to multi:
softprob, which means that the model will output the raw probability of each class instead of the
predicted class label. This can be useful for evaluating the model performance or for post- processing
the predictions. References:
XGBoost: A tutorial on how to use XGBoost with Amazon SageMaker.
XGBoost Parameters: A reference guide for the parameters of XGBoost.

NO.12 A pharmaceutical company performs periodic audits of clinical trial sites to quickly resolve
critical findings.
The company stores audit documents in text format. Auditors have requested help from a data
science team to quickly analyze the documents. The auditors need to discover the 10 main topics
within the documents to prioritize and distribute the review work among the auditing team
members. Documents that describe adverse events must receive the highest priority.
A data scientist will use statistical modeling to discover abstract topics and to provide a list of the top
words for each category to help the auditors assess the relevance of the topic.
Which algorithms are best suited to this scenario? (Choose two.)
A. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA)
B. Random Forest classifier
C. Neural topic modeling (NTM)
D. Linear support vector machine
E. Linear regression
Answer: A C
Explanation:
The algorithms that are best suited to this scenario are latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and neural
topic modeling (NTM), as they are both unsupervised learning methods that can discover abstract
topics from a collection of text documents. LDA and NTM can provide a list of the top words for each
topic, as well as the topic distribution for each document, which can help the auditors assess the
relevance and priority of the topic12.
The other options are not suitable because:
Option B: A random forest classifier is a supervised learning method that can perform classification or
regression tasks by using an ensemble of decision trees. A random forest classifier is not suitable for
discovering abstract topics from text documents, as it requires labeled data and predefined classes3.
Option D: A linear support vector machine is a supervised learning method that can perform
classification or regression tasks by using a linear function that separates the data into different
classes. A linear support vector machine is not suitable for discovering abstract topics from text

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documents, as it requires labeled data and predefined classes4.

Option E: A linear regression is a supervised learning method that can perform regression tasks by
using a linear function that models the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more
independent variables. A linear regression is not suitable for discovering abstract topics from text
documents, as it requires labeled data and a continuous output variable5.
1: Latent Dirichlet Allocation
2: Neural Topic Modeling
3: Random Forest Classifier
4: Linear Support Vector Machine
5: Linear Regression

NO.13 A data scientist is training a text classification model by using the Amazon SageMaker built-in
BlazingText algorithm. There are 5 classes in the dataset, with 300 samples for category A, 292
samples for category B,
240 samples for category C, 258 samples for category D, and 310 samples for category E.
The data scientist shuffles the data and splits off 10% for testing. After training the model, the data
scientist generates confusion matrices for the training and test sets.
What could the data scientist conclude form these results?
A. Classes C and D are too similar.
B. The dataset is too small for holdout cross-validation.
C. The data distribution is skewed.
D. The model is overfitting for classes B and E.
Answer: D
Explanation:
A confusion matrix is a matrix that summarizes the performance of a machine learning model on a
set of test data. It displays the number of true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), false positives (FP),
and false negatives (FN) produced by the model on the test data1. For multi-class classification, the
matrix shape will be equal to the number of classes i.e for n classes it will be nXn1. The diagonal
values represent the number of correct predictions for each class, and the off-diagonal values
represent the number of incorrect predictions for each class1.
The BlazingText algorithm is a proprietary machine learning algorithm for forecasting time series
using causal convolutional neural networks (CNNs). BlazingText works best with large datasets
containing hundreds of time series. It accepts item metadata, and is the only Forecast algorithm that
accepts related time series data without future values2.
From the confusion matrices for the training and test sets, we can observe the following:
The model has a high accuracy on the training set, as most of the diagonal values are high and the
off- diagonal values are low. This means that the model is able to learn the patterns and features of
the training data well.
However, the model has a lower accuracy on the test set, as some of the diagonal values are lower
and some of the off-diagonal values are higher. This means that the model is not able to generalize
well to the unseen data and makes more errors.
The model has a particularly high error rate for classes B and E on the test set, as the values of M_22
and M_55 are much lower than the values of M_12, M_21, M_15, M_25, M_51, and M_52. This
means that the model is confusing classes B and E with other classes more often than it should.
The model has a relatively low error rate for classes A, C, and D on the test set, as the values of M_11,
M_33, and M_44 are high and the values of M_13, M_14, M_23, M_24, M_31, M_32, M_34, M_41,

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M_42, and M_43 are low. This means that the model is able to distinguish classes A, C, and D from
other classes well.
These results indicate that the model is overfitting for classes B and E, meaning that it is memorizing
the specific features of these classes in the training data, but failing to capture the general features
that are applicable to the test data. Overfitting is a common problem in machine learning, where the
model performs well on the training data, but poorly on the test data3. Some possible causes of
overfitting are:
The model is too complex or has too many parameters for the given data. This makes the model
flexible enough to fit the noise and outliers in the training data, but reduces its ability to generalize to
new data.
The data is too small or not representative of the population. This makes the model learn from a
limited or biased sample of data, but fails to capture the variability and diversity of the population.
The data is imbalanced or skewed. This makes the model learn from a disproportionate or uneven
distribution of data, but fails to account for the minority or rare classes.
Some possible solutions to prevent or reduce overfitting are:
Simplify the model or use regularization techniques. This reduces the complexity or the number of
parameters of the model, and prevents it from fitting the noise and outliers in the data.
Regularization techniques, such as L1 or L2 regularization, add a penalty term to the loss function of
the model, which shrinks the weights of the model and reduces overfitting3.
Increase the size or diversity of the data. This provides more information and examples for the model
to learn from, and increases its ability to generalize to new data. Data augmentation techniques, such
as rotation, flipping, cropping, or noise addition, can generate new data from the existing data by
applying some transformations3.
Balance or resample the data. This adjusts the distribution or the frequency of the data, and ensures
that the model learns from all classes equally. Resampling techniques, such as oversampling or
undersampling, can create a balanced dataset by increasing or decreasing the number of samples for
each class3.
Confusion Matrix in Machine Learning - GeeksforGeeks
BlazingText algorithm - Amazon SageMaker
Overfitting and Underfitting in Machine Learning - GeeksforGeeks

NO.14 A machine learning (ML) specialist is developing a model for a company. The model will
classify and predict sequences of objects that are displayed in a video. The ML specialist decides to
use a hybrid architecture that consists of a convolutional neural network (CNN) followed by a
classifier three-layer recurrent neural network (RNN).
The company developed a similar model previously but trained the model to classify a different set of
objects.
The ML specialist wants to save time by using the previously trained model and adapting the model
for the current use case and set of objects.
Which combination of steps will accomplish this goal with the LEAST amount of effort? (Select TWO.)
A. Reinitialize the weights of the entire CNN. Retrain the CNN on the classification task by using the
new set of objects.
B. Reinitialize the weights of the entire network. Retrain the entire network on the prediction task by
using the new set of objects.
C. Reinitialize the weights of the entire RNN. Retrain the entire model on the prediction task by using
the new set of objects.

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D. Reinitialize the weights of the last fully connected layer of the CNN. Retrain the CNN on the
classification task by using the new set of objects.
E. Reinitialize the weights of the last layer of the RNN. Retrain the entire model on the prediction
task by using the new set of objects.
Answer: D E
Explanation:
To adapt a previously trained model to a new but related task efficiently, the best practice is to
leverage transfer learning. This involves retaining the learned features from the earlier model and
only retraining the final layers to accommodate the new classification categories.
In the context of a hybrid architecture combining a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN):
CNN Component: The CNN is responsible for extracting spatial features from video frames. Since the
early layers of a CNN capture generic features like edges and textures, they are often transferable
across tasks.
Therefore, only the last fully connected layer, which maps these features to specific object classes,
needs to be reinitialized and retrained for the new set of objects.
RNN Component: The RNN handles the temporal dynamics of the sequence data. Similar to the CNN,
the earlier layers of the RNN capture general sequence patterns. Thus, reinitializing and retraining
only the last layer of the RNN allows the model to adapt to the new prediction task without the need
to retrain the entire network.
This approach minimizes training time and computational resources while effectively adapting the
model to new tasks.

NO.15 A Machine Learning Specialist wants to determine the appropriate SageMaker Variant
Invocations Per Instance setting for an endpoint automatic scaling configuration. The Specialist has
performed a load test on a single instance and determined that peak requests per second (RPS)
without service degradation is about 20 RPS As this is the first deployment, the Specialist intends to
set the invocation safety factor to 0 5 Based on the stated parameters and given that the invocations
per instance setting is measured on a per-minute basis, what should the Specialist set as the
sageMaker variant invocations Per instance setting?
A. 10
B. 30
C. 600
D. 2,400
Answer: C
Explanation:
The SageMaker Variant Invocations Per Instance setting is the target value for the average number of
invocations per instance per minute for the model variant. It is used by the automatic scaling policy
to add or remove instances to keep the metric close to the specified value. To determine this value,
the following equation can be used in combination with load testing:
SageMakerVariantInvocationsPerInstance = (MAX_RPS * SAFETY_FACTOR) * 60 Where MAX_RPS is
the maximum requests per second that the model variant can handle without service degradation,
SAFETY_FACTOR is a factor that ensures that the clients do not exceed the maximum RPS, and 60 is
the conversion factor from seconds to minutes. In this case, the given parameters are:
MAX_RPS = 20 SAFETY_FACTOR = 0.5

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Plugging these values into the equation, we get:

SageMakerVariantInvocationsPerInstance = (20 * 0.5) * 60 SageMakerVariantInvocationsPerInstance
= 600 Therefore, the Specialist should set the SageMaker Variant Invocations Per Instance setting to
600.
Load testing your auto scaling configuration - Amazon SageMaker
Configure model auto scaling with the console - Amazon SageMaker

NO.16 A company wants to enhance audits for its machine learning (ML) systems. The auditing
system must be able to perform metadata analysis on the features that the ML models use. The audit
solution must generate a report that analyzes the metadata. The solution also must be able to set the
data sensitivity and authorship of features.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort?
A. Use Amazon SageMaker Feature Store to select the features. Create a data flow to perform
feature-level metadata analysis. Create an Amazon DynamoDB table to store feature-level metadata.
Use Amazon QuickSight to analyze the metadata.
B. Use Amazon SageMaker Feature Store to set feature groups for the current features that the ML
models use. Assign the required metadata for each feature. Use SageMaker Studio to analyze the
metadata.
C. Use Amazon SageMaker Features Store to apply custom algorithms to analyze the feature-level
metadata that the company requires. Create an Amazon DynamoDB table to store feature-level
metadata. Use Amazon QuickSight to analyze the metadata.
D. Use Amazon SageMaker Feature Store to set feature groups for the current features that the ML
models use. Assign the required metadata for each feature. Use Amazon QuickSight to analyze the
metadata.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The solution that will meet the requirements with the least development effort is to use Amazon
SageMaker Feature Store to set feature groups for the current features that the ML models use,
assign the required metadata for each feature, and use Amazon QuickSight to analyze the metadata.
This solution can leverage the existing AWS services and features to perform feature-level metadata
analysis and reporting.
Amazon SageMaker Feature Store is a fully managed, purpose-built repository to store, update,
search, and share machine learning (ML) features. The service provides feature management
capabilities such as enabling easy feature reuse, low latency serving, time travel, and ensuring
consistency between features used in training and inference workflows. A feature group is a logical
grouping of ML features whose organization and structure is defined by a feature group schema. A
feature group schema consists of a list of feature definitions, each of which specifies the name, type,
and metadata of a feature. The metadata can include information such as data sensitivity,
authorship, description, and parameters. The metadata can help make features discoverable,
understandable, and traceable. Amazon SageMaker Feature Store allows users to set feature groups
for the current features that the ML models use, and assign the required metadata for each feature
using the AWS SDK for Python (Boto3), AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), or Amazon
SageMaker Studio1.
Amazon QuickSight is a fully managed, serverless business intelligence service that makes it easy to
create and publish interactive dashboards that include ML insights. Amazon QuickSight can connect

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to various data sources, such as Amazon S3, Amazon Athena, Amazon Redshift, and Amazon
SageMaker Feature Store, and analyze the data using standard SQL or built-in ML-powered analytics.
Amazon QuickSight can also create rich visualizations and reports that can be accessed from any
device, and securely shared with anyone inside or outside an organization. Amazon QuickSight can be
used to analyze the metadata of the features stored in Amazon SageMaker Feature Store, and
generate a report that summarizes the metadata analysis2.
The other options are either more complex or less effective than the proposed solution. Using
Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler to select the features and create a data flow to perform feature-
level metadata analysis would require additional steps and resources, and may not capture all the
metadata attributes that the company requires. Creating an Amazon DynamoDB table to store
feature-level metadata would introduce redundancy and inconsistency, as the metadata is already
stored in Amazon SageMaker Feature Store. Using SageMaker Studio to analyze the metadata would
not generate a report that can be easily shared and accessed by the company.
1: Amazon SageMaker Feature Store - Amazon Web Services
2: Amazon QuickSight - Business Intelligence Service - Amazon Web Services

NO.17 A company is converting a large number of unstructured paper receipts into images. The
company wants to create a model based on natural language processing (NLP) to find relevant
entities such as date, location, and notes, as well as some custom entities such as receipt numbers.
The company is using optical character recognition (OCR) to extract text for data labeling. However,
documents are in different structures and formats, and the company is facing challenges with setting
up the manual workflows for each document type. Additionally, the company trained a named entity
recognition (NER) model for custom entity detection using a small sample size. This model has a very
low confidence score and will require retraining with a large dataset.
Which solution for text extraction and entity detection will require the LEAST amount of effort?
A. Extract text from receipt images by using Amazon Textract. Use the Amazon SageMaker
BlazingText algorithm to train on the text for entities and custom entities.
B. Extract text from receipt images by using a deep learning OCR model from the AWS Marketplace.
Use the NER deep learning model to extract entities.
C. Extract text from receipt images by using Amazon Textract. Use Amazon Comprehend for entity
detection, and use Amazon Comprehend custom entity recognition for custom entity detection.
D. Extract text from receipt images by using a deep learning OCR model from the AWS Marketplace.
Use Amazon Comprehend for entity detection, and use Amazon Comprehend custom entity
recognition for custom entity detection.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The best solution for text extraction and entity detection with the least amount of effort is to use
Amazon Textract and Amazon Comprehend. These services are:
Amazon Textract for text extraction from receipt images. Amazon Textract is a machine learning
service that can automatically extract text and data from scanned documents. It can handle different
structures and formats of documents, such as PDF, TIFF, PNG, and JPEG, without any preprocessing
steps. It can also extract key- value pairs and tables from documents1 Amazon Comprehend for entity
detection and custom entity detection. Amazon Comprehend is a natural language processing service
that can identify entities, such as dates, locations, and notes, from unstructured text. It can also
detect custom entities, such as receipt numbers, by using a custom entity recognizer that can be
trained with a small amount of labeled data2 The other options are not suitable because they either

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require more effort for text extraction, entity detection, or custom entity detection. For example:
Option A uses the Amazon SageMaker BlazingText algorithm to train on the text for entities and
custom entities. BlazingText is a supervised learning algorithm that can perform text classification
and word2vec. It requires users to provide a large amount of labeled data, preprocess the data into a
specific format, and tune the hyperparameters of the model3 Option B uses a deep learning OCR
model from the AWS Marketplace and a NER deep learning model for text extraction and entity
detection. These models are pre-trained and may not be suitable for the specific use case of receipt
processing. They also require users to deploy and manage the models on Amazon SageMaker or
Amazon EC2 instances4 Option D uses a deep learning OCR model from the AWS Marketplace for text
extraction. This model has the same drawbacks as option B. It also requires users to integrate the
model output with Amazon Comprehend for entity detection and custom entity detection.
1: Amazon Textract - Extract text and data from documents
2: Amazon Comprehend - Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML)
3: BlazingText - Amazon SageMaker
4: AWS Marketplace: OCR

NO.18 A company deployed a machine learning (ML) model on the company website to predict real
estate prices.
Several months after deployment, an ML engineer notices that the accuracy of the model has
gradually decreased.
The ML engineer needs to improve the accuracy of the model. The engineer also needs to receive
notifications for any future performance issues.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
A. Perform incremental training to update the model. Activate Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor to
detect model performance issues and to send notifications.
B. Use Amazon SageMaker Model Governance. Configure Model Governance to automatically adjust
model hyper para meters. Create a performance threshold alarm in Amazon CloudWatch to send
notifications.
C. Use Amazon SageMaker Debugger with appropriate thresholds. Configure Debugger to send
Amazon CloudWatch alarms to alert the team Retrain the model by using only data from the previous
several months.
D. Use only data from the previous several months to perform incremental training to update the
model.Use Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor to detect model performance issues and to send
notifications.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The best solution to improve the accuracy of the model and receive notifications for any future
performance issues is to perform incremental training to update the model and activate Amazon
SageMaker Model Monitor to detect model performance issues and to send notifications.
Incremental training is a technique that allows you to update an existing model with new data
without retraining the entire model from scratch. This can save time and resources, and help the
model adapt to changing data patterns. Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor is a feature that
continuously monitors the quality of machine learning models in production and notifies you when
there are deviations in the model quality, such as data drift and anomalies. You can set up alerts that
trigger actions, such as sending notifications to Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS)
topics, when certain conditions are met.

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Option B is incorrect because Amazon SageMaker Model Governance is a set of tools that help you
implement ML responsibly by simplifying access control and enhancing transparency. It does not
provide a mechanism to automatically adjust model hyperparameters or improve model accuracy.
Option C is incorrect because Amazon SageMaker Debugger is a feature that helps you debug and
optimize your model training process by capturing relevant data and providing real-time analysis.
However, using Debugger alone does not update the model or monitor its performance in
production. Also, retraining the model by using only data from the previous several months may not
capture the full range of data variability and may introduce bias or overfitting.
Option D is incorrect because using only data from the previous several months to perform
incremental training may not be sufficient to improve the model accuracy, as explained above.
Moreover, this option does not specify how to activate Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor or
configure the alerts and notifications.
Incremental training
Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor
Amazon SageMaker Model Governance
Amazon SageMaker Debugger

NO.19 A network security vendor needs to ingest telemetry data from thousands of endpoints that
run all over the world. The data is transmitted every 30 seconds in the form of records that contain
50 fields. Each record is up to 1 KB in size. The security vendor uses Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to
ingest the data. The vendor requires hourly summaries of the records that Kinesis Data Streams
ingests. The vendor will use Amazon Athena to query the records and to generate the summaries.
The Athena queries will target 7 to 12 of the available data fields.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST amount of customization to transform
and store the ingested data?
A. Use AWS Lambda to read and aggregate the data hourly. Transform the data and store it in
Amazon S3 by using Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose.
B. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to read and aggregate the data hourly. Transform the data and
store it in Amazon S3 by using a short-lived Amazon EMR cluster.
C. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics to read and aggregate the data hourly. Transform the data and
store it in Amazon S3 by using Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose.
D. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to read and aggregate the data hourly. Transform the data and
store it in Amazon S3 by using AWS Lambda.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The solution that will meet the requirements with the least amount of customization to transform
and store the ingested data is to use Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics to read and aggregate the data
hourly, transform the data and store it in Amazon S3 by using Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose. This
solution leverages the built-in features of Kinesis Data Analytics to perform SQL queries on streaming
data and generate hourly summaries.
Kinesis Data Analytics can also output the transformed data to Kinesis Data Firehose, which can then
deliver the data to S3 in a specified format and partitioning scheme. This solution does not require
any custom code or additional infrastructure to process the data. The other solutions either require
more customization (such as using Lambda or EMR) or do not meet the requirement of aggregating
the data hourly (such as using Lambda to read the data from Kinesis Data Streams). References:

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1: Boosting Resiliency with an ML-based Telemetry Analytics Architecture | AWS Architecture Blog
2: AWS Cloud Data Ingestion Patterns and Practices
3: IoT ingestion and Machine Learning analytics pipeline with AWS IoT ...
4: AWS IoT Data Ingestion Simplified 101: The Complete Guide - Hevo Data

NO.20 A Machine Learning Specialist is working for an online retailer that wants to run analytics on
every customer visit, processed through a machine learning pipeline. The data needs to be ingested
by Amazon Kinesis Data Streams at up to 100 transactions per second, and the JSON data blob is 100
KB in size.
What is the MINIMUM number of shards in Kinesis Data Streams the Specialist should use to
successfully ingest this data?
A. 1 shards
B. 10 shards
C. 100 shards
D. 1,000 shards
Answer: A
Explanation:
According to the Amazon Kinesis Data Streams documentation, the maximum size of data blob (the
data payload before Base64-encoding) per record is 1 MB. The maximum number of records that can
be sent to a shard per second is 1,000. Therefore, the maximum throughput of a shard is 1 MB/sec
for input and 2 MB/sec for output. In this case, the input throughput is 100 transactions per second *
100 KB per transaction = 10 MB
/sec. Therefore, the minimum number of shards required is 10 MB/sec / 1 MB/sec = 10 shards.
However, the question asks for the minimum number of shards in Kinesis Data Streams, not the
minimum number of shards per stream. A Kinesis Data Streams account can have multiple streams,
each with its own number of shards.
Therefore, the minimum number of shards in Kinesis Data Streams is 1, which is the minimum
number of shards per stream. References:
Amazon Kinesis Data Streams Terminology and Concepts
Amazon Kinesis Data Streams Limits

NO.21 A company processes millions of orders every day. The company uses Amazon DynamoDB
tables to store order information. When customers submit new orders, the new orders are
immediately added to the DynamoDB tables. New orders arrive in the DynamoDB tables
continuously.
A data scientist must build a peak-time prediction solution. The data scientist must also create an
Amazon OuickSight dashboard to display near real-lime order insights. The data scientist needs to
build a solution that will give QuickSight access to the data as soon as new order information arrives.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST delay between when a new order is
processed and when QuickSight can access the new order information?
A. Use AWS Glue to export the data from Amazon DynamoDB to Amazon S3. Configure OuickSight to
access the data in Amazon S3.
B. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to export the data from Amazon DynamoDB to Amazon S3.
Configure OuickSight to access the data in Amazon S3.
C. Use an API call from OuickSight to access the data that is in Amazon DynamoDB directly

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D. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to export the data from Amazon DynamoDB to Amazon
S3.Configure OuickSight to access the data in Amazon S3.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The best solution for this scenario is to use Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to export the data from
Amazon DynamoDB to Amazon S3, and then configure QuickSight to access the data in Amazon S3.
This solution has the following advantages:
It allows near real-time data ingestion from DynamoDB to S3 using Kinesis Data Streams, which can
capture and process data continuously and at scale1.
It enables QuickSight to access the data in S3 using the Athena connector, which supports federated
queries to multiple data sources, including Kinesis Data Streams2.
It avoids the need to create and manage a Lambda function or a Glue crawler, which are required for
the other solutions.
The other solutions have the following drawbacks:
Using AWS Glue to export the data from DynamoDB to S3 introduces additional latency and
complexity, as Glue is a batch-oriented service that requires scheduling and configuration3.
Using an API call from QuickSight to access the data in DynamoDB directly is not possible, as
QuickSight does not support direct querying of DynamoDB4.
Using Kinesis Data Firehose to export the data from DynamoDB to S3 is less efficient and flexible than
using Kinesis Data Streams, as Firehose does not support custom data processing or transformation,
and has a minimum buffer interval of 60 seconds5.
1: Amazon Kinesis Data Streams - Amazon Web Services
2: Visualize Amazon DynamoDB insights in Amazon QuickSight using the Amazon Athena DynamoDB
connector and AWS Glue | AWS Big Data Blog
3: AWS Glue - Amazon Web Services
4: Visualising your Amazon DynamoDB data with Amazon QuickSight - DEV Community
5: Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose - Amazon Web Services

NO.22 A Machine Learning Specialist is working with a media company to perform classification on
popular articles from the company's website. The company is using random forests to classify how
popular an article will be before it is published A sample of the data being used is below.
Given the dataset, the Specialist wants to convert the Day-Of_Week column to binary values.
What technique should be used to convert this column to binary values.

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A. Binarization
B. One-hot encoding
C. Tokenization
D. Normalization transformation
Answer: B
Explanation:
One-hot encoding is a technique that can be used to convert a categorical variable, such as the Day-
Of_Week column, to binary values. One-hot encoding creates a new binary column for each unique
value in the original column, and assigns a value of 1 to the column that corresponds to the value in
the original column, and 0 to the rest. For example, if the original column has values Monday,
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, one-hot encoding will create seven
new columns, each representing one day of the week. If the value in the original column is Tuesday,
then the column for Tuesday will have a value of 1, and the other columns will have a value of 0. One-
hot encoding can help improve the performance of machine learning models, as it eliminates the
ordinal relationship between the values and creates a more informative and sparse representation of
the data.
One-Hot Encoding - Amazon SageMaker
One-Hot Encoding: A Simple Guide for Beginners | by Jana Schmidt ...
One-Hot Encoding in Machine Learning | by Nishant Malik | Towards ...

NO.23 A tourism company uses a machine learning (ML) model to make recommendations to
customers. The company uses an Amazon SageMaker environment and set hyperparameter tuning
completion criteria to MaxNumberOfTrainingJobs.
An ML specialist wants to change the hyperparameter tuning completion criteria. The ML specialist
wants to stop tuning immediately after an internal algorithm determines that tuning job is unlikely to
improve more than 1% over the objective metric from the best training job.
Which completion criteria will meet this requirement?
A. MaxRuntimelnSeconds
B. TargetObjectiveMetricValue
C. CompleteOnConvergence
D. MaxNumberOfTrainingJobsNotlmproving
Answer: C
Explanation:
In Amazon SageMaker, hyperparameter tuning jobs optimize model performance by adjusting
hyperparameters. Amazon SageMaker's hyperparameter tuning supports completion criteria settings
that enable efficient management of tuning resources. In this scenario, the ML specialist aims to set a
completion criterion that will terminate the tuning job as soon as SageMaker detects that further
improvements in the objective metric are unlikely to exceed 1%.
The CompleteOnConvergence setting is designed for such requirements. This criterion enables the
tuning job to automatically stop when SageMaker determines that additional hyperparameter
evaluations are unlikely to improve the objective metric beyond a certain threshold, allowing for
efficient tuning completion. The convergence process relies on an internal optimization algorithm
that continuously evaluates the objective metric during tuning and stops when performance
stabilizes without further improvement.
This is supported by AWS documentation, which explains that CompleteOnConvergence is an

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efficient way to manage tuning by stopping unnecessary evaluations once the model performance
stabilizes within the specified threshold.

NO.24 A company needs to quickly make sense of a large amount of data and gain insight from it.
The data is in different formats, the schemas change frequently, and new data sources are added
regularly. The company wants to use AWS services to explore multiple data sources, suggest
schemas, and enrich and transform the data. The solution should require the least possible coding
effort for the data flows and the least possible infrastructure management.
Which combination of AWS services will meet these requirements?
A. Amazon EMR for data discovery, enrichment, and transformationAmazon Athena for querying and
analyzing the results in Amazon S3 using standard SQLAmazon QuickSight for reporting and getting
insights
B. Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics for data ingestionAmazon EMR for data discovery, enrichment, and
transformationAmazon Redshift for querying and analyzing the results in Amazon S3
C. AWS Glue for data discovery, enrichment, and transformationAmazon Athena for querying and
analyzing the results in Amazon S3 using standard SQLAmazon QuickSight for reporting and getting
insights
D. AWS Data Pipeline for data transferAWS Step Functions for orchestrating AWS Lambda jobs for
data discovery, enrichment, and transformationAmazon Athena for querying and analyzing the
results in Amazon S3 using standard SQLAmazon QuickSight for reporting and getting insights
Answer: C
Explanation:
The best combination of AWS services to meet the requirements of data discovery, enrichment,
transformation, querying, analysis, and reporting with the least coding and infrastructure
management is AWS Glue, Amazon Athena, and Amazon QuickSight. These services are:
AWS Glue for data discovery, enrichment, and transformation. AWS Glue is a serverless data
integration service that automatically crawls, catalogs, and prepares data from various sources and
formats. It also provides a visual interface called AWS Glue DataBrew that allows users to apply over
250 transformations to clean, normalize, and enrich data without writing code1 Amazon Athena for
querying and analyzing the results in Amazon S3 using standard SQL. Amazon Athena is a serverless
interactive query service that allows users to analyze data in Amazon S3 using standard SQL. It
supports a variety of data formats, such as CSV, JSON, ORC, Parquet, and Avro. It also integrates with
AWS Glue Data Catalog to provide a unified view of the data sources and schemas2 Amazon
QuickSight for reporting and getting insights. Amazon QuickSight is a serverless business intelligence
service that allows users to create and share interactive dashboards and reports. It also provides ML-
powered features, such as anomaly detection, forecasting, and natural language queries, to help
users discover hidden insights from their data3 The other options are not suitable because they
either require more coding effort, more infrastructure management, or do not support the desired
use cases. For example:
Option A uses Amazon EMR for data discovery, enrichment, and transformation. Amazon EMR is a
managed cluster platform that runs Apache Spark, Apache Hive, and other open-source frameworks
for big data processing. It requires users to write code in languages such as Python, Scala, or SQL to
perform data integration tasks. It also requires users to provision, configure, and scale the clusters
according to their needs4 Option B uses Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics for data ingestion. Amazon
Kinesis Data Analytics is a service that allows users to process streaming data in real time using SQL

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or Apache Flink. It is not suitable for data discovery, enrichment, and transformation, which are
typically batch-oriented tasks. It also requires users to write code to define the data processing logic
and the output destination5 Option D uses AWS Data Pipeline for data transfer and AWS Step
Functions for orchestrating AWS Lambda jobs for data discovery, enrichment, and transformation.
AWS Data Pipeline is a service that helps users move data between AWS services and on-premises
data sources. AWS Step Functions is a service that helps users coordinate multiple AWS services into
workflows. AWS Lambda is a service that lets users run code without provisioning or managing
servers. These services require users to write code to define the data sources, destinations,
transformations, and workflows. They also require users to manage the scalability, performance, and
reliability of the data pipelines.
1: AWS Glue - Data Integration Service - Amazon Web Services
2: Amazon Athena - Interactive SQL Query Service - AWS
3: Amazon QuickSight - Business Intelligence Service - AWS
4: Amazon EMR - Amazon Web Services
5: Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics - Amazon Web Services
AWS Data Pipeline - Amazon Web Services
AWS Step Functions - Amazon Web Services
AWS Lambda - Amazon Web Services

NO.25 A Machine Learning team runs its own training algorithm on Amazon SageMaker. The training
algorithm requires external assets. The team needs to submit both its own algorithm code and
algorithm-specific parameters to Amazon SageMaker.
What combination of services should the team use to build a custom algorithm in Amazon
SageMaker?
(Choose two.)
A. AWS Secrets Manager
B. AWS CodeStar
C. Amazon ECR
D. Amazon ECS
E. Amazon S3
Answer: C E
Explanation:
The Machine Learning team wants to use its own training algorithm on Amazon SageMaker, and
submit both its own algorithm code and algorithm-specific parameters. The best combination of
services to build a custom algorithm in Amazon SageMaker are Amazon ECR and Amazon S3.
Amazon ECR is a fully managed container registry service that allows you to store, manage, and
deploy Docker container images. You can use Amazon ECR to create a Docker image that contains
your training algorithm code and any dependencies or libraries that it requires. You can also use
Amazon ECR to push, pull, and manage your Docker images securely and reliably.
Amazon S3 is a durable, scalable, and secure object storage service that can store any amount and
type of data. You can use Amazon S3 to store your training data, model artifacts, and algorithm-
specific parameters.
You can also use Amazon S3 to access your data and parameters from your training algorithm code,
and to write your model output to a specified location.
Therefore, the Machine Learning team can use the following steps to build a custom algorithm in
Amazon SageMaker:

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Write the training algorithm code in Python, using the Amazon SageMaker Python SDK or the
Amazon SageMaker Containers library to interact with the Amazon SageMaker service. The code
should be able to read the input data and parameters from Amazon S3, and write the model output
to Amazon S3.
Create a Dockerfile that defines the base image, the dependencies, the environment variables, and
the commands to run the training algorithm code. The Dockerfile should also expose the ports that
Amazon SageMaker uses to communicate with the container.
Build the Docker image using the Dockerfile, and tag it with a meaningful name and version.
Push the Docker image to Amazon ECR, and note the registry path of the image.
Upload the training data, model artifacts, and algorithm-specific parameters to Amazon S3, and note
the S3 URIs of the objects.
Create an Amazon SageMaker training job, using the Amazon SageMaker Python SDK or the AWS CLI.
Specify the registry path of the Docker image, the S3 URIs of the input and output data, the
algorithm- specific parameters, and other configuration options, such as the instance type, the
number of instances, the IAM role, and the hyperparameters.
Monitor the status and logs of the training job, and retrieve the model output from Amazon S3.
Use Your Own Training Algorithms
Amazon ECR - Amazon Web Services
Amazon S3 - Amazon Web Services

NO.26 A machine learning (ML) specialist is using the Amazon SageMaker DeepAR forecasting
algorithm to train a model on CPU-based Amazon EC2 On-Demand instances. The model currently
takes multiple hours to train.
The ML specialist wants to decrease the training time of the model.
Which approaches will meet this requirement7 (SELECT TWO )
A. Replace On-Demand Instances with Spot Instances
B. Configure model auto scaling dynamically to adjust the number of instances automatically.
C. Replace CPU-based EC2 instances with GPU-based EC2 instances.
D. Use multiple training instances.
E. Use a pre-trained version of the model. Run incremental training.
Answer: C D
Explanation:
The best approaches to decrease the training time of the model are C and D, because they can
improve the computational efficiency and parallelization of the training process. These approaches
have the following benefits:
C: Replacing CPU-based EC2 instances with GPU-based EC2 instances can speed up the training of the
DeepAR algorithm, as it can leverage the parallel processing power of GPUs to perform matrix
operations and gradient computations faster than CPUs12. The DeepAR algorithm supports GPU-
based EC2 instances such as ml.p2 and ml.p33.
D: Using multiple training instances can also reduce the training time of the DeepAR algorithm, as it
can distribute the workload across multiple nodes and perform data parallelism4. The DeepAR
algorithm supports distributed training with multiple CPU-based or GPU-based EC2 instances3.
The other options are not effective or relevant, because they have the following drawbacks:
A: Replacing On-Demand Instances with Spot Instances can reduce the cost of the training, but not
necessarily the time, as Spot Instances are subject to interruption and availability5. Moreover, the
DeepAR algorithm does not support checkpointing, which means that the training cannot resume

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from the last saved state if the Spot Instance is terminated3.

B: Configuring model auto scaling dynamically to adjust the number of instances automatically is not
applicable, as this feature is only available for inference endpoints, not for training jobs6.
E: Using a pre-trained version of the model and running incremental training is not possible, as the
DeepAR algorithm does not support incremental training or transfer learning3. The DeepAR
algorithm requires a full retraining of the model whenever new data is added or the hyperparameters
are changed7.
1: GPU vs CPU: What Matters Most for Machine Learning? | by Louis (What's AI) Bouchard | Towards
Data Science
2: How GPUs Accelerate Machine Learning Training | NVIDIA Developer Blog
3: DeepAR Forecasting Algorithm - Amazon SageMaker
4: Distributed Training - Amazon SageMaker
5: Managed Spot Training - Amazon SageMaker
6: Automatic Scaling - Amazon SageMaker
7: How the DeepAR Algorithm Works - Amazon SageMaker

NO.27 A data scientist is building a linear regression model. The scientist inspects the dataset and
notices that the mode of the distribution is lower than the median, and the median is lower than the
mean.
Which data transformation will give the data scientist the ability to apply a linear regression model?
A. Exponential transformation
B. Logarithmic transformation
C. Polynomial transformation
D. Sinusoidal transformation
Answer: B
Explanation:
A logarithmic transformation is a suitable data transformation for a linear regression model when the
data has a skewed distribution, such as when the mode is lower than the median and the median is
lower than the mean. A logarithmic transformation can reduce the skewness and make the data
more symmetric and normally distributed, which are desirable properties for linear regression. A
logarithmic transformation can also reduce the effect of outliers and heteroscedasticity (unequal
variance) in the data. An exponential transformation would have the opposite effect of increasing the
skewness and making the data more asymmetric. A polynomial transformation may not be able to
capture the nonlinearity in the data and may introduce multicollinearity among the transformed
variables. A sinusoidal transformation is not appropriate for data that does not have a periodic
pattern.
Data Transformation - Scaler Topics
Linear Regression - GeeksforGeeks
Linear Regression - Scribbr

NO.28 A bank wants to launch a low-rate credit promotion. The bank is located in a town that
recently experienced economic hardship. Only some of the bank's customers were affected by the
crisis, so the bank's credit team must identify which customers to target with the promotion.
However, the credit team wants to make sure that loyal customers' full credit history is considered
when the decision is made.
The bank's data science team developed a model that classifies account transactions and

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understands credit eligibility. The data science team used the XGBoost algorithm to train the model.
The team used 7 years of bank transaction historical data for training and hyperparameter tuning
over the course of several days.
The accuracy of the model is sufficient, but the credit team is struggling to explain accurately why the
model denies credit to some customers. The credit team has almost no skill in data science.
What should the data science team do to address this issue in the MOST operationally efficient
manner?
A. Use Amazon SageMaker Studio to rebuild the model. Create a notebook that uses the XGBoost
training container to perform model training. Deploy the model at an endpoint. Enable Amazon
SageMaker Model Monitor to store inferences. Use the inferences to create Shapley values that help
explain model behavior. Create a chart that shows features and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)
values to explain to the credit team how the features affect the model outcomes.
B. Use Amazon SageMaker Studio to rebuild the model. Create a notebook that uses the XGBoost
training container to perform model training. Activate Amazon SageMaker Debugger, and configure it
to calculate and collect Shapley values. Create a chart that shows features and SHapley Additive
exPlanations (SHAP) values to explain to the credit team how the features affect the model
outcomes.
C. Create an Amazon SageMaker notebook instance. Use the notebook instance and the XGBoost
library to locally retrain the model. Use the plot_importance() method in the Python XGBoost
interface to create a feature importance chart. Use that chart to explain to the credit team how the
features affect the model outcomes.
D. Use Amazon SageMaker Studio to rebuild the model. Create a notebook that uses the XGBoost
training container to perform model training. Deploy the model at an endpoint. Use Amazon
SageMaker Processing to post-analyze the model and create a feature importance explainability chart
automatically for the credit team.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The best option is to use Amazon SageMaker Studio to rebuild the model and deploy it at an
endpoint. Then, use Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor to store inferences and use the inferences to
create Shapley values that help explain model behavior. Shapley values are a way of attributing the
contribution of each feature to the model output. They can help the credit team understand why the
model makes certain decisions and how the features affect the model outcomes. A chart that shows
features and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values can be created using the SHAP library in
Python. This option is the most operationally efficient because it leverages the existing XGBoost
training container and the built-in capabilities of Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor and SHAP
library. References:
Amazon SageMaker Studio
Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor
SHAP library

NO.29 A company wants to predict the sale prices of houses based on available historical sales data.
The target variable in the company's dataset is the sale price. The features include parameters such
as the lot size, living area measurements, non-living area measurements, number of bedrooms,
number of bathrooms, year built, and postal code. The company wants to use multi-variable linear
regression to predict house sale prices.

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Which step should a machine learning specialist take to remove features that are irrelevant for the
analysis and reduce the model's complexity?
A. Plot a histogram of the features and compute their standard deviation. Remove features with high
variance.
B. Plot a histogram of the features and compute their standard deviation. Remove features with low
variance.
C. Build a heatmap showing the correlation of the dataset against itself. Remove features with low
mutual correlation scores.
D. Run a correlation check of all features against the target variable. Remove features with low target
variable correlation scores.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Feature selection is the process of reducing the number of input variables to those that are most
relevant for predicting the target variable. One way to do this is to run a correlation check of all
features against the target variable and remove features with low target variable correlation scores.
This means that these features have little or no linear relationship with the target variable and are
not useful for the prediction. This can reduce the model's complexity and improve its performance.
References:
Feature engineering - Machine Learning Lens
Feature Selection For Machine Learning in Python

NO.30 A company is using Amazon SageMaker to build a machine learning (ML) model to predict
customer churn based on customer call transcripts. Audio files from customer calls are located in an
on-premises VoIP system that has petabytes of recorded calls. The on-premises infrastructure has
high-velocity networking and connects to the company's AWS infrastructure through a VPN
connection over a 100 Mbps connection.
The company has an algorithm for transcribing customer calls that requires GPUs for inference. The
company wants to store these transcriptions in an Amazon S3 bucket in the AWS Cloud for model
development.
Which solution should an ML specialist use to deliver the transcriptions to the S3 bucket as quickly as
possible?
A. Order and use an AWS Snowball Edge Compute Optimized device with an NVIDIA Tesla module to
run the transcription algorithm. Use AWS DataSync to send the resulting transcriptions to the
transcription S3 bucket.
B. Order and use an AWS Snowcone device with Amazon EC2 Inf1 instances to run the transcription
algorithm Use AWS DataSync to send the resulting transcriptions to the transcription S3 bucket
C. Order and use AWS Outposts to run the transcription algorithm on GPU-based Amazon EC2
instances.
Store the resulting transcriptions in the transcription S3 bucket.
D. Use AWS DataSync to ingest the audio files to Amazon S3. Create an AWS Lambda function to run
the transcription algorithm on the audio files when they are uploaded to Amazon S3. Configure the
function to write the resulting transcriptions to the transcription S3 bucket.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The company needs to transcribe petabytes of audio files from an on-premises VoIP system to an S3

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bucket in the AWS Cloud. The transcription algorithm requires GPUs for inference, which are not
available on the on- premises system. The VPN connection over a 100 Mbps connection is not
sufficient to transfer the large amount of data quickly. Therefore, the company should use an AWS
Snowball Edge Compute Optimized device with an NVIDIA Tesla module to run the transcription
algorithm locally and leverage the GPU power.
The device can store up to 42 TB of data and can be shipped back to AWS for data ingestion. The
company can use AWS DataSync to send the resulting transcriptions to the transcription S3 bucket in
the AWS Cloud.
This solution minimizes the network bandwidth and latency issues and enables faster data processing
and transfer.
Option B is incorrect because AWS Snowcone is a small, portable, rugged, and secure edge computing
and data transfer device that can store up to 8 TB of data. It is not suitable for processing petabytes
of data and does not support GPU-based instances.
Option C is incorrect because AWS Outposts is a service that extends AWS infrastructure, services,
APIs, and tools to virtually any data center, co-location space, or on-premises facility. It is not
designed for data transfer and ingestion, and it would require additional infrastructure and
maintenance costs.
Option D is incorrect because AWS DataSync is a service that makes it easy to move large amounts of
data to and from AWS over the internet or AWS Direct Connect. However, using DataSync to ingest
the audio files to S3 would still be limited by the network bandwidth and latency. Moreover, running
the transcription algorithm on AWS Lambda would incur additional costs and complexity, and it
would not leverage the GPU power that the algorithm requires.
AWS Snowball Edge Compute Optimized
AWS DataSync
AWS Snowcone
AWS Outposts
AWS Lambda

NO.31 A machine learning (ML) specialist needs to solve a binary classification problem for a
marketing dataset.
The ML specialist must maximize the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) of the algorithm by training an
XGBoost algorithm. The ML specialist must find values for the eta, alpha, min_child_weight, and
max_depth hyperparameter that will generate the most accurate model.
Which approach will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?
A. Use a bootstrap script to install scikit-learn on an Amazon EMR cluster. Deploy the EMR cluster.
Apply k-fold cross-validation methods to the algorithm.
B. Deploy Amazon SageMaker prebuilt Docker images that have scikit-learn installed. Apply k-fold
cross- validation methods to the algorithm.
C. Use Amazon SageMaker automatic model tuning (AMT). Specify a range of values for each
hyperparameter.
D. Subscribe to an AUC algorithm that is on AWS Marketplace. Specify a range of values for each
hyperparameter.
Answer: C
Explanation:
SageMaker Automatic Model Tuning (AMT) is a fully managed hyperparameter optimization feature
that finds the best values for model parameters like eta, alpha, min_child_weight, and max_depth.

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"Use SageMaker automatic model tuning to find the best version of a model by running many
training jobs on your dataset using the ranges of hyperparameters that you specify." It supports built-
in algorithms like XGBoost, and can optimize for evaluation metrics like AUC, making it the least
operational overhead solution for this task.

NO.32 A car company is developing a machine learning solution to detect whether a car is present in
an image. The image dataset consists of one million images. Each image in the dataset is 200 pixels in
height by 200 pixels in width. Each image is labeled as either having a car or not having a car.
Which architecture is MOST likely to produce a model that detects whether a car is present in an
image with the highest accuracy?
A. Use a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier with the images as input. Include a linear
output layer that outputs the probability that an image contains a car.
B. Use a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier with the images as input. Include a
softmax output layer that outputs the probability that an image contains a car.
C. Use a deep multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier with the images as input. Include a linear output
layer that outputs the probability that an image contains a car.
D. Use a deep multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier with the images as input. Include a softmax
output layer that outputs the probability that an image contains a car.
Answer: A
Explanation:
A deep convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier is a suitable architecture for image classification
tasks, as it can learn features from the images and reduce the dimensionality of the input. A linear
output layer that outputs the probability that an image contains a car is appropriate for a binary
classification problem, as it can produce a single scalar value between 0 and 1. A softmax output
layer is more suitable for a multi-class classification problem, as it can produce a vector of
probabilities that sum up to 1. A deep multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier is not as effective as a
CNN for image classification, as it does not exploit the spatial structure of the images and requires a
large number of parameters to process the high-dimensional input. References:
AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty Exam Guide
AWS Training - Machine Learning on AWS
AWS Whitepaper - An Overview of Machine Learning on AWS

NO.33 A financial company is trying to detect credit card fraud. The company observed that, on
average, 2% of credit card transactions were fraudulent. A data scientist trained a classifier on a
year's worth of credit card transactions data. The model needs to identify the fraudulent transactions
(positives) from the regular ones (negatives). The company's goal is to accurately capture as many
positives as possible.
Which metrics should the data scientist use to optimize the model? (Choose two.)
A. Specificity
B. False positive rate
C. Accuracy
D. Area under the precision-recall curve
E. True positive rate
Answer: D E
Explanation:

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The data scientist should use the area under the precision-recall curve and the true positive rate to
optimize the model. These metrics are suitable for imbalanced classification problems, such as credit
card fraud detection, where the positive class (fraudulent transactions) is much rarer than the
negative class (non-fraudulent transactions).
The area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) is a measure of how well the model can identify
the positive class among all the predicted positives. Precision is the fraction of predicted positives
that are actually positive, and recall is the fraction of actual positives that are correctly predicted. A
higher AUPRC means that the model can achieve a higher precision with a higher recall, which is
desirable for fraud detection.
The true positive rate (TPR) is another name for recall. It is also known as sensitivity or hit rate. It
measures the proportion of actual positives that are correctly identified by the model. A higher TPR
means that the model can capture more positives, which is the company's goal.
Metrics for Imbalanced Classification in Python - Machine Learning Mastery Precision-Recall - sciki
t-learn

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