14

The Alliances and Europe

THE WARSAW PACT

Treaties
The Warsaw Pact is a multilateral military alliance formed by the 'Treaty of Friendship, Mutual
Assistance and Co-operation' which was signed in Warsaw on 14 May 1955 by the Governments of
the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and
Romania; Albania left the Pact in September 1968. The Pact is committed to the defence only of
the European territories of the member states.
The Soviet Union is also linked by bilateral treaties of friendship and mutual assistance with
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Members of the Warsaw
Pact have similar bilateral treaties with each other. The essence of East European defence arrange-
ments is not therefore dependent on the Warsaw Treaty as such. The Soviet Union concluded
status-of-forces agreements with Poland, East Germany, Romania and Hungary between December
1956 and May 1957 and with Czechoslovakia in October 1968; all remain in effect except the one
with Romania, which lapsed in June 1958 when Soviet troops left Romania.

Organization
The Political Consultative Committee consists, in full session, of the First Secretaries of the Com-
munist Party, Heads of Government and the Foreign and Defence Ministers of the member
countries. The Committee has a Joint Secretariat, headed by a Soviet official and consisting of a
representative from each country, and a Permanent Commission, whose task is to make recom-
mendations on general questions of foreign policy for Pact members. Both are located in Moscow.
Since the reorganization of the Pact in 1969 the non-Soviet Ministers of Defence are no longer
directly subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Pact but, together with the Soviet Ministers,
form the Council of Defence Ministers, which is the highest military body in the Pact. The second
military body, the Joint High Command, is required by the Treaty 'to strengthen the defensive
capability of the Warsaw Pact, to prepare military plans in case of war and to decide on the deploy-
ment of troops'. The Command consists of a Commander-in-Chief and a Military Council. This
Council meets under the chairmanship of the C-in-C and includes the Chief-of-Staff and permanent
military representatives from each of the allied armed forces. It seems to be the main channel
through which the Pact's orders are transmitted to its forces in peacetime and through which the
East European forces are able to put their point of view to the C-in-C. The Pact also has a Military
Staff, which includes non-Soviet senior officers. The posts of C-in-C and Chief-of-Staff of the Joint
High Command have, however, always been held by Soviet officers, and most of the key positions
are still in Soviet hands.
In the event of war, the forces of the other Pact members would be operationally subordinate
to the Soviet High Command. The command of the air defence system covering the whole Warsaw
Pact area is now centralized in Moscow in peacetime and directed by the C-in-C of the Soviet
Air Defence Forces. Among the Soviet military headquarters in the Warsa~ Pact area are the
Northern Group of Forces at Legnica in Poland; the Southern Group of Forces at Budapest;
the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany at Zossen-Wiinsdorf, near Berlin; and the Central Group
of Forces at Milovice, north of Prague. Soviet tactical air forces are stationed in Poland, East
Germany, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
The Soviet Union has deployed short-range surface-to-surface missile (SSM) launchers and
nuclear-capable aircraft in Eastern Europe. Most East European countries also have short-range
SSM launchers, but there is no evidence that nuclear warheads for their missiles have been supplied .
Longer-range Soviet SSM and aircraft are based in the Soviet Union.
 WARSAW PACT 15

BULGARIA med tks, AFV, arty ; 12,000 construction troops;

Population: 8,900,000. 12,000 security police; 150,000 volunteer People's
Military service: Army and Air Force 2 years, Militia.
Navy 3 years.
Total regular forces: 149,000 (94,000 conscripts). CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Estimated GNP 1979: $34.8 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 790 m leva ($ 1.14 bn). Population: 15,400,000.
$1 =0.69 leva. Military service: Army 2 years, Air Force 3 years.
Total regular forces: 195,000 (118,000 conscripts).
Army: 105,000 (70,000 conscripts). Estimated GNP 1979: $85.4 bn.
8 motor rifle di vs. * Defence expenditure 1980: 22.4 bn koruny
5 tk bdes. ($3 .52 bn).
4 arty regts. $1 = 6.36 koruny.
3 AA arty regts.
I mountain bn. Army: 140,000 (100,000 conscripts).
2 recce bns. 5 tk divs. *
3 SSM bdes with SClid. 5 motor ritle divs. *
200 T-34, 1,600 T-54/-55, 100 T-62, T-72 med tks; I AB regt.
290 BRDM-l /-2 scout cars; 1,500 BTR-60, 35 2 ATK regts.
OT-62 APC; 400 122mm, 100 152mm guns/how; 2 arty bdes.
82mm, 350 120mm, 160mm mor; BM-21 122mm 2 AA arty bdes.
MRL; 36 FROG-7, 50 SClIdsSM; 350 57mm, 76mm, 3 SSM bdes with Scud.
85mm and 100mm ATK guns; 130 82mm RCL ; 3,400 T-54/-55, 100 T-62, 100 T-n med tks; 680
Sagger, Snapper ATGW; 250 57mm, 85mm, OT-65, BRDM scout cars; 400 BMP MICV, 3,000
l00mm towed, 2SU-23-4, and 2SU-57-2 SP AA OT-62/-64/-810 APC; 150 l00mm, 600 122mm,
guns; SA-6/-7 SAM. 50 130mm, 120 152mm guns/how; 122mm sp
guns; 81mm, 120mm mor; 300 RM-70 122mm,
RESERVES: 200,000. M-51 130mm MRL; 40 FROG, 27 Scud SSM;
125 82mm RCL; 150 Sagger ATGW; M-53
Navy: 10,000 (6,000 conscripts). 12.7 mm, 2U-23-4, 500 57mm towed, ZSU-23-4,
4 ex-Sov subs: 2 R-, 2 W-class. M-53/59 30mm, ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns;
2 Riga frigates. SA-4/-6/-7 SAM.
3 Poti corvettes.
RESERVES: 300,000.
8 patrol craft: 6 SO-I , 2 KroJ/shtadt.
4 FAC(M) (3 Osa-I, 1 Osa-II) with Styx SSM .
Air Force: 55,000 (18,000 conscripts); 471 combat
14 FAC(T): 6 Shershen, 8 P4<.
aircraft.
18 MCM vessels: 2 T-43 ocean, 4 Vanya coastal,
12 FGA sqns: 6 with 80 Su-7BM/U, 12 MiG-23BM,
8 PO-2, 4 Yevgenya < inshore.
3 with 42 MiG-21 /-21U, 3 with 30 MiG-17.
18 Vydra LCU, 9 MFP D-3 landing craft.
18 interceptor sqns with 252 MiG-21/-21 U.
Hel: Mi-14 ASW, 6 Mi-2, Mi-4 SAR.
3 recce sqns: I with 25 MiG-21RF, 2 with 30
Bases: Varna, Burgas, Sozopol, Atiya. L-29/-39.
2 tpt regts with 6 An-24, 40 11-14, 1 Tu-134, Let
RESERVES: 20,000.
L-410M.
I hel regt, 3 indep hel sqns with Mi-l /-2, 50 Mi-4,
Air Force: 34,000 (J 8,000 conscripts); some 210
20 Mi-8, Mi-24.
combat aircraft.
Trg ac inel 150 L-29, 24 L-39, Zlin 326.
6 FGA sqns with 64 MiG-17, some MiG-23 .
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
8 interceptor sqns: 6 with 80 MiG-21, 2 wi th 36
5 SAM regts: 60 btys with SA-2/-3.
MiG-17.
2 recce sqns with 24 MiG-17. RESE RVES: 50,000.
1 tpt regt with 10 Il-14, 4 An-24, 2 Tu-134, 9 An-2.
I hel regt with 30 Mi-2, 40 Mi-4/-8, Mi-24, Ka-26. Para-Military Forces: 11,000 border troops in 28
Trg ac incl80 L-29, Yak-I 1/-18 , 30 MiG-15UTT. bns, some AFV, ATK guns; about 120,000 part-
AAM: AA-2 Atoll. time People's Militia; 2,500 Civil Defence troops.
26 SA-2, 8 SA-3 SAM bns.
1 para regt. * East European Warsaw Pact divs are of three cate-
RESERVES: 20,000. gories with different manning (and hence readiness)
levels. Category J formations are at up to three-
quarters of establishment strength; Category 2 at up to
Para-Military Forces: 15,000 border guards with half; Category 3 little more than cadres.
16 WARSAW PACf

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC some tks, AFV, 18 coastal patrol craft; 25,000
Population: 16,800,000. security troops. 500,000 Workers' Militia.
Military service: 18 months.
Total regular forces: 162,000 (92,000 conscripts). HUNGARY
Estimated GNP 1979: S75.3 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 13.1 bn ostmarks Population: 10,700,000.
($4.79 bn). Military service (incI Border Guard): 2 years.
Sl =2.73 ostmarks. Total regular forces: 93,000 (58,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1979: $41.9 bn.
Army: 108,000 (67,000 conscripts). Defence expenditure 1980: 16.56 bn forints
2 tk divs.* (S1.08 bn).
4 motor rifle divs. * SI = 15.37 forints.
2 arty, 2 AA arty regts.
2 AD bns. Army: 72,000 (50,000 conscripts) incI Danube
2 ATK bns. Flotilla.
2 SSM bdes with Scud. 1 tk div.*
About 2,600 T-54/-55, T-72 med tks (600 T-34 in 5 motor rifle divs. *
storage); about 60 PT-76lt tks; 880 BRDM-1/-2 1 arty, 1 AA arty regts, 1 SSM bde with Scud.
and FUG-70 scout cars; 500 BMP MICV, 1,000 1 SAM regt with SA-6.
BTR-50P/-60P/-152APc; 335122mm, 100 130mm, 1 AD bn.
152mm guns/how; 250 120mm mor; 180 RM-70 About 1,250 T-54/-55, 60 T-72 med, 100 PT-76 It
122mm MRL; 24 FROG-7, 18 Scud B SSM; 120 tks; 30 BMP-l MICV; about 700 BRDM and
l00mm ATK guns; AT-3 Sagger, AT-5 Spandrel FUG-63 scout cars; 1,500 PSzH (FUG-70)
ATGW; 72 57mm, 48 l00mm towed, 96 ZSU-23-4 APC; 250 122mm (18 sP), 80 152mm guns/how;
SP AA guns; SA-4/-6/-7/-9 SAM. 300 82mm, 100 120mm mor; 40 BM-21 122mm
MRL; 24 FROG, 12 ScUdSSM; 15085mm ATKguns;
DEPLOYMENT: Algeria, Angola, Ethiopia, Mozam-
100 Sagger, Snapper ATGW; 200 57mm towed,
bique, S. Yemen, Syria.
50 ZSU-23-4 and ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; ~O SA-6,
RESERVES: 250,000. 300 SA-7, 50 SA-9 SAM.
Danube Flotilla (3,500).
Navy: 16,000 (10,000 conscripts). 10 100-ton patrol craft, some river MCM, 5 small
2 Rostock frigates (ex-Sov Koni). landing craft.
12 Hai large patrol craft.
15 Osa-l PAC(M) with Styx SSM. Air Force: 21,000 (8,000 conscripts); 170 combat
48 FAC(T): 18 Shershen, 30 Libelle( . aircraft.
51 Kondor Ifll coastal minesweepers. 9 interceptor sqns with 150 MiG-21/-21U.
12 Frosch LST.
2 FGA sqns with 20 MiG-23.
2 Kondor Ifll intelligence collection vessels (AGI). 1 tpt regt with 24 An-2/-24/-26, Il-14,
1 hel sqn with 8 Mi-4, 5 Mi-8.
Hel: 30 Mi-l/-2, 35 Mi-4/-8, Mi-24, Ka-26.
Bases: RostockjWarnemiinde, Peenemiinde, Sass- Trg ac incI Yak-H/-18, L-29, MiG-15UTI.
nitz, Wolgast, Tarnewitz. AAM: AA-2 Atoll.

RESERVES: 25,000.
2 SAM bns with SA-2.
(On order: 40 MiG-23 FGA.)
Air Force: 38,000 (15,000 conscripts); 347 combat RESERVES (all services): 143,000.
aircraft.
4 FGA sqns: 3 with 35 MiG-17, 1 with 12 MiG- Para-Military Forces: 15,000 border guards (11,000
23MF. conscripts); 60,000 part-time Workers' Militia.
19 interceptor-recce sqns with 300 MiG-21F/MF/
FL/R/U.
3 tpt sqns with 20 11-14, 15 Tu-134, An-2, An-14. POLAND
6 hel sqns with 40 Mi-2/-4, 70 Mi-8, Mi-24D/F. Population: 35,700,000.
Trg ac incI Yak-ll, L-29/-39, Zlin 226, MiG- Military service: Army, internal security forces,
15UTI. Air Force 2 years; Navy, special services 3 years.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll. ASM: AT-6 Spiral ATGW. Total regular forces: 317,500 (185,000 conscripts).
5 AD regts with 120 57mm and l00mm AA guns. Estimated GNP 1979: $146.1 bn.
5 SAM regts with SA-2/-3. Defence expenditure 1980: 70.4 bn zloty ($4.67 bn).
RESERVES: 30,000. SI = 15.06 zloty.

Para-Military Forces: 71,500. 46,500 border guards, * See note on p. 15.

 WARSAW PACf 17

Army: 210,000 (154,000 conscripts). ROMANIA

5 tk divs.·
Population: 22,200,000.
8 motor rifle divs.·
1 AD div.· Military service: Army and Air Force 16 months,
Navy 2 years.
1 amph assault div.·
Total regular forces: 184,500 (110,000 conscripts).
3 arty bdes, 1 arty, 5 AA arty regts.
3 ATK regts. Estimated GNP 1979: S91.2 bn.
4 SSM bdes with Scud. Defence expenditure 1980: 12.5 bn lei (S1.47 bn).
3,400 T-54/-55, 100 T-72 med, 100 PT-76 It tks; SI =8.5 lei.
2,000 OT-65 and BRDM-l/-2 scout cars; 5,500
Army: 140,000 (95,000 conscripts).
BMP, OT-62/-64 APC; 400 76mm, 85mm, l00mm,
122mm, 250 152mm guns/how; 122mm SP guns; 2 tk divs.·
8 motor rifle divs.·
600 82mm, 120mm mor; 250 BM-21 122rnm,
3 mountain bdes.
140mm MRL; 54 FROG-3/-7, 36 Scud SSM; 680
2 arty bdes, 3 arty, 2 AA arty regts.
76mm, 85mm towed, ASU-85 SP ATK guns;
2 ATK regts.
73mm, 82mm, 107mm RCL; Snapper, Sagger
1 AD regt.
ATGW; 400 23mm, 57mm, 85mm and l00mm
2 SSM bdes with Scud.
towed, 100 ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-6/-7/-9 SAM.
200 T-34, 1,500 T-54/-55/-72 med tks; 800 BRDM
DEPLOYMENT: Syria (UNDOF): 129. scout cars; 1,500BTR-50/-6O, TAB-70/-72 (BTR-
60) APC; 150 76mm, 50 85mm, 600 122mm, 150
Navy: 22,500 (6,000 conscripts). 152mm guns/how; 130 SU-lOO SP guns; 1,000
4 W-elass submarines. 82mm, 200 120mm mor; 122mm, 150 130mm
1 Kotlin destroyer with 2 Goa SAM. MRL; 30 FROG, 20 Scud SSM; 57mm ATK guns;
13 Osa FAC(M) with Styx SSM. 260 76mm and 82mm RCL; 120 Sagger, Snapper
15 Wisla FAC(T)( . ATGW; 400 30mm, 37rnm, 250 57rnm, 85mm,
16 large patrol craft: 13 Obluze, 3 Oksywie (some l00mm towed, ZSU-23-4 SP AA; SA-6/-7 SAM.
coastguard).
24 ocean minesweepers: 12 Krogulec, 12 T-43. Navy: 10,500 (5,000 conscripts).
15 K-8 minesweeping boats. 3 Poti corvettes.
23 Polnocny LCT, 3 Marabut, 15 Eichstadell LCA. 5 Osa FAC(M) with Styx SSM.
3 intelligence vessels (AGI): 1 B-I0, 2 Morna. 3 Kronshtadt large patrol craft.
1 Naval Aviation Regt (52 combat aircraft): 17 ex-Ch Shanghai FAC(G).
3 FGA sqns with 42 MiG-17. 44 FAC(T): 20 ex-Ch Hu Chwan hydrofoils, 18
1 recce sqn with 10 ll-28. Shanghai, 6 ex-Soy P4(.
2 hel sqns with 25 Mi-l/-2/-4. 28 river patrol craft.
14 minesweepers (4 eX-GDR M-40 coastal, 10 ex-
Bases: Gydnia, Hel, Swinoujscie, Kolobrzeg.
SOY T-301 inshore); 8 ex-Pol TR-40, 8 VD-141
minesweeping boats( .
Air Force: 85,000 (25,000 conscripts), 12 brigades;
4 Mi-4 SAR hel.
some 700 combat aircraft.
18 FGA sqns: 3 with 35 Su-7/-7U, 3 with 35 Su-20, Bases: Mangalia, Constanta, TuIcea (Danube).
12 with 150 MiG-17.
33 interceptor sqns with some 400 MiG-17/-21/-21 U. Air Force: 34,000 (10,000 conscripts); 328 combat
6 recce sqns with 72 MiG-15/-21, 5 ll-28, 4 ll-14. aircraft.
2 tpt regts with 9 An-2, An-12, 12 An-26, 12 II-14,
2 Tu-134, 5 Yak-40. 6 FGA sqns with 70 MiG-17.
3 hel regts with 165 Mi-1/-2, 19 Mi-4, 26 Mi-8, 12 interceptor sqns with 240 MiG-21F/PF/U.
Mi-24. 1 recce sqn with 18 ll-28.
300 trainers: TS-8, TS-11 MiG-15UTI, Yak-18. 1 tpt regt with 3 11-14, 4 II-18, 1 11-62, 10 An-24,
AAM: AA-2 Atoll. 6 An-26, 5 Li-2, 1 Boeing 707.
9 SAM regts with 240 SA-2/-3 at some 45 sites. 1 hel regt: 10 Mi-4, 25 Mi-8, 45 Alouette III.
Trg ac: 50 L-29, 50 MiG-15Un, 60 IAR-823.
RESERVES (all services): 605,000. AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
108 SA-2 at about 18 SAM sites.
Para-Military Forces: 95,000. 18,000 border troopS RESERVES (all services): 502,000.
(Ministry of Interior), 77,000 internal security
and internal defence troops (inel 21,000 Para-Military Forces: 37,000. 17,000 border,
construction troops). Some tks, AFY, ATK 20,000 security troops with AFV, ATK guns.
guns; 34 patrol craft (coastguard). 350,000 About 700,000 Patriotic Guard.
Citizen's Militia. • See note on p. 15.