77

Latin America

Continental Treaties and Agreements

The Act of Chapultepec. Signed by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, the US, Uruguay and Venezuela in March and April 1945. This Act declared
that if any aggression across boundaries established by treaty occurred, or was threatened, the
signatories would consult and agree upon measures up to and including armed force to prevent or
repel such aggression.
The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Treaty of Rio). Signed in September 1947 by
all parties to the Act of Chapultepec except Ecuador and Nicaragua, this Treaty expanded that Act,
constrained signatories to the peaceful settlement of disputes among themselves and provided for
collective self-defence should any member party be subject to external attack. Since coming into
force on 3 December 1948, it has been invoked some 12 times. Cuba withdrew in March 1960.
The Charter of the Organization of American States. Dated April 1948, this embraced declarations
based upon the Treaty of Rio. The members of the OAS - the signatories to the Act of Chapultepec
plus Barbados, El Salvador, Grenada, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago - are bound to peaceful
settlement of internal disputes and to collective action in the event of external attack upon one or
more signatory states. Amendments (Rio, 1965; Bogota, 1966) reiterated the goal of peaceful
settlement of disputes. In 1965-6 an Inter-American Peace Force was formed for service in the
Dominican Republic. Subsequent attempts to create a permanent Force have failed, but an Inter-
American Defence Board has been formed to co-ordinate planning. Declarations condemning
Communism in the Western Hemisphere, signed in Bogota by 17 nations in 1948 (Brazil, Chile,
the Dominican Republic and the US abstaining), were reiterated at Caracas (1954, 1973), San Jose
(1960), Punta del Este (1962) and Washington (1972). In 1962 the Foreign Ministers and, later,
the Council excluded Cuba and forced the withdrawal of Soviet missiles from that country. In
1964 Cuba was indicted for subversion in Venezuela. In 1975 the OAS agreed to normalize relations
with Cuba.
A Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (The Tlatelolco Treaty). This was
signed in February 1967 by 25 Latin American countries, 23 of which have ratified it (Argentina
has not; Brazil has, but has reserved her position on peaceful nuclear explosions); the Treaty is
not in force for Chile. Britain and the Netherlands have ratified it for the territories within the
Treaty area for which they are internationally responsible. Britain, France, the Netherlands and
the US have signed Protocol I (which commits states outside the region to accept, for their territories
within it, the Treaty restrictions regarding the emplacement or storage of nuclear weapons);
Britain, China, France, the USSR and the US have signed Protocol II (an undertaking not to use
or threaten to use nuclear weapons against the parties to the Treaty). The contracting parties have
set up an Agency to ensure compliance with the Treaty.

Other Agreements
The 1903 treaty with the Republic of Panama, granting the United States virtual sovereign rights
over the Canal Zone in perpetuity, was renegotiated . The 1977 treaties which resulted came into
force in October 1979. About 40% of the former Canal Zone will remain under US control until
31 December 1999. Panama received 11 of 14 US bases. Defence of the Canal will be the joint
responsibility of both nations, with Panama assuming an increasing role until the final take-over.
In July 1965 EI Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua agreed to form a military bloc,
with a Defence Council, to co-ordinate measures against possible Communist aggression.
The United States has a bilateral agreement with Cuba for jurisdiction and control over Guan-
tanamo Bay. This was confirmed in 1934. In 1960 the US stated that it could be modified or abrogated
only by agreement between the parties and that she had no intention of giving such agreement.
78 LATIN AMERICA

The United States has bilateral military sales arrangements at varying levels with most countries
of the region. The Soviet Union has no known formal defence agreements with any of the states
in the area, although she has supplied military equipment to Cuba and Peru. Austria, Belgium,
Britain, Canada, France, West Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland and
Taiwan have also sold arms in the region. Argentina and Brazil are designing and manufacturing
for export their own military equipment; Chile is assembling Mirage 50 aircraft under licence.

ARGENTINA 2 large patrol craft.

4 Dabur FAC(P).
Population: 27,000,000.
Military Service: Army and Air Force 1 year, 2 TNC-45 FAC(G) .
2 ex-US Higgins FAC(T) ( .
Navy 14 months.
Total armed forces: 139,500 (92,000 conscripts). 6 ex-Br Ton coastal minesweeper/hunters.
I LSD, 2 LST, 27 ex-US landing craft(.
Estimated GNP 1978: $45 bn. *
Defence expenditure 1979:3,713 bn pesos ($2.8bn).* (On order: 6 submarines, 1 Type 42 destroyer,
$1=1,317 pesos (1979), 795.8 pesos (1978).t 4 Meko 360 frigates, 1 A-69, 2 Meko 140
corvettes.)
Army: 85,000 (65,000 conscripts). Bases: Puerto Belgrano, Mar del Plata, Buenos
4 army corps. Aires, Ushuaia.
2 armd bdes (6 armd car regts).
NAVAL AIR FORC!!: 3,000; 23 combat aircraft.
6 inf bdes (1 mech, 4 mot, 1 jungle).
3 mountain bdes. I FB sqn with 11 A-4Q.
t airmobile bde. 1 MR sqn with 9 S-2A/E, 3 SP-2H.
1 indep armd car regt. Tpts inel3 Electra, 1 HS-125, 3 1-28.
6 AD bns. Other acinel8 King Air, 4 Queen Air, 3Turbo-Porter.
t aviation bn. Hel inel 5 S-61D/NR, 9 Alouette A-103(III), 2
100 M-4 Sherman, 100 TAM med, 120 AMX-13 WG-13 (Lynx), 3 Puma.
It tks; 250 M-l13, 60 Mowag, 300 AMX-VCfP, Trainers inel 7 EMB-326GB, 15 T-34C, 12 T-6/-28,
75 M-3 APC; 200 105mm and 155mm towed, 2 C-45.
20 M-7 105mm SP guns; 105mm pack, 90 M-114 (On order: 14 Super Etendard fighters, 8 WG-13
155mm towed, 24 Mk F3, 6 M-I09 155mm SP (Lynx) hel.)
how; 81mm, 120mm mor; 50 Kuerassier 105rom MARINES: 10,000.
SP ATK guns; 75mm, 9Omm, 105mm RCL; 5 inf bns.
SS-11/-12, Bantam, Cobra, Mamba ATGW; 1 cdo bn.
30mm, 35mm, 4Omm, 90mm AA guns; Tigercat 1 amph bn.
SAM; 5 Turbo-Commander 690A, 3 Turbo-Porter, 1 fd arty bn.
2 DHC-6, 3 0-222, 4 Merlin ITIA, 4 Queen Air, 1 AD bn.
1 Sabreliner, 5 Cessna 207, 15 Cessna 182, 2 security bns.
1 Citation, 20 U-17A/B ac; 9 A-I09, 7 Bell 206, I sigs bn.
4 FH-1100, 18 UH-IH, 4 Bell 47G, 2 Bell 212, 6 indep inf coys.
6 SA-315 Lama hel. 22 LVTP-7, 15 LARC-5, 6 Mowag APC; 105mm,
(On order: 120 TAM med tks; 120 Kuerassier 155mm how; 81 rom, 106mm mor; 75mm,
SP ATK guns; 12 SA-330Puma, 12 Lama hel.) 105mm RCL; Bantam ATGW; 30mm AA guns;
RESERVES: 250,000: 200,000 National Guard, 10 Tigercat SAM.
50,000 Territorial Guard.
Air Force: 19,500 (10,000 conscripts); 236 combat
Navy: 35,000 (17,000 conscripts), inel Naval Air aircraft.
Force and Marines. 1 bbr sqn with 9 Canberra B-62, 2 T-64.
4 submarines: 2 Type 209,2 ex-US Guppy. 4 FB sqns with 60 A-4P Skyhawk.
1 ex-Br Colossus aircraft carrier (capacity 14 A-4, 1 FB sqn with 18 F-86F.
6 S-2 ac, 4 S-61 hel). 6 FGA sqns: 2 with 21 Nesher, 1 with 17 Mirage 5,
1 ex-US Brooklyn cruiser with Seacat SAM, 2 hel. 3 with 48 MS-760A Paris II.
8 destroyers : 1 Type 42 with Sea Dart SAM, 1 Lynx 1 interceptor sqn with 22 Mirage IIIEA, 2 IIillA.
hel; 7 ex-US (3 Sumner, 1 Gearing; 3 Fletcher 2 COIN sqns with 37 lA-58 Pucara.
with Exocet SSM).
2 ex-Fr A-69 corvettes with Exocet SSM. • Rapid inflation makes defence expenditure and GNP
7 patrol ships: 2 ex-US Cherokee, 2 King (1 trg), figures in local currency and doIlar terms unreliable.
3 ex-US Sotoyomo. t Year average exchange rates.
 LATIN AMERICA 79

1 assault hel sqn with 14 Hughes 500M, 8 UH-IH. Tpts inel 1 DC-6B, 1 Electra, 2 C-54, 1 L-lOO-30,
1 SAR sqn with 12 Lama, 2 S-58T, 2 S-61NR hel. 1 C-130H, 1 Sabreliner, 2 Learjet, 5 Arava, 4
5 tpt sqns with 1 Boeing 707-320B, 7 C-130E/H, CV-440, 7 C-47, 1 Super King Air, 5 F-27.
2 KC-130, 1 Sabreliner, 2 Learjet 35A, 3 G-222, 1 hel sqn with 5 UH-1H; 7 SA-315B Lama SAR.
13 C-47, 10 F-27, 6 F-28, 5 DHC-6, 22 lA-50 Liaison ac inel 11 Cessna 185, 2 Cessna 206C,
Guarani II, 2 Merlin IVA. 2 Turbo-Centurion, 1 Turbo-Porter, 1 Cessna 402,
1 Antarctic sqn with 2 DHC-2, 3 DHC-3, 1 LC-47 1 Cessna 421.
ac, 1 S-61R hel. Trainers inel20 T-6G, 6 T-41D, 12 T-23 Uirapuru,
1 comms sqn with 4 Commander, 14 Shrike 6 SF-260M, 10 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.
Commander, Paris, T-34, IA-35 Huanquero. 1 airbase defence inf regt.
Hel inel 4 UH-lD, 3 UH-19, 3 Bell 47G. (On order: 4 F-27 tpt ac, 11 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.)
Trainers inel35 T-34C, 12 Paris, 37 Cessna 182.
AAM: R-530. ASM: AS-ll/-12.
(00 order: 8 Mirage 5 fighters; 20 lA-58 Pucara BRAZIL
COIN; 16 Turbo-Commander tpts; 2 KC-130
tankers; 3 CH-47C, 8 Bell 212, 9 Puma hel.) Population: 126,000,000.
Military service: 1 year.
Para-Military Forces: 42,000. Gendarmerie: 11,000; Total armed forces: 272,550 (113,000 conscripts).
Shorland armd cars, M-l13 APC, 20 lt ac, 10 hel Estimated GOP 1978: S201 bn.
under Army command, mainly for frontier Defence expenditure 1979: 47.3 bn cruzeiros
duties. Argentine Naval Prefecture (coastguard): ($2.09 bn).
9,000; 2 patrol ships, 25 large patrol craft, 30 $1 =22.65 cruzeiros (1979),16.9 cruzeiros (1978).
patrol vessels, 5 aircraft, 6 hel. Federal Police:
22,000; APC, 4 hel. Army: 182,750 (110,000 conscripts).
4 army, 2 indep comd HQ.
BOLIVIA 8 divs: each up to 6 armd, 4 mech or mot inf bdes.
2 indep inf bdes.
Population: 5,285,000. 1 indep para bde.
Military service: 12 months selective. 5 It 'jungle' inf bns.
Total armed forces: 23,800. 60 M-4, some M-47 med, 250 M-3A1, 250 M-41
Estimated GNP 1979: S4.7 bn. It tks; 120 EE-9 Cascavel, M-8 armd cars; EE-ll
Defenceexpeoditure 1979: 2.95 bn pesos ($118 m). Urutu, M-59, 600 M-I13 APC; 500 M-1l6 75mm
$1 = 25.0 pesos (1980), 20.2 pesos (1979). pack, 375 105mm, 90 M-1l4 155mm towed, 50
M-7, 100 M-108 105mm SP how; 81mm mor;
Army: 18,000. 3.5-in RL, 108mmMRL; 106mmRcL; Cobra ATGW;
2 corps, 5 div HQ. 30 35mm, 30 4Omm, 40 90mm AA guns; 4 Roland
4 cav regts (horsed). SAM; 40 L-42 Regente, 0-lE It ac; 10 AB-206A
1 mech regt (3 bns). hel.
I mot regt (3 bns). (On order: 80 X-1A2 med tks.)
13 inf regts (inel 1 Presidential Guard), each with
RESERVES: 60,000 first line; 500,000 second line.
1 mounted, 1 mot inf bns.
3 arty regts.
2 ranger bns. Navy: 47,000, inel13,500 Naval Air Force, Marines
1 para bn. and Auxiliary Corps, 3,000 conscripts.
6 engr bns. 8 submarines: 3 Oberon,S ex-US Guppy II/III.
EE-9 Cascavel armd cars; 18 M-l13, 10 V-l00 1 ex-Br Colossus aircraft carrier (capacity 20 ac,
Commando, 20 Mowag, EE-ll Urutu APC; 6 inel 7 S-2A ASW ac, 4 Sea King hel).
75mm guns; 25 M-1l6 75mm pack, 25 M-101 12 destroyers: 5 ex-US Fletcher (1 with Seacat
105mm how; 18 Kuerassier 105mm SP ATK guns. SAM), 5 ex-US Sumner (1 with Seacat), 2 ex-US
Gearing with ASROC.
Navy: 1,800. 6 Niteroi frigates: 2 with Seacat SAM, Ikara, 1 Lynx
1 transport. hel; 4 with Exocet SSM.
22 lake and river patrol craft (21 <). 10 Imperial Marinheiro patrol vessels.
6 river patrol ships: 2 Pedro Teixeira, 3 Roraima,
Bases: Tiquina, Lorna Suarez, Puerto Horquilla. 1 monitor.
6 Piratini large patrol craft.
Air Force: 4,000; 41 combat aircraft. 6 Schutze coastal minesweepers.
1 fighter/trg sqn with 13 T-33A/N. 10 river patrol craft< (6 Anchova).
2 COIN sqns with 18 EMB-326GB (Xavante), 10 2 ex-US LST.
AT-6G. 4 LCU.
80 LATIN AMERICA

Bases: Rio de Janeiro, Aratu, Belem, Natal, Navy: 24,000 (1,600 conscripts), inel Naval Air
Ladario. and Marines.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: no combat aircraft. 3 submarines: 2 Oberon, 1 ex-US Ba/ao.
1 ASW sqn with 5 SH-3D Sea King hel. 3 cruisers: 1 ex-Swed Gota Lejo1l; 2 ex-US Brooklyn
1 utility sqn with 5 Whirlwind, 7 Wasp, 6 AS-350M with 1 hel.
Ecureuil, 18 AB-206B, 9 Lynx hel. 6 destroyers: 2 Almirante with Exocet SSM, Seacat
SAM; 2 ex-US Sumner with 1 hel; 2 ex-US
1 trg sqn with 10 Hughes 269/300 hel.
Fletcher.
MARINES: 12,000. 5 frigates: 2 Leander with Exocet SSM, Seacat SAM,
1 div (bde) with 3 inf, 1 amph assault, 1 arty, 1 hel; 3 ex-US Lawrence.
1 engr bns. L VTP-7 APC. 3 ex-US corvettes: 2 Sotoyomo, 1 Cherokee.
4 Ltirssen-type FAC(T).
Air Force: 42,800; 173 combat aircraft. 3 large patrol craft (1 ex-US PC-1638).
1 interceptor sqn with 14 Mirage IllEBR, 3 DBR. 12 river patrol craft< (10 Anchova).
2 FGA sqns with 33 F-5E, 5 F-5B. 3 511-1152 LST, 1 LCM, 2 LCU, 6 LCVP.
8 cOIN/recce sqns with 70 AT-26 Xavante, 19 T-25 Bases: Talcahuano, Valparaiso, Puerto Montt,
ac, 11 UH-ID, 4 Bell 206, 4 OH-6A hel. Punta Arenas, Puerto Williams.
1 ASW sqn with 8 S-2E, 9 S-2A (7 in carrier).
1 MR sqn with 12 EMB-111M. NAVAL AIR FORCE: 500; 12 combat aircraft.
4 SAR sqns with 7 HU-l6B Albatross, 3 RC-130E, 1 ASW/SAR sqn with 6 EMB-111, 2 PBY-5A,
7 PBY-5A ac, 5 SH-1D, 2 Bell 47G hel. 4 SP-2E, 5 Beech D-18S, 1 Navajo, 1 F-27 ac,
12 tpt sqns with 2 Boeing 737, 9 C-130E/H, 4 UH-19, 2 UH-lD hel.
2 KC-130H, 13 HS-125, 1 Viscount, 12 HS-748, Tpts inel 4 C-47, 6 EMB-llOC Bandeirante,
20 DHC-5, 96 EMB-110 Bandeirante (78 C-95, 6 4 CASA C-212, 4 Metro.
R-95, 4 EC-95, 8 C-95A), 5 EMB-121 Xingu, 10 Hel inel 4 AB-206, 3 UH-19, 2 UH-lD, 6 BO-105,
C-47 ac, 6 AB-206, 6 SA-330 Puma hel. 12 Alouette ill.
3 liaison sqns with L-42, T-25, 0-lE, 10 EMB-810C Trainers: 4 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.
(Seneca II) ac, 30 UH-ID/H hel. MARINES: 5,000.
Trainers inel 62 T-23 Uirapuru, 130 T-25 Universal, 1 bde.
10 T-33, 82 AT-26. Coast-defence units.
AAM: R-530.
5 dcts (1 at bn strength).
(On order: 20 EMB-110 (C-95A) tpts, 20 AT-26
trg ac.) Air Force: 11,000; 84 combat aircraft.
2 FB sqns with 16 HUllter F-71 , 18 F-5E/F.
Para-Military Forces: Some 185,000 Public 1 fighter/trg sqn with 8 T-33A.
Security Forces; state militias in addition. 2 COIN sqns with 34 A-37B.
1 ASW/SAR sqn with 8 HU-16B Albatross.
CHILE Tpts inel 2 C-130H, 6 DC-6B, 8 C-47.
2 utility sqns with 17 DHC-6, 1 King Air, 3 Twin
Population: 11,200,000. Bonanza, 10 Cessna 180.
Military Service: 1 year (Army and Navy only). Hel inel 6 S-55T, 13 UH-IH, 3 UH-12E, I Puma,
Total armed forces: 88,000 (21,600 conscripts). Alouette ill.
Estimated GOP 1978: 515 bn.* Trainers inel 30 T-34A, 25 T-37B, 8 T-41 , 10
Defence expenditure 1979: 25.6 bn pesos (5726m).* Vampire T-22/-25, 4 Hunter T-77, 9 Beech 99,
51 = 35.25 pesos (1979), 30.14 pesos (1978). 10 T-25 Universal.
AAM: Sidewinder, Shafrir. ASM: AS-1l/-12.
Army: 53,000 (20,000 conscripts). I AA arty regt.
6 div HQ. (On order: 16 Mirage 50 fighters, 20 T-25 trg ac.)
7 cay regts (3 armd, 3 horsed, 1 hel-borne).
21 inf regts (inel 9 mot, 3 mountain). Para-Military Forces: 27,000 Carabineros, with
6 arty groups (inel AA dets). 15 Mowag MR-8 APC, 25 It ac.
70 M-4 med, 10 M-3, 60 M-41, 47 AMX-13 it tks;
30 EE-9 Cascavel armd cars; 300 M-113, EE-11
COLOMBIA
Urutu APC; 105mm guns, 36 M-56 105mm pack
how; Mk F3 155mm SP how; 81mm, 120mm Population: 26,520,000.
mor; 106mm RCL; Milan ATGW; 20mm, 40mm Military service: 2 years.
AA guns; 6 CASA C-212 tpts, 4 Navajo, 4 0-1 ac; Total armed forces: 65,800.
7 Puma, 10 Lama, 3 UH-1H, 2 AB-206 hel.
• Rapid inflation makes defence expenditure and GNP
RESERVES: 160,000. figures in local currency and dollar terms unreliable.
 LA TIN AMERI CA 81

Estimated GNP 1978: $14.5 bn. SP guns; 45 FROG-4 SSM; 57mm, 76mm, 85mm
Defence expenditure 1979: 9.01 bn pesos (1215 m). ATK guns; 57mm RCL; Snapper, Sagger ATGW;
SI =41.87 pesos (1979),38.1 pesos (1978). ZU-23, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm towed,
ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-7 SAM .
Army: 53,000 (26,500 conscripts).
DEPLOYMENT: Allgola: 19,000; Ethiopia: 16,500.
10 inf bdes (,Regional Bdes') (6 mech cay, 6 arty
gps, 26 inf, 6 enge bns). RESERVES : 90,000.
I trg bde, inel Presidential Guard.
1 ranger bn. Navy: 10,000.
1 AD bn. 3 ex-Soy submarines : 2 F-, 1 W-e1ass.
1 AA arty bn. 14 ex-Soy large patrol craft : 10 SO-I, 4 Krollshtadt.
M-4A3 med, M-3A11t tks; White M-3, M-8, M-20 27 ex-Soy FAC(M) with Styx SSM: 6 Osa-J, 5 Osa-JT,
armd cars; 48 M-101 105mrn how; mor ; 40mm 16 Komar( .
AA guos. 26 ex-Soy FAC(T): 2 Turya, 12 P-6( , 12 P-4( .
RESERVES : 500,000. 12 ex-Soy Zhuk FAC(P)( .
12 coastal patrol craft.
Navy: 9,000, ioel2,800 Marines. 3 minesweepers : 2ex-Sov Yevgellya, I ex-Pol K-8.
2 Type 209 submarines. 7 T-4 LCM .
2 SX-506 midget submarines. Some 50 Samlet coast-defence SSM.
3 destroyers: 2 Halland, 1 ex-US Sumner. Bases: Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Punta
5 ex-US frigates: 1 APD, 1 Courtney, 3 Cherokee. Balleoatos, Canasi.
4 gunboats: 3 Arauca, 1 Barranquilla.
10 coastal patrol craft<. Air Force: 16,000, ioel Air Defence Forces;
1 ex-US 511-1152 LST. 168 combat aircraft.
2 marine bns. 3 FB sqos : 2 with 30 MiG-17, 1 with 10 MiG-23.
Bases: Cartagena, Buenaventura. 8 interceptor sqns: 3 with 48 MiG-21F, 2 with 30
MiG-2IMF, 2 with 40 MiG-19, I with 10 MiG-23.
Air Force: 3,800; 18 combat aircraft. I trg sqn with 15 MiG-15UTI.
I fighter/recce sqn with 14 Mirage 5COA, 4 Tpts inellO 11-14, 12 An-2, 4 Ao-24, 20 An-26.
5COR/D. He! inel 5 Mi-1 , 24 Mi-4, 20 Mi-8, Mi-24.
Tpts inel 2 C-130B, 5 C-54, 19 C-47, 2 HS-748, Trainers inel 2 MiG-23U, 20 Zlin 326.
3 Arava, 1 F-28, 10 DHC-2, 3 Piper PA-23. AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
Hel inel 13 AH-IA, 6 UH-lB, I UH-IN, 20 24 SAM bos with 144 SA-2/3, SA-6.
OH-6A, 8 OH-13, 6 TH-55.
Trainers inel 10 T-37C, 2 AT-37, 27 T-41D, Para-Military Forces: 15,000 State Security troops;
3 RT-33, 26 T-33A, 30 T-34B. 3,000 border guards; 100,000 People's Militia.
AAM: R-530.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Para-Military Forces: 50,000 National Police
Force. Population : 5,620,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 19,000.
CUBA Estimated GNP 1977: $4.3 bn.
Population: 9,900,000. Defence expenditllre 1979: 91 m pesos ($91 m).
Military service: 3 years. SI = I peso (1977, 1979).
Total armed forces: 206,000.
Estimated GNP 1978: 112.5 bn. Army: 11,000.
Estimated defence expenditure 1980: 811 m pesos 3 inf bdes (one has 1 armd recce sqn).
(S1.1 bn). I arty regt (3 bos).
II = 0.72 pesos (1980), 0.76 pesos (1978). I mixed armd bn.
I inf bn (horsed).
Army: 180,000. I Presidential Guard bn.
3 arrnd bdes. I enge bn.
15 inf divs (bdes), (some mech). 20 AMX-13 It tks ; AML armd cars; M-3 APC;
Some indep bns. 20 M-101 105mm how ; 20 40mm AA guns.
Over 600 tks, ioel 60 IS-2 hy, T-34/-54/-55, 50 T-62
med, PT-761t; BRDM-l armd cars; BMP MICV, Navy: 4,500.
400 BTR-40/-6O/-152 APC; M-116 75mm pack, 3 frigates: 2 ex-US Tacoma (in reserve), 1 ex-Can
122mm, l3Omm, 152mm guns/how; 100 SU-l00 River.
82 LATIN AMERICA

5 ex-US corvettes: 2 Admirable ex-minesweepers, 2 Arava, 2 T-37, 2 T-41, 1 Cessna 320, 1 Cessna
3 Cohoes. 177 ac, 2 Alouette ill hel.
5 large patrol craft (3 ex-US Argo, 1 ex-US PGM- 2 marine bns, one on garrison duties.
71). (On order: 6 corvettes, Exocet SSM.)
8 coastal patrol craft( .
2 LCU. Bases: Guayaquil, San Lorenzo, Galapagos
Islands.
1 cdo bn.
Bases: Santo Domingo, Bani. Air Force: 4,800; 50 combat aircraft.
1 It bbr sqn with 5 Canberra B-6.
Air Force: 3,500; 36 combat aircraft. 1 FB sqn with 10 Jaguar S, 2 Jaguar B.
1 fighter sqn with 10 Vampire F-l/FB-50. 1 interceptor sqn with 4 Mirage F-lJ.
1 fighter/trg sqn with 20 F-5ID Mustang. 1 recce sqn with 6 Meteor FR-9.
1 cOiN/trg sqn with 6 T-28D. J COIN sqn with 10 A-37B.
SAR ac: 2 PBY-5A Catalina. J cOlN/trg sqn with 12 BAC-167 Strikemaster.
J tpt sqn with 6 C-46, 6 C-47, 3 DHC-2. MR ac: 1 PBY-5A Catalilla.
Hel inel 3 Alouefte II/III, 2 H-J9, 2 UH-12E, Tpts inel 4 Electra, 2 C-130H, 4 DC-6B, 3 Learjet,
7 OH-6A, 1 SA-365 Dauphin 2. 5 HS-748, 12 C-47, 6 C-45, 2 DHC-5D, 3
Trainers inel4 Cessna 172, T-6, 4 T-41. DHC-6.
1 para, 1 AA arty bns. Hel inell Puma, 5 Alouette III, 4 Lama, 3 Bell 47G .
Trainers inel 23 T-34C, 12 SF-260, 24 Cessna
Para-Military Forces: 10,000 Gendarmerie. 150A.
AAM: R-550 Magic.
(On order: 12 Mirage F-JJ interceptors, 2 Mirage
ECUADOR
F-lJ trainers, 1 Super King Air tpt.)
Population: 7,900,000.
Military service: 2 years, selective. Para-Military Forces: 5,800.
Total armed forces: 38,800.
Estimated GNP 1978: S7.0 bn.
Defence expenditure 1979: 4.39 bn sucres (S 163 m). GUATEMALA
Sl =26.9 sucres (1979), 24.9 sucres (1978). Population: 6,950,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Army: 30,000. Total armed forces: 14,900.
6 nominal divs (each of 1 armd, 2 inf bdes; 3 with Estimated GNP 1978: S6.6 bn.
1 recce sqn). Defence expenditure 1980: 76.8 m quetzal (S76.8) m.
1 regt of 3 horsed cav gps (bns of 2- 3 coys). lit = 1.1 quetzal (1980), 1.0 quetzal (1978).
1 para bn.
3 arty bns. Army: 14,000.
1 AA arty bn.
4 bde HQ.
2 engr bns.
J Presidential Guard bde.
1 Presidential Guard sqn.
9 inf bns.
10 indep inf coys (cadre bns).
1 para bn.
40 M-3, 80 AMX-13 It tks; 27 AML-60/-90 armd
1 engr bn.
cars; 20 M-I13, AMX-VCI APC; 18 105mm
1 armd car coy.
guns; 6 Mk F3 155mm SP how; 10 40mm AA
9 arty btys.
guns; 1 Skyvan, 6 Arava, 3 Turbo-Porter tpts,
Some M-3 Stuart It tks; 15 M-8 armd cars; 6
7 It ac, 2 hel.
M-3Al, 10 M-I13, 10 RBY-I, 7 Commando
(On order: VAB APC; 28 M-I67 20mm towed,
APC; 12 75mm, 12 105mm how; 81mm, 12
44 M-I63 Vulcan 20mm SP AA guns; 18 M-730
4.2-in mor.
Chaparral SAM.)

Navy: 4,000, inel 700 marines. Navy: 450 inel 200 marines.
2 Type 209 submarines. 14 coastal patrol craft( .
1 ex-US Gearing destroyer. 1 LCM.
1 ex-US Lawrence frigate.
1 ex-US PCE-827 corvette. Air Force: 450; 10 combat aircraft.
3 Lilrssen-type FAC(M) with Exocet SSM. 1 FGA sqn with 10 A-37B.
2 Manta FAC(M) with Gabriel SSM. 1 tpt sqn with 1 DC-6, 10 C-47, 8 Arava.
2 ex-US PGM-71 large, 5 coastal patrol craft( . 1 comms/trg sqn with 5 Cessna 172, 2 Cessna
1,511-1152 LST, 2 LSM (all ex-US). U-206C ac, 8 Bell UH-1D hel.
 LATIN AMERICA 83

Trainers inel2 T-33A, 7 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer. HWK-ll APC; M-116 75mm pack, 105mm
(On order: 5 PC-7.) towed, M-8 75mm, M-7 105mm SP how.

Para-Military Forces: 3,000. Navy: 20,000, inel Naval Air Force and Marines.
2 ex-US Fletcher destroyers.
HONDURAS 5 frigates: 1 ex-US Edsall (trg ship), 4 ex-US
Lawrence/ Crossley.
Population: 3,700,000. 37 ex-US corvettes: 18 Auk, 16 Admirable ex-
Military service : voluntary. minesweepers, 3 Abnaki ex-tugs.
Total armed forces: 11,300. 22 Azteca large patrol craft.
Estimated GNP 1978: S1.66 bn. 6 coastal, 9 river patrol boats( .
Defence expenditure 1979: 62.8 m lempiras 2 ex-US 511-1152 LST.
(S31.4 m). (On order : 9 Azteca large patrol craft.)
SI = 2 lempiras (1978, 1979).
Bases: Gulf: Vera Cruz, Tampico, Ciudad del
Army: 10,000. Carmen, Isla Mujeres. Pacific: Acapulco, Puerto
1 Presidential Guard bde (2 bns). Cortes, Guaymas, Manzanillo.
6 inf bns. NAVAL AIR FORCE: 350; 13 combat aircraft.
2 arty bns. MR ac : 13 HU-16 Albatross.
1 engr, 1 sigs bn. Other ac inel 1 Learjet 24D, 4 C-45, 2 FH-227,
12 M-116 75mm pack, 12 M-101 105mm how ; 1 Baron, 3 Bonanza, 4 Cessna 150.
81mm, 120mm mor; 57mm RCL. Hel: 4 A/Ollette II, 3 Bell 47, 5 Hughes 269A.
(On order : Scorpion It tks.) (On order: 10 SA-315B Lama hel.)
MARlNES: 2,000.
Navy: 100.
3 bn HQ.
5 Swift patrol craft: 1 105-ft fast, 4 65-ft coastal ( .
19 security coys.
(On order: 1 105-ft patrol craft.)
Base: Puerto Cortes. Air Force: 4,000; some 70 combat aircraft.
I COIN sqn with 14 AT-33A.
Air Force: 1,200; 24 combat aircraft. 5 cOrN/trg sqns with 20 AT-6G, 45 AT-28D.
I FB sqn with 12 Super Mystere B2, 6 F-86F Sabres. 1 SAR sqn with 18 LASA-60 ac, 9 Aloueffe III,
I COIN sqn with 6 A-37B. 1 Hiller 12E he!.
Tpts inel 1 C-54, C-45, 1 C-47, 3 Arava, 1 West- 4 tpt sqns with 2 Boeing 727, 1 DC-7, C-1l8, 5
wind, 4 Cessna 180/185. C-54, 1 Electra, 1 Jetstar, 1 BAC-ll1, 20 C-47, 3
Trainers inel6 T-6, 24 T-28F, 5 T-4IA , 3 RT-33A. Skyvan, 12 Islander, 10 Arava, Aero Commander.
Hel: I Aloueffe lIT, 2 UH-19D. Hel inel 5 Bell 206B, 3 Bell 212, 10 Bell 205,
3 Puma.
Para-Military Forces: 3,000. Trainers inel 20 T-6, 30 T-28, 4 T-34, 20 Beech
F33-19, 20 Musketeer, 4 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.
1 para bn.
MEXICO (On order: 8 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.)
Population: 71,500,000.
Military service: voluntary, with part-time con-
PARAGUAY
script militia.
Total armed forces: 107,000 regular, 250,000 Population: 3,300,000.
part-time conscripts. Military service : 18 months.
Estimated GNP 1978: S91 bn. Total armed forces: 16,000.
Defence expenditure 1979: 11.82 bn pesos (S518 m). Estimated GNP 1978: S2.14 bn.
SI = 22.8 pesos (1979), 22.7 pesos (1978). Defence expenditure 1978: 5.19 bn guaranies
(S41 01).
Army: 83,000 regular, 250,000 conscripts. SI = 126 guaranies (1978).
1 mech bde gp (Presidential Guard) (3 bns).
2 inf bde gps (each of 2 inf, 1 armd recce, 1 arty Army: 12,500.
bns). 1 cav div (bde) (2 mech cav regts, 1 inf bn,
1 para bde (2 bns). 1 arty bty).
Zonal Garrisons inel: 6 inf divs (bdes) (bn gps).
23 indep cav regts, 64 indep inf bns, 3 arty regts. 2 indep horsed cav regts.
AA, engr and support units. 1 arty regt.
M-3, M-5 It tIcs; 100 M-3Al, M-8 armd cars; 2 indep inf bns.
84 LATIN AMERICA

I Presidential Guard bn . Navy: 10,500, inel Naval Air, 1,000 Marines.

5 engr bns. 8 submarines: 2 Type 209, 6 ex-US (2 Guppy 1,
1 sigs bn. 4 Abtao).
13 M-4 med, 12 M-3Al It tks; M-8 (mod) armd 3 cruisers: 2 ex-Neth De Ruy ter (I with Exocet
cars; M-3 (mod) APC; 75mrn, 48 M-I01 105mm SSM, 3 hel), I ex-Br Ceylon.
how; 2 Bell 47, 3 UR-12E hel. 7 destroyers : 2 ex-Br Daring with Exocet SSM ,
2 ex-US Fletcher, 3 ex-Neth Holland.
Navy: 2,500 (500 Marines and Naval Air). 2 Lupo frigates with Otomat SSM, Aspide SAM ,
2 Humaita river defence vessels. I hel.
3 corvettes (ex-Arg Bouchard nllnesweepers). 5 river gunboats, 3 river patrol craft( .
9 patrol craft: I large, 8 coastal ( . 2 ex-US LST, 2 ex-US LSM.
t ex-US LSM , 2 ex-US LCU. 9 S-2E Tracker ASW, 6 C-47, 2 F-27MPA MR ,
I marine regt (bn). I A ztec tpt ac.
I C-47, 4 Cessna U-206, 2 Cessna 150 ac, 2 Bell Hel: 6 AB-212 ASW, 10 Bell 206, 6 UR-lD/H , 2
47G hel. Alouelfe lIT, 2 Bell 47G .
Base: Asuncion/Puerto Sajonia, Bahia Negra. Trainers: 6 T-34.
2 Marine bns.
Air Force: 1,000; some 25 combat aircraft. (On order : 4 Type 209 su bmarines, 2 Lupo
I fGA sqn with 6 A-37B. frigates , 6 PR-72P PAC(M) with Erocet SSM,
I cOIN/trg sqn with 22 AT-6G Texan. 6 lake patrol craft).
Tpts inel 5 DC-6B, 2 C-54, 3 CV-240, 10 C-47, 1 Bases: Callao, San Lorenzo, Talara , lquitos.
DRC-6, I Dove, I DHC-3.
Hel : 14 Bell UH-13A. Air Force: 10,000; 112 combat aircraft.
Trainers inel 8 Fokker S-II , 8 T-23 Uirapuru, 2 It bbr sqns with 32 Canberra B-2/B(I)-8/B(I)-56.
I MS-760, 5 Cessna 185. 4 strike/interceptor sqns: 2 with 24 Mirage 5P,
t para regt (bn). 2 with 23 Su-22.
(On order: 12 EMB-326 X aval/te COIN, 10 EMB-11O 2 COIN sqns with 24 A-37B.
tpts.) I ocu with 2 Canberra T-4, 2 Hunter T-67, I
Mirage 5DP, 4 Su-22UTT.
Para-Military Forces: 4,000 security forces. Tpts inel 2 L-lOO-20, 4 C-130E, 5 DC-6, 4 C-54, 2
Learjet, 16 An-26, 2 F-27, 4 F-28, 6 DHC-6,
PERU 15 DHC-5, 18 Queell Air, 3 King Air, 2 Beech 99,
12 Turbo-Porter, 5 Cessna 185.
Population : 17,400,000. Hel inel 12 Alouelfe Ill, 6 UH-ID, 20 Bell 47G ,
Military service: 2 years, selective. 17 BelI 212, 6 Mi-6, 5 Mi-8.
Total armed forces: 95,500 (49,000 conscripts). Trainers inel 15 T-6, 6 T-34, 8 T-33 A, 19 T-41 , 26
Estimated GNP 1978: 112.4 bn.* T-37B/C, 4 Cessna J 50.
Defence expenditure 1979: 96.7 bn soles (S366 m).* ASM: AS-30.
$1 =264.45 soles (1980), 130 soles (1978). (On order: 16 Su-22 fighters).
Army: 75,000 (51,000 conscripts). Para-Military Forces: 25,000 Guardia Civil.
2 armd divs (bdes).
I Presidential Guard cav di v: 2 horsed regts, each
of3 bns. URUGUAY
8 inf and mech divs (bdes), each of 3 bns.
Population : 3,300,000.
I AD div (para-cdo bde).
Military service : voluntary.
I jungle div (bde).
Total armed forces : 30,000.
10 arty bns.
Estimated GNP 1978: 13.7 bn.
4 engr bns.
Defence expenditure 1977 : 304 bn pesos (172 m).
3 armd recce sqns. SI = 5.41 pesos (1978), 4.22 pesos (1977).
250 T-54/-55 , 60 M-4 med, 110 AMX-13 It tks;
M-8 armd, 50 M-3Al scout cars; 200 M-l13,
Army: 22,000.
40 V-150 Chaimite, UR-416, Mowag APC; 90
4 div HQ (regional).
105mm, 122mm, 130mm, 4 M-I 14 155mm how ;
1 mech bde (2 cav regts).
120mm mor; 28 4Ornm, 76mm towed, ZSU-23-4
4 inf bdes, each with 3 bns.
SP AA guns; SA-3 SAM; 5 U-10B, 5 Cessna
1 ceremonial inf bn.
185 It ac; 42 Mi-8 (35 in store), 4 Alouetfe III ,
4 arty bns.
5 Lama hel.
(On order: 200 T-55 tks; 122mm, 130mm guns; • Rapid inflation makes defence expenditure and GNP
SA-3/-7 SAM; 2 Nomad It tpt ac.) figures in local currency and dollar terms unreliable.
 LA TIN AMERICA 85

1 AA bn. 7 arty gp .
5 engr bns. 5 AA arty and engr bns.
17 M-24, 18 M-3Al It tks; 10 M-3AI scout cars; 142 AMX-30 med, 40 AMX-131t tks; 12 M-8 armd
15 M-l13 APC; 25 M-I01 105mm how. cars; AMX-VCI, 20 UR-416 APC; 75mrn pack,
(On order: FN-4-RM-62 armd cars.) 135 M-I0l 105mm towed, 20 AMX 155mrn sp
how; 81mm, 120mm mor; 35 M-18 76mm SP
Navy: 5,000, inel naval air, naval infantry, coas(- ATK guns; 106mm RCL; SS-11 ATGW; 40mm AA
guard. guns; 2 Merlin, 1 King Air, I [slander, 2 Arava
3 ex-US frigates: 1 Dealey, 2 Callnol/. tpt ac; 20 Alouelfe III, 3 UH-ID/H, 2 UH-19,
2 corvettes: 1 Auk, 1 Aggressive (ex-US mine- Bell 47G, 2 Bell 205A, 6 Bell 206B hel.
sweepers).
1 Adjutant large, 6 coastal patrol craft ( . Navy: 9,000, inel 4,000 Marines.
2 ex-US LCM. 4 submarines: 2 Type 209, 2 ex-US Guppy II.
3 S-2A MR ac, 3 SNB-5 (C-45) tpts, 1 T-34B, 7 4 destroyers: 2 Aragua (1 with Seacat SAM), 2
SNJ-4/6, 4 T-6, 2 Super Cub trainers, 2 SH-34J ex-US Sumner.
hel. 5 frigates: 1 Lupo (with Otomat SSM, Aspide SAM,
1 naval inf bn. 1 hel), 4 Almirallfe Clemente.
(On order: 3 Vigilante patrol craft.) 3 Vosper Thorneycroft FAC(M) with Otomat SSM.
3 Vosper Thorneycroft FAC(O).
Base: Montevideo.
21 Rio Orinoco coastal patrol craft<.
1 LST, 4 LSM, 1 tpt, 12 LCVP (all ex-US).
Air Force: 3,000; some 20 combat aircraft.
6 S-2E Tracker ASW, 4HU-16 SAR, 3 C-47, J HS-748,
I fighter/trg sqn with 5 AT-33A.
1 King Air tpts, 2 Bell 47J hel.
I COIN sqn with 8 A-37B.
3 marine bns.
1 recce/trg sqn with 10 T-6G, 8 U-J7A.
(On order: 2 Type-209 submarines, 5 Lupo frigates,
Tpts inel 5 C-45, 12 C-47, 2 F-27, 2 FH-227, 7
6 AB-212 ASW hel.)
Queen Air, 6 EMB-110B/C.
Hel inel6 UH-IB/H, 2 H-23F. Bases: Caracas, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira,
Liaison ac: 3 Cessna 182A/D, 2 Super Clib. Puerto de Hierro.
Trainers inel 9 T-28B, 6 T-4lD, 26 T-34B.
Air Force: 4,500; 99 combat aircraft.
Para-Military Forces: 2,200. J It bbr sqn with 29 Canberra (18 B-2, 7 B(I)-8,
2 PR-3, 2 T-4; 23 refurbished).
3 fighter sqns: 1 with 14 CF-5A, 4 CF-5B; 1 with
VENEZUELA
16 Mirage (10 IITEV, 4 5V, 2 5DV); 1 with
Population: 15,400,000. 20 F-86K.
Military service: 2 years, selective. I COIN sqn with 16 OV-JOE.
Total armed forces: 40,500. 2 tpt sqns with 6 C-130H, 1 Boeing 737, 1 DC-9,
Estimated ONP 1978: $39.3 bn. 20 C-47, 12 C-123B, 2 HS-748, 1 Cessna Citatioll.
Defence expenditure 1980: 3.45 bn bolivares Hel inel 13 Alouelfe III, 20 UH-ID/H, 1 UH-IN,
($804 m). 10 UH-19, 2 Bell 212.
$1 = 4.29 bolivares (1978, 1980). Trainers inel 12 Jet Provost, 23 T-2 Buckeye, 25
T-34 Mentor, 2 Beech 95, 9 Queell Air, 12
Army: 27,000. Cessna 182.
1 armd bde (2 med, 1 It (k bns). AAM: R-530.
1 cav bn horsed. J para bn.
2 mech bns. (On order: 8 A-I09 hel.)
11 inf bns.
3 ranger bns. Para-Military Forces: 15,000 National Guard.