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Lecture Notes in Energy 74

Tanay Sıdkı Uyar Editor

Accelerating
the Transition
to a 100%
Renewable
Energy Era
Lecture Notes in Energy

Volume 74
Lecture Notes in Energy (LNE) is a series that reports on new developments in the
study of energy: from science and engineering to the analysis of energy policy. The
series’ scope includes but is not limited to, renewable and green energy, nuclear,
fossil fuels and carbon capture, energy systems, energy storage and harvesting,
batteries and fuel cells, power systems, energy efficiency, energy in buildings,
energy policy, as well as energy-related topics in economics, management and
transportation. Books published in LNE are original and timely and bridge between
advanced textbooks and the forefront of research. Readers of LNE include
postgraduate students and non-specialist researchers wishing to gain an accessible
introduction to a field of research as well as professionals and researchers with a
need for an up-to-date reference book on a well-defined topic. The series publishes
single- and multi-authored volumes as well as advanced textbooks.
**Indexed in Scopus and EI Compendex** The Springer Energy board welcomes
your book proposal. Please get in touch with the series via Anthony Doyle,
Executive Editor, Springer ([email protected]).

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8874


Tanay Sıdkı Uyar
Editor

Accelerating the Transition


to a 100% Renewable Energy
Era

123
Editor
Tanay Sıdkı Uyar
Energy Section
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Marmara University
Istanbul, Turkey

ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic)


Lecture Notes in Energy
ISBN 978-3-030-40737-7 ISBN 978-3-030-40738-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40738-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Coronavirus, COVID-1, is a virus that is too small to be seen. In a few months, it


almost stopped all life on Earth. Not only did it stop the daily life, but in a short
period of time it crossed all borders and oceans drawn by human beings quickly,
reaching and infecting millions of people in 185 countries in almost over the world.
Its circulation on Earth continues, and it is not yet clear up to where it will
continue and when it will stop. 343,608 people have died from the coronavirus,
COVID-19, outbreak as of May 24, 2020. Worse still, nobody knows what will
happen tomorrow and beyond. No one can say anything concrete.
Mankind has not been able to stop this epidemic for months with all its historical
knowledge, and economic and technological capabilities. Far from stopping, it tries
to reduce losses and increase the number of lives it can save.
Governments are racing in the fight against this virus crisis by undertaking the
task of designing social experiences, economic powers, management approaches
and priorities of the social relations they rely on, and measures and recovery
packages with the slogan of “PROBLEM GLOBAL, SOLUTION NATIONAL”.
Despite the unknown future, these efforts and these packages have already reached
a scale that will shape and restructure societies and economies in the coming years.
However, mankind is not a stranger to this type of epidemics. Humanity has
faced many epidemic diseases and disasters throughout its history. When it became
unsustainable due to the suffering caused by local or regional crises, it evolved to
new social forms or disappeared locally, depending on the level of uneven devel-
opment and productive forces and the severity of pain.
The fact that epidemics throughout the history of humanity have reached global
dimensions in our era and are not limited to nations, local geographies, or even
continents clearly reveals that the solution of the crisis today requires a global
solidarity.

v
vi Preface

The ongoing crisis has made global connections more visible, strengthened the
vision of a more flexible society at national and regional levels, as well as once
again clearly revealed the great differences between countries’ conditions and
capacities.
For this reason, international cooperation is required to overcome the crisis and
the struggle against the crisis should be at the level of global common dependency
and responsibility. It is an imperative rather than a necessity to direct global
investments wherever they are needed, including the most vulnerable countries and
communities.
The extent and progress of the crisis require solidarity on a global scale, but it
requires the bold implementation of the measures to determine the causes of the
crisis without delay and eliminate them without wasting time.
Today, we cannot dissociate the cause of the coronavirus epidemic, which
threatens the entire planet, and took and continues to take hundreds of thousands of
lives, from the consequences of the climate crisis.
Global climate change caused by the plundering and looting of the natural values
at the level of an uncontrolled war against nature in the second half of the twentieth
century and afterward in an attempt to overcome its challenges by using advanced
technology with an inexhaustible ambition for profit led to the global crises such as
coronavirus. And it seems that crises caused by corona and similar viruses are
neither the first nor the last.
The climate crisis and its consequences affect the entire planet, causing unlimited
losses, especially loss of life, economies collapse, and epidemic diseases that cannot
be dealt with and threaten the future of humanity.
Extreme atmospheric events, hurricanes, tornados, irregularity of precipitation
regimes, floods, drought and desertification, melting glaciers and rising seas, large
forest fires that could not be extinguished, destroyed ecosystems, drying lakes, lost
water resources, polluted air, water, soil, all occur more frequently as the phe-
nomena dragging the humanity to its end.
Air pollution caused by fossil fuels, especially coal-fired power plants, spreads
over hundreds of kilometers. People living here easily get lung and other chronic
diseases and are the first target in epidemics.
The use of coal, oil, and natural gas in the transportation, industry and housing
sectors, both changes the global climate and the air pollution it creates causes the
death of millions of people every year.
Coronavirus, on the other hand, kills patients suffering from chronic diseases
(cancer, tuberculosis, heart, and lung diseases) caused by using fossil fuel, without
the opportunity to use medication.
It is obvious that vaccination studies will last at least 1 year, due to inadequate
number of tests in the initial process early diagnosis hasn’t been possible and in the
countries where preventive medicine is ignored the fight against the virus will
extend the time and increase the losses.
Preface vii

If the necessary lessons are not taken and the causes cannot be eliminated by
doing what is necessary, such crises will continue until they destroy the living
species in the universe with an increasing severity.
Increasing loss of life is disruptive, and pressure on communities and economies
will require comprehensive strategies to eliminate causes. A broader perspective is
needed that sees energy, society, economy, and the environment as part of a unique,
integrated system.
The steps taken within the scope of the fight against the crisis, the investments
made, and the public resources spent should provide more than a rescue operation
for the existing socio-economic structures.
Now, more than ever, public policies and investment decisions must be com-
patible with a vision of sustainable and fair future, free from political concerns.
In the context of combating the epidemic, incentives and improvement measures
should encourage economic development and job creation, promote social equality
and prosperity, and put the world on a climate-safe path.
The governments should resort to a renewable-energy-based energy transfor-
mation to bring a series of solutions at this difficult moment.
Decentralized technologies enable citizens and communities to participate more
in energy decisions with transformative social implications. More importantly, it
offers a proven approach to remote healthcare in energy-poor communities and adds
a key element to the crisis response process.
Burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum) in the atmosphere, which
are the main causes of chronic diseases, should be stopped and transition to 100%
renewable energy should take place as a permanent solution for the elimination of
epidemics and for keeping people and other living creatures free from outbreaks.
The energy transformation process should be accelerated to help revitalize
renewable technologies and industries and create new jobs.
What should be done to stop the carbon emissions, which has become a vital
necessity for humans and nature, should be applied immediately without any
excuses and “but’s”.
Air is a nature element that makes life possible and sustainable.
Water that makes life possible is a product that cannot be obtained in any way
other than what nature offers.
Soil, which gives plants life and can be cultivated, is the product of a process
corresponding to tens of thousands of years.
Forests that enable the universe to breathe and provide the rain to the universe as
a natural event are the products of hundreds of thousands of years. Fossil forests are
world heritage formations that enable us to discover natural history. The formation
of fossils is a process that takes millions of years and makes it possible through the
scientific studies to have information about the climate and plant species related to
the geological times.
These natural values should never be consumed for any reason. They should
continue their existence in their natural environment and should be used based on
sustainability of life in the way the nature offers.
viii Preface

We, as the promoters of transition to 100% renewable energy who worked


together to produce this book, are trying to define the problems of conventional
energy production and consumption, to find solutions that can be implemented and
to develop related technologies and methodologies for effective long-term mitiga-
tion of the problems and protection of our unique common living space on Earth.
Permanent solution to prevent people from catching epidemics is to stop com-
bustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) in the atmosphere, which is the
main cause of chronic diseases.
We need to develop and implement Local Green Deal’s in cities and National
Green Deal’s in countries to make Global Green Deal a reality.

Istanbul, Turkey Tanay Sıdkı Uyar


Contents

Accelerating the Transition to 100% Renewable Era. But How?


Exergy Rationality in the Built Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Birol Kılkış
Role of IRENA for Global Transition to 100% Renewable Energy . . . . 51
Elisa Asmelash, Gayathri Prakash, Ricardo Gorini and Dolf Gielen
The Renewable City: The Future of Low-Carbon Living . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Peter Droege
Assessment of Prerequisites and Impacts of a Renewable-Based
Electricity Supply in Austria by 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Gustav Resch, Gerhard Totschnig, Demet Suna, Franziska Schöniger,
Jasper Geipel and Lukas Liebmann
History and Recent State of TIMES Optimization Energy Models
and Their Applications for a Transition Towards Clean Energies . . . . . 113
Kathleen Vaillancourt, Olivier Bahn and Nadia El Maghraoui
Electricity Grids for 100% Renewable Energy: Challenges
and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Eberhard Waffenschmidt, Majid Nayeripour, Silvan Rummeny
and Christian Brosig
The Sustainable Energy Transition Cities and Local Governments
in Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Maryke van Staden
The Pathway to 100% Renewable Energy—A Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Rian van Staden, Filippo Boselli and Anna Leidreiter

ix
x Contents

Clean Energy Manufacturing: Renewable Energy Technology


Benchmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Debra Sandor, David Keyser, Margaret Mann, Jill Engel-Cox,
Samantha Reese, Kelsey Horowitz, Eric Lantz, Jon Weers, Billy Roberts,
Stacy Buchanan, Doug Arent, Brian Walker and Robert Dixon
Development and Thermodynamic Analysis of a 100% Renewable
Energy Driven Electrical Vehicle Charging Station with Sustainable
Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Abdulla Al Wahedi and Yusuf Bicer
Community Wind Under the Auctions Model: A Critical
Appraisal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Stefan Gsänger and Timo Karl
100% Renewable Energy Generation with Integrated Solar
Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Ayhan Atiz and Mehmet Karakilcik
The Role of Hydrogen in Global Transition to 100%
Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Haris Ishaq and Ibrahim Dincer
Solar Hydrogen’s Role for a Sustainable Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Canan Acar
Design and Analysis of a New Environmentally Benign
Ammonia-Based Solar Thermochemical Integrated Plant . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Yunus Emre Yüksel, Fatih Yilmaz and Murat Ozturk
An Overview of Hydrogen Production from Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Yagmur Nalbant and C. Ozgur Colpan
Underground Large-Scale Hydrogen Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Hatice Karakilcik and Mehmet Karakilcik
Biomass and Its Thermochemical Conversion: Can It Be a Road Map
for Transition to 100% Renewable Energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Atakan Ongen, Emine Elmaslar Özbaş, Hüseyin Kurtuluş Ozcan,
Serdar Aydın and Nazlıcan Karabağ
Role of Energy Storage in 100% Renewable Urban Areas . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Halime Paksoy, Nurten Şahan and Burcu Koçak
Efficient Use of Energy in Buildings—New Smart Trends . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Hasan Heperkan, Büşra Selenay Önal and Tanay Sıdkı Uyar
Contents xi

Energy System Analysis, Simulation and Modelling Practices


in Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Egemen Sulukan, Tanay Sıdkı Uyar, Doğancan Beşikci, Doğuş Özkan
and Alperen Sarı
Residential Island Nano-grid for 100% Renewable Clean Energy . . . . . 507
John O. Borland
Solar Chimneys: Technology and Their Role for Transition
to 100% Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Dogan Eryener
Towards a Low-Carbon Energy World: Some Pilot Projects in China,
Europe and the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Wolfgang Palz
Nomenclature, Acronyms and Abbreviations

Nomenclature

A Area of wind turbine (m2)


A Area (m2)
A Solar panel irradiation area (m2)
A Surface area (m2)
a, b Constants of the heat pump COP versus temperature function
(Eq. 37)
ALT Residence time in the atmosphere years
C Installed Capacity (kW)
c Specific heat capacity (J/kg °C)
c Unit emissions factor of a fuel (kg CO2/kW-h)
c, d, e, g, h Constant in Eqs. 33–35
Ceq Equipment Life-Cycle Cost-Design Temperature Difference Factor
(€K/kW-h)
Chp Heat Pump Life-Cycle Cost-Design Temperature Difference Factor
(€/KkW-h)
CO2 Carbon dioxide emission (kg of CO2)
CO2base Base (Reference) emission (kg of CO2)
Comp. Compound
COP Coefficient of performance
COPEX Exergy-based coefficient of performance
CR Composite Rationality Index
D District Pipe Inner Diameter (m)
E_ Energy flow rate (kW)
E Actual voltage of cell (V)
E Electrical energy (load) (kW-h)
E Energy (kJ)
Eact,a Activation overpotential at anode (V)
Eact,c Activation overpotential at cathode (V)

xiii
xiv Nomenclature, Acronyms and Abbreviations

Econc Concentration overpotential (V)


EDR Ratio of carbon CO2 emissions difference to the base emission,
dimensionless
ELC Exergy-Levelized Unit Cost (€/m2 based on REMM)
EM Composite embodiment cost (€)
EMR Exergy embodiment recovery, years (See Fig. 22)
Eohmic Ohmic overpotential (V)
ex Specific exergy (kJ/kg)
Ex Exergy (kW)
_
Ex Exergy rate (kW)
_Exdest Exergy destruction (kW)
_ D
Ex Exergy destruction rate (kW)
_ d
Ex Exergy destruction rate (kW)
_Ex Exergy rate (kW)
Ex Specific exergy (kJ/kg)
F Faraday constant (C/mol)
FC Selling price of the solar panel (€)
GWP Global warming potential
h Enthalpy
H Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
HSDI Human (Sustainable) Development Index
I Solar radiation (W/m2)
Id Direct normal irradiation (W/m2)
In Net solar insolation normal to solar receiver surface (W/m2)
J Current density (A/m2)
Joa Anodic exchange current density (A/m2)
Joc Cathodic exchange current density (A/m2)
L One-way District circuit distance (m)
LH Vlower heating value (kJ/kg)
m Mass (kg)
m_ Mass flow (kg/s)
m_ Mass flow rate (kg/s)
N Molar flow rate (mole/s)
N Number
n Number of moles
ODI Composite Ozone Depletion Index
ODP Ozone Depleting Potential
P Pressure (kPa)
PC Unit power cost of a solar energy system (€/kWpeak)
PEF Primary energy factor
PER Primary energy ratio (Reciprocal of PEF)
PEXR Exergy-based primary energy ratio
Ps Power demand for pump stations (kW)
Q_ Heat (w)
Nomenclature, Acronyms and Abbreviations xv

Q_ Heat rate (kW)


Q, QH Thermal energy (load) (kW-h)
R Gas constant (kJ/kmol K)
r Radius solar pond (m)
RCO2 Reduction Potential Ratio
Re Reynolds number
rms Root-mean-square (electricity)
s Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
s, t, u Coefficients in Eq. 2
Sc Solar constant (1366 W/m2)
S_ gen Entropy generation rate (kW/K)
T Temperature (°C or K)
TI Transformation index
U Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
V Velocity (m/s)
V Volumetric Flow (m2/h)
V Wind speed (m/s)
w Correction factor for COPEX in Eq. 4, 0.85  w  1.0
W Power (W)
W Weight of a panel (kg)
W_ Work rate (kW)
x Length (m)
X Power Split
Y The ratio of the temperature changes of the Stratosphere and
Troposphere
DPS Power demand of the pump stations per unit pipe length (kW/m)

Greek Letters

a; b; d; c Atoms of C, H, N and O
a Symmetry factor
g Efficiency
g Energy efficiency
gI First-law efficiency
gII Second-law efficiency
gT Power transmission and distribution efficiency
gW Wind turbine-to-electricity first-law efficiency
q Density
q Density of air
k Stoichiometric constant
kmem Membrane water content
rmem Membrane conductivity (1/X cm)
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