FICHE REVISION DIGITAL INNOVATION
1. Operating system and software :
- Linux => Widely used operating system for web servers
- Utility software => Allows fixing or modifying a computer
- Collaborative software => Facilitates remote brainstorming
- Word processing => Software for text editing
- Open-source software => source code is accessible/modifiable by everyone
- ERP (Enterprise resource planning) => Manage company data and process
- Killer Aps => software application so essential that users adopt a platform just for them
2. Big data and Data governance
- 3 Vs of Big data => Volume, Velocity, Variety
- GDPR => European regulation on personal data protection
- Data Governance => Usability, integrity, availability
Data cleaning / forensic process => process. de correction de données incorrectes
TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) englobe salaires, licences, infrastructures...
NTK (Need To Know) => principe fondamental de confidentialité.
- Sentiment analysis => Identifying emotions in text data
- Types of data: => Structured (organized in database)
=> Semi-structured (ex: JSON)
=> Unstructured (free text)
3. Cloud Computing and Virtualization
- Cloud computing => access to computing resources via the Internet
- SaaS => Software as a Service, online software without local installation
- Virtualization => software simulation of a computing system
4. Web and Metaverse
- Web 0.1 to Web 2.0 => shift from static websites to increased user interaction
- Metaverse => Immersive virtual environment with social/economic interaction
- Key tech of Metaverse => Blockchain, NFTs, Augmented/Virtual reality
- Web 3 => More user control and ownership of data
5. Artificial Intelligence an IoT
- AI and Machine learning => data analysis and processing for learning and adaptation
- IoT (Internet of things) => connecting physical object to the Internet
- Blockchain => decentralized and secure data storage technology
6. Industrial Revolution
- 1st => Late 18th century in Britain (steam engine)
- 2nd and 3rd => Electricity and Transistor
- 4th => Digitalization, automation, IA (data abundance, computing power, ubiquitous
connectivity, advanced algorithms)
7. Computing and Programming
- Programming language => Java, C++, Python (not MIS)
- Boot program => loads the operating system
- Virtual reality => immersive environment
- Augmented reality => overlays virtual elements in to the real world
8. Digital business models (components)
- Value model
- Technology
- Distribution
- Financial
9. Ethical and Sustainability consideration
- Ethical framework: -> Utilitarian principle
-> Risk aversion
-> No-free lunch rule
- 5 steps of ethical analysis => Facts, dilemma, stakeholders, options, consequences
- Sustainability and digital technologies => Social/ethical sustainability, environmental, financial
10. Information System
- Information system => combination of IT resource, process, users to provide the right
information at the right time. (5 components: Hardware, software, data, process, people)
- ERP characteristics => Single source of truth (consolidated database ensuring consistency)
=> Integrated process (facilitate data circulation across multiple department)
- ERP Implementation Steps => Preparation -> Design -> Building -> Testing & acceptance -> go
live
- Challenges in ERP implementation => decision making, people challenges, data challenges
11. Innovations
- Breakthrough (mavericks…)
- Sustaining (road mapping…)
- Basic research (research division…)
- Disruptive (VC model…)
- Improve a process => an activity, dataflow among activities, control of activities, use
automation, procedure
12. Network
- Mobility => Fixed, mobile, satellite
- Data transmission capacity => broadband (3g, 4g …), narrowband (Edge…)
- Area covered => Small (LAN), Wide (WAN), Metropolitan (MAN)
13. Firms and digital innovation/initiatives
- Born digital (pure players) => banking one line…
- Redesign with digital (click and mortar companies)
- Brick and mortar (just in physical/real face to face)
14. Cloud computing
- Definition => Use of services, software, and computing resources through the Internet rather
than locally installed systems.
- Types of Cloud Computing:
→ Private Cloud: Cloud services used exclusively by one organization.
→ Public Cloud: Cloud infrastructure offered by third-party providers (e.g., AWS, Azure).
→ Hybrid Cloud: Combination of private and public cloud environments allowing scalability
and control.
- Main Cloud Service Models:
→ SaaS (Software as a Service) => Access to applications over the web (e.g., Google
Workspace).
→ PaaS (Platform as a Service) => Ready-to-use development environment (e.g., Microsoft
Azure, Heroku).
→ IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) => Virtualized computing resources over the internet
(e.g., Amazon EC2).
- Cloud Computing for Sustainability:
→ Reduces physical infrastructure and hardware waste.
→ Promotes optimized energy use via large-scale data center efficiency.
→ Enables organizations to track and manage their environmental impact (e.g., Microsoft
Cloud for Sustainability).
15. Digital Ethics Principles
- Golden Rule=> Treat others as you would want to be treated.
- Categorical Imperative => Act only in ways that can become a universal law.
- Slippery Slope Rule => If repeated, the action must remain ethically acceptable.
- Utilitarian Principle => Choose the action that provides the greatest benefit for the greatest
number.
- Risk Aversion Principle => opt for the action with the least potential harm.
- No-Free Lunch Rule => Assume all creations have a cost or ownership unless clearly stated
otherwise.
16. Digital Transformation vs Digital Innovation
- Digital Innovation =>Introduction of new technologies or digital tools that create value or
open new opportunities.
- Digital Transformation => A strategic and cultural shift within an organization to adapt and
fully leverage digital technologies.
- Key insight => Innovation sparks transformation. Transformation is the structural
implementation of innovation.
- Digital Transformation Objectives =>
→ Broaden market reach.
→ Enhance operational efficiency.
→ Redefine organizational culture and brand identity.
17. Digital Transformation : Key Lesson
1) Define business strategy before any tech investment.
2) Empower internal employees as transformation ambassadors.
3) Prioritize customer experience ("outside-in" design).
4) Address employees' fear of automation and job loss.
5) Foster a "startup culture" internally (agility, experimentation).
18. Cybersecurity
- Cybersecurity ≠ Only Technology =>Involves policies, human behavior, processes, and
technical tools.
- McCumber Cube Framework => A model to understand cybersecurity layers:
→ 3 dimensions: Information States (Storage, Transmission, Processing)
→ 3 goals: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
→ 3 safeguards: Policies, Practices, Technology
19. GDPR & Data Privacy
- GDPR => European regulation ensuring user consent, data security, and the right to be
forgotten.
- Compliance Training => → Understand the core rights (access, correction, deletion).
→ Integrate privacy into system design (privacy by design).
→ Regular staff training is essential to maintain compliance.
20. Data Analytics & UCB (Case Study)
- Context => Pharmaceutical company UCB faced the need to evolve in its data management to
stay competitive in R&D and decision-making.
- Strategic Triggers: → Need for better decision-making in clinical trials.
→ Increased data volume and complexity.
→ Regulatory pressure and market competition.
- Achievements in Data Analytics (De Prins)
→ Improved data governance and sharing culture.
→ Enhanced analytics capabilities to support decision-making.
→ Alignment with Digital Transformation best practices.
- Failures / Challenges = > → Resistance to change within teams.
→ Initial underestimation of organizational culture barriers.
→ Need clearer strategic alignment before tech deployment.
21. Cybersecurity Simulation & Human Factor
- Cybersecurity is not only technical => Strong policies, user awareness, and risk culture are
equally important.
- McCumber Cube: A model showing cybersecurity depends on
→ Protecting data during Storage, Processing, Transmission.
→ Balancing Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (CIA).
→ Implementing policies, education, and technology at all stages.
22. From Digital Ethics to Digital Regulations to For-Privacy Governance
- Progressive evolution:
→ Digital ethics – moral reflection on right/wrong in digital technologies.
→ Digital regulations – formal legal frameworks (e.g., GDPR).
→ For-Privacy Technologies/Governance – systems and technologies built to ensure privacy
by design.
- Key question: "Is your privacy an illusion?"
23. Wendy Chan Case – Women in STEM Leadership
- Wendy Chan => team lead in data science at Europa.
- Gender-related challenges she faced → Stereotypes and unconscious bias
→ Lack of support and recognition
→ Absence of female mentors/role models
- Coping strategies → Personal resilience
→ Building a support network
→ Advocating for inclusive culture
- Societal changes needed → Promote more visible female role models
→ Implement inclusive HR policies
→ Shift tech culture to embrace gender diversity
24. Workforce Diversity in Tech
- Diversity and inclusion remain major challenges in tech industries.
- Homogeneous teams risk overlooking creative ideas and perspectives.
- Top 2 barriers for women in tech → Lack of mentors
→ Lack of female role models
25. Most In-Demand Digital/IT Jobs (based on 2021 trends)
- Key roles in demand → AI / Machine Learning Engineer
→ Data Analyst
→ Information Security Analyst
→ IT Manager
→ Web Developer
→ Computer Network Architect
→ UI/UX Designer, Java/PHP/Python Developer
→ Systems/Network Administrator
26. Digital Innovation and Inclusiveness
- Innovation hot spots often concentrate in dynamic urban areas (e.g., Boston, London, Tel
Aviv).
- Innovation is unevenly distributed across regions and populations.
- Dual economy effect: → A few highly innovative firms dominate
→ Many firms lag behind in adoption
- Persistent inequalities despite access to digital tools.
- Underrepresentation of certain social groups limits economic potential (due to stereotypes,
discrimination).
- Winner-take-all dynamics: → Small initial advantages lead to major market dominance
→ Increases the gap between leading and lagging firms
27. Cybersecurity & Access Control
- RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) vs ACL (Access Control List) => RBAC is more scalable,
facilitates the management of roles and users
- Authentication => identify who the user is.
- Authorization => what the user has the right to do
- Firewall => blocks suspicious packets from entering the network (to be added in the security
section)
- IDS (Intrusion Detection System) => intrusion detection tool, useful in flaws (ex: attack not
detected in a real case mentioned
- MFA (Multi-Factor Auth) => authentication with several elements (password + fingerprint for
example)
28. Types of cyber attacks
- Spoofing => impersonating a device
- Phishing =>fraudulent emails to retrieve personal data.
- DoS vs DDoS (DDoS => multiple sources simultaneously)
- Encryption => make the data unreadable for unauthorized users.
- Symmetric encryption => same key to encrypt/decrypt.
- Asymmetric encryption => public key/private key.
29. Digital Marketing & Web
- SEO (Search Engine Optimization) => optimiser visibilité sur moteurs de recherche.
- SEM (Search Engine Marketing) => publicité payante.
- Social media => élément clé du marketing numérique moderne
30. Innovation Adoption (Rogers Model) sert à comprendre comment les gens réagissent face au
changement technologique
- Innovators 2.5% => Profil : Curieux, aiment tester des nouveautés en premier.
Caractéristiques : Prise de risque élevée, souvent experts techniques,
accès aux ressources.
Rôle : Ouvrent la voie à l’innovation.
- Early adopters 13.5% => Profil : Leaders d'opinion, visionnaires.
Caractéristiques : Acceptent le risque, bien connectés socialement.
Rôle : Donnent de la crédibilité à l’innovation, influencent les autres.
- Early majority 34% => Profil : Prudents mais ouverts.
Caractéristiques : Besoin de preuves avant d’adopter, influencés par
les early adopters.
Rôle : Point de bascule dans la diffusion.
- Late majority 34% => Profil : Sceptiques, traditionnalistes.
Caractéristiques : Adoptent sous pression sociale ou économique.
Rôle : Adoptent quand la majorité est déjà convaincue.
- Laggards 16% =>Profil : Très conservateurs, méfiants envers le changement.
Caractéristiques : Souvent limités par les ressources ou éloignés des canaux
d'information.
Rôle : Derniers à adopter (ou jamais).
