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Lecture Notes in Energy 74
Accelerating
the Transition
to a 100%
Renewable
Energy Era
Lecture Notes in Energy
Volume 74
Lecture Notes in Energy (LNE) is a series that reports on new developments in the
study of energy: from science and engineering to the analysis of energy policy. The
series’ scope includes but is not limited to, renewable and green energy, nuclear,
fossil fuels and carbon capture, energy systems, energy storage and harvesting,
batteries and fuel cells, power systems, energy efficiency, energy in buildings,
energy policy, as well as energy-related topics in economics, management and
transportation. Books published in LNE are original and timely and bridge between
advanced textbooks and the forefront of research. Readers of LNE include
postgraduate students and non-specialist researchers wishing to gain an accessible
introduction to a field of research as well as professionals and researchers with a
need for an up-to-date reference book on a well-defined topic. The series publishes
single- and multi-authored volumes as well as advanced textbooks.
**Indexed in Scopus and EI Compendex** The Springer Energy board welcomes
your book proposal. Please get in touch with the series via Anthony Doyle,
Executive Editor, Springer ([email protected]).
123
Editor
Tanay Sıdkı Uyar
Energy Section
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Marmara University
Istanbul, Turkey
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
v
vi Preface
The ongoing crisis has made global connections more visible, strengthened the
vision of a more flexible society at national and regional levels, as well as once
again clearly revealed the great differences between countries’ conditions and
capacities.
For this reason, international cooperation is required to overcome the crisis and
the struggle against the crisis should be at the level of global common dependency
and responsibility. It is an imperative rather than a necessity to direct global
investments wherever they are needed, including the most vulnerable countries and
communities.
The extent and progress of the crisis require solidarity on a global scale, but it
requires the bold implementation of the measures to determine the causes of the
crisis without delay and eliminate them without wasting time.
Today, we cannot dissociate the cause of the coronavirus epidemic, which
threatens the entire planet, and took and continues to take hundreds of thousands of
lives, from the consequences of the climate crisis.
Global climate change caused by the plundering and looting of the natural values
at the level of an uncontrolled war against nature in the second half of the twentieth
century and afterward in an attempt to overcome its challenges by using advanced
technology with an inexhaustible ambition for profit led to the global crises such as
coronavirus. And it seems that crises caused by corona and similar viruses are
neither the first nor the last.
The climate crisis and its consequences affect the entire planet, causing unlimited
losses, especially loss of life, economies collapse, and epidemic diseases that cannot
be dealt with and threaten the future of humanity.
Extreme atmospheric events, hurricanes, tornados, irregularity of precipitation
regimes, floods, drought and desertification, melting glaciers and rising seas, large
forest fires that could not be extinguished, destroyed ecosystems, drying lakes, lost
water resources, polluted air, water, soil, all occur more frequently as the phe-
nomena dragging the humanity to its end.
Air pollution caused by fossil fuels, especially coal-fired power plants, spreads
over hundreds of kilometers. People living here easily get lung and other chronic
diseases and are the first target in epidemics.
The use of coal, oil, and natural gas in the transportation, industry and housing
sectors, both changes the global climate and the air pollution it creates causes the
death of millions of people every year.
Coronavirus, on the other hand, kills patients suffering from chronic diseases
(cancer, tuberculosis, heart, and lung diseases) caused by using fossil fuel, without
the opportunity to use medication.
It is obvious that vaccination studies will last at least 1 year, due to inadequate
number of tests in the initial process early diagnosis hasn’t been possible and in the
countries where preventive medicine is ignored the fight against the virus will
extend the time and increase the losses.
Preface vii
If the necessary lessons are not taken and the causes cannot be eliminated by
doing what is necessary, such crises will continue until they destroy the living
species in the universe with an increasing severity.
Increasing loss of life is disruptive, and pressure on communities and economies
will require comprehensive strategies to eliminate causes. A broader perspective is
needed that sees energy, society, economy, and the environment as part of a unique,
integrated system.
The steps taken within the scope of the fight against the crisis, the investments
made, and the public resources spent should provide more than a rescue operation
for the existing socio-economic structures.
Now, more than ever, public policies and investment decisions must be com-
patible with a vision of sustainable and fair future, free from political concerns.
In the context of combating the epidemic, incentives and improvement measures
should encourage economic development and job creation, promote social equality
and prosperity, and put the world on a climate-safe path.
The governments should resort to a renewable-energy-based energy transfor-
mation to bring a series of solutions at this difficult moment.
Decentralized technologies enable citizens and communities to participate more
in energy decisions with transformative social implications. More importantly, it
offers a proven approach to remote healthcare in energy-poor communities and adds
a key element to the crisis response process.
Burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum) in the atmosphere, which
are the main causes of chronic diseases, should be stopped and transition to 100%
renewable energy should take place as a permanent solution for the elimination of
epidemics and for keeping people and other living creatures free from outbreaks.
The energy transformation process should be accelerated to help revitalize
renewable technologies and industries and create new jobs.
What should be done to stop the carbon emissions, which has become a vital
necessity for humans and nature, should be applied immediately without any
excuses and “but’s”.
Air is a nature element that makes life possible and sustainable.
Water that makes life possible is a product that cannot be obtained in any way
other than what nature offers.
Soil, which gives plants life and can be cultivated, is the product of a process
corresponding to tens of thousands of years.
Forests that enable the universe to breathe and provide the rain to the universe as
a natural event are the products of hundreds of thousands of years. Fossil forests are
world heritage formations that enable us to discover natural history. The formation
of fossils is a process that takes millions of years and makes it possible through the
scientific studies to have information about the climate and plant species related to
the geological times.
These natural values should never be consumed for any reason. They should
continue their existence in their natural environment and should be used based on
sustainability of life in the way the nature offers.
viii Preface
ix
x Contents
Nomenclature
xiii
xiv Nomenclature, Acronyms and Abbreviations
Greek Letters
a; b; d; c Atoms of C, H, N and O
a Symmetry factor
g Efficiency
g Energy efficiency
gI First-law efficiency
gII Second-law efficiency
gT Power transmission and distribution efficiency
gW Wind turbine-to-electricity first-law efficiency
q Density
q Density of air
k Stoichiometric constant
kmem Membrane water content
rmem Membrane conductivity (1/X cm)
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