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PALGRAVE STUDIES IN DIGITAL BUSINESS
AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
SERIES EDITORS: THEO LYNN · JOHN G. MOONEY

Managing Distributed
Cloud Applications
and Infrastructure
A Self-Optimising Approach
Edited by
Theo Lynn · John G. Mooney
Jörg Domaschka · Keith A. Ellis
Palgrave Studies in Digital Business & Enabling
Technologies

Series Editors
Theo Lynn
Irish Institute of Digital Business
DCU Business School
Dublin, Ireland

John G. Mooney
Graziadio Business School
Pepperdine University
Malibu, CA, USA
This multi-disciplinary series will provide a comprehensive and coherent
account of cloud computing, social media, mobile, big data, and other
enabling technologies that are transforming how society operates and how
people interact with each other. Each publication in the series will focus on
a discrete but critical topic within business and computer science, covering
existing research alongside cutting edge ideas. Volumes will be written by
field experts on topics such as cloud migration, measuring the business
value of the cloud, trust and data protection, fintech, and the Internet of
Things. Each book has global reach and is relevant to faculty, researchers
and students in digital business and computer science with an interest in
the decisions and enabling technologies shaping society.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16004
 Theo Lynn • John G. Mooney
Jörg Domaschka • Keith A. Ellis
Editors

Managing Distributed
Cloud Applications
and Infrastructure
A Self-Optimising Approach
Editors
Theo Lynn John G. Mooney
Irish Institute of Digital Business Graziadio Business School
DCU Business School Pepperdine University
Dublin, Ireland Malibu, CA, USA

Jörg Domaschka Keith A. Ellis

Institute of Information Resource Intel Labs Europe
Management Dublin, Ireland
Ulm University
Ulm, Germany

ISSN 2662-1282     ISSN 2662-1290 (electronic)

Palgrave Studies in Digital Business & Enabling Technologies
ISBN 978-3-030-39862-0    ISBN 978-3-030-39863-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39863-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access
publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as
you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the
Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative
Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly
from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
­institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Preface

This is the third book in the series, “Palgrave Studies in Digital Business
& Enabling Technologies”, which aims to contribute to multi-disciplinary
research on digital business and enabling technologies, such as cloud com-
puting, social media, Big Data analytics, mobile technologies, and the
Internet of Things, in Europe.
Previous volumes sought to consider and extend conventional thinking
on disrupting finance and on cloud computing architectures to greater
support heterogeneity, and specifically high-performance computing
workloads. This third volume focuses more specifically on distributed
compute environments that encompass resources, services, and applica-
tions from the cloud to the edge. The emergence of the Internet of Things
(IoT) combined with greater heterogeneity, not only online in cloud com-
puting architectures but across the cloud-to-edge continuum, is introduc-
ing new challenges for managing applications and infrastructure across
this continuum. The scale and complexity are simply so complex that it is
no longer realistic for IT teams to manually foresee the potential issues
and manage the dynamism and dependencies across an increasing interde-
pendent chain of service provision. This book explores these challenges
and offers a solution for the intelligent and reliable management of physi-
cal infrastructure and the optimal placement of applications for the provi-
sion of services.
The content of the book is based on contributions from researchers on
the RECAP project, a European Union project funded under Horizon
2020 (recap-project.eu). RECAP commenced in 2017 and brought
together ten project partners from six countries across Europe to create a

v
vi PREFACE

new way to optimally provision distributed heterogeneous resources to

deliver services. The RECAP goal was to investigate and demonstrate an
intelligent means to optimally place and scale dynamic applications and to
manage the physical resources that underpin such applications, while tar-
geting lower costs and better quality of service (QoS). RECAP is a model-­
based methodology, encompassing a reference architecture, models, and
proof-of-concept implementations. This book is an output of this joint
research.
The book is organised around key research contributions from RECAP.
Chapter 1 introduces the context driving the need for more reliable
capacity provisioning of applications and infrastructure in distributed
clouds. While IoT offers the potential of tremendous value for the private
sector, public sector, and society as whole, it introduces complexity of
several orders of magnitude greater in an already complex feature space.
Chapter 1 introduces RECAP, an architectural innovation to support reli-
able capacity provisioning for distributed clouds. It presents a high-level
conceptual overview of RECAP and some of the major design concepts
informing its design, namely separation of concerns, model-centricism,
modular design, and support for the use of machine learning and artificial
intelligence for IT operations. The remainder of this book is loosely organ-
ised around the four functional building blocks of RECAP followed by a
series of case studies to illustrate how RECAP can be implemented
modularly.
Chapter 2 defines and discusses RECAP’s Data Analytics and Machine
Learning subsystem. This chapter describes the infrastructure for the
acquisition and processing of data from applications and systems, and
explains the methodology used to derive statistical and machine learning
models from this data. These models are central to the operation of
RECAP and are an input to all other subsystems, informing run-time
planning, decision making, and optimisation support at both the infra-
structure and the application levels.
Chapter 3 introduces RECAP’s Application Optimisation subsystem.
Optimising distributed cloud applications is a complex problem that
requires understanding a myriad of factors. This chapter outlines the
RECAP approach to application optimisation and presents its framework
for joint modelling of applications, workloads, and the propagation of
these workloads in applications and networks.
Chapter 4 introduces the RECAP Infrastructure Optimiser tasked with
optimal application placement and infrastructure optimisation. This
 PREFACE vii

chapter details the methodology, models, and algorithmic approach taken

to augment RECAP Application Optimiser output in producing a more
holistic optimisation, cognisant of both application and infrastructure pro-
vider interests.
Chapter 5 focuses on Simulation and Planning in RECAP. The size and
complexity of modern infrastructures make a real-time testing and experi-
mentation difficult, time-consuming, and costly. The RECAP Simulation
Framework offers cloud and communication service providers an alterna-
tive solution while retaining accuracy and verisimilitude. It comprises two
simulation approaches, Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and Discrete
Time Simulation (DTS), that provide enterprises with information about
optimal virtual cache placements, resource handling and remediation of
the system, optimal request servicing, and finally, optimal distribution of
requests and resource adjustment. This information can inform better
infrastructure capacity planning while taking in to account performance
requirements and constraints such as cost and energy consumption.
Chapter 6 presents four case studies each illustrating an implementa-
tion of one or more RECAP subsystems. The first case study presents a
case study on infrastructure optimisation for a 5G network use case. The
second case study explores application optimisation for virtual content dis-
tribution networks on a large Tier 1 network operator. The third case
study looks at how RECAP components can be embedded in an IoT plat-
form to reduce costs and increase quality of service. The final case study
presents how data analytics and simulation components, within RECAP,
can be used by a small-to-medium-sized enterprise (SME) for cloud capac-
ity planning.

Dublin, Ireland Theo Lynn

Malibu, CA, USA  John G. Mooney
Ulm, Germany  Jörg Domaschka
Dublin, Ireland  Keith A. Ellis
 Acknowledgement

This book was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research
and Innovation Programme through the RECAP project (https://recap-
project.eu) under Grant Agreement Number 732667.

ix
 Contents

1 Towards an Architecture for Reliable Capacity Provisioning

for Distributed Clouds  1
Jörg Domaschka, Frank Griesinger, Mark Leznik,
Per-­Olov Östberg, Keith A. Ellis, Paolo Casari,
Frank Fowley, and Theo Lynn

2 RECAP Data Acquisition and Analytics Methodology 27

Paolo Casari, Jörg Domaschka, Rafael García Leiva,
Thang Le Duc, Mark Leznik, and Linus Närvä

3 Application Optimisation: Workload Prediction and

Autonomous Autoscaling of Distributed Cloud Applications 51
Per-Olov Östberg, Thang Le Duc, Paolo Casari,
Rafael García Leiva, Antonio Fernández Anta,
and Jörg Domaschka

4 Application Placement and Infrastructure Optimisation 69

Radhika Loomba and Keith A. Ellis

xi
xii Contents

5 Simulating Across the Cloud-to-Edge Continuum 93

Minas Spanopoulos-Karalexidis, Christos K. Filelis
Papadopoulos, Konstantinos M. Giannoutakis, George
A. Gravvanis, Dimitrios Tzovaras, Malika Bendechache,
Sergej Svorobej, Patricia Takako Endo, and Theo Lynn

6 Case Studies in Application Placement and Infrastructure

Optimisation117
Miguel Angel López-Peña, Hector Humanes, Johan Forsman,
Thang Le Duc, Peter Willis, and Manuel Noya

Index161
 Notes on Contributors

Malika Bendechache is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Irish Institute

of Digital Business at Dublin City University. She received her PhD in
Computer Science at University College Dublin (UCD) in the area of
parallel and distributed data mining. Bendechache was previously a
researcher at the Insight Centre for Data Analytics at UCD. Her research
interests span across distributed systems, Big Data analytics, and simula-
tion of large-scale distributed cloud, fog, and edge computing environ-
ments and associated applications.
Paolo Casari is a Research Assistant Professor at the IMDEA Networks
Institute, Madrid, Spain. His research interests include many aspects of
networked communications, such as channel modelling, network protocol
design, localisation, simulation, and experimental evaluations. He has (co)
authored over 200 scientific publications, is a Senior Member of IEEE,
and is an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
and for the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.
Jörg Domaschka is a Senior Researcher and Group Manager at the
Institute of Information Resource Management at Ulm University. He
holds a Diploma in Computer Science from FAU, Erlangen Nuremberg,
and a PhD in Computer Sscience from Ulm University. His research inter-
ests include distributed systems, fault-tolerance, middleware platforms,
and NoSQL databases. Current focus of his work lies on middleware and
run-time systems for geo-distributed infrastructure and applications.

xiii
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Keith A. Ellis is a Senior Research Scientist and Manager of Intel Labs

Europe, Ireland. His research focus is orchestration and control in Cyber
Physical Systems. Ellis has led and been actively involved with
national, international, and European part-funded research—
REVISITE, COOPERATE, IMR, WISDOM, RealValue, and EL4L,
targeting various domains—built environment, industrial, water
management, smart grid. and agricultural. He is the holder of mul-
tiple patents and author of several journal articles, book chapters,
and conference papers. He holds an MSc in Tech and Innovation
Management and a BSc (Hons) in Tech.
Patricia Takako Endo is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Irish Institute
of Digital Business, Dublin City University, Ireland, and a Professor at
Universidade de Pernambuco, Brazil. Her research interests include cloud
computing, fog computing, Internet of Things, system availability, and
data analytics. Her articles have appeared in over 110 publications in the
above research areas.
Antonio Fernández Anta is a Research Professor at IMDEA Networks
Institute. Previously he was a Full Professor at the Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos (URJC) and was on the Faculty of the Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid (UPM). He spent sabbatical years at Bell Labs Murray Hill and
MIT Media Lab. He has more than 25 years of research experience and
more than 200 scientific publications. He was the Chair of the Steering
Committee of DISC and has served in the TPC of numerous confer-
ences and workshops. He is a Senior Member of ACM and IEEE.
Christos K. Filelis Papadopoulos received his Diploma in Engineering
degree from the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the
Democritus University of Thrace, Greece, in 2010 and his PhD in
Numerical Analysis and High Performance Scientific Computations from
the same university in 2014. His research interests include preconditioned
iterative methods, multigrid and multilevel methods, and parallel
computing.
Johan Forsman received an MS degree in Computer Science from Luleå
University of Technology, Sweden. He is a Product Manager and Principal
Solution Architect at Tieto Product Development Services. Forsman has
over 20 years of experience in development of mobile telecommunication
systems and is currently involved in business opportunities in the emerg-
ing telecoms landscape, introducing NFV, 5G, and IoT t­ echnologies. His
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv

domain of expertise includes mobile networks and specifically radio access

networks and virtualisation technology.
Frank Fowley is a Senior Research Engineer in the Irish Institute for
Digital Business (IIDB) and previously held the same position at the Irish
Centre for Cloud Computing and Commerce (IC4) in Dublin City
University (DCU). His main research revolves around cloud architec-
ture and migration. Prior to joining DCU, Fowley held a number of
senior positions in telecom and ICT companies in Ireland and abroad.
He holds an MSc in Security and Forensic Computing and a BSc in
Engineering.
Rafael García Leiva is a Research Engineer at the IMDEA Networks
Institute, Madrid, Spain. Before this appointment, he was a Research
Assistant at the University of Córdoba, R&D Coordinator at Andago
Ingeniería, and a Principal at Entropy Computational Services. His
research interests lie in the areas of Big Data and machine learning.
Konstantinos M. Giannoutakis is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the
Information Technologies Institute of Centre for Research and Technology
Hellas. His research interests include high-performance and scientific
computing, parallel systems, grid/cloud computing, service-oriented
architectures, and software engineering techniques. His articles have
appeared in over 80 publications in the above research areas.
George A. Gravvanis is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering of Democritus University of Thrace. His research
interests include computational methods, mathematical modelling and
applications, and parallel computations. He has published over 200
papers and is a member of the editorial board of international
journals.
Frank Griesinger is a Researcher and Software Engineer at the Institute
of Information Resource Management at Ulm University. He holds an
MSc in Computer Science. The focus of his research interest is on the
modelling, tracing, and self-adaptability of highly connected and dynamic
applications as well as description languages and execution environ-
ments for cloud native applications.
Hector Humanes received his degree in Software Engineering and mas-
ter’s in Embedded and Distributed Systems Software from Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid, Spain. Previously, he worked for the System and
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Software Technology Group, a research group of the Universidad

Politécnica of Madrid. Since 2018, he has been the Technical Leader of
the Innovation Department in Sistemas Avanzados de Tecnología, S.A
(SATEC), a Spanish ICT company.
Thang Le Duc is a Senior Researcher at Tieto Product Development
Services with more than 10 years of R&D experience in both academia
and industry. He received his PhD in Computer Engineering from
Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) and previously worked as a
Postdoctoral Researcher at SKKU and Umeå University. Prior to
that, he had held multiple academic positions and worked as a senior
engineer in different industrial projects. His research interests include
data analytics, system/workload modelling, cloud/edge computing,
and SDN/NFV.
Mark Leznik is a Researcher and PhD Candidate at the Institute for
Organisation and Management of Information systems at Ulm University.
He holds an MSc in Computer Science from Ulm University, with the
focus on computer vision, computer graphics, and machine learning.
His current research interests include time series analysis, data syn-
thesis, and anomaly detection using neural networks.
Radhika Loomba is a Research Scientist with Intel Labs Europe. She
holds a PhD and BTech (Hons) degree in Computer Science and
Engineering. Her PhD thesis focused on collaborative mobile sensing and
mobile cloud computing technologies. Her current research focus is on
orchestration, analytics, and optimisation for Cyber-Physical Systems from
a mathematical modelling perspective, and her research interests include
cloud computing, SDN, fog and edge computing, distributed collabora-
tive systems, control theory, orchestration, planning, and scheduling.
Miguel Angel López-Peña holds a BS degree in Computer Science from
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain, and a master’s from the Spanish
Ministerio de Educación (EQF level 7). He is currently pursuing a PhD in
Science and Computer Technologies for Smart Cities at the Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid. Since 2005, he has been an Innovation and
Development Manager with the Sistemas Avanzados de Tecnología,
S.A. (SATEC), a Spanish ICT company.
Theo Lynn is Full Professor of Digital Business at Dublin City University
and is Director of the Irish Institute of Digital Business. He was formerly
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