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Phillipsastreid Corals from the Frasnian Upper Devonian
of Western Canada Taxonomy and Biostratigraphic
Significance Ross A. Mclean Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Ross A. McLean
ISBN(s): 9780660193649, 0660193647
Edition: illustrated edition
File Details: PDF, 33.93 MB
Language: english
 PHILLIPSASTREID CORALS
FROM THE FRASNIAN (UPPER DEVONIAN)
OF WESTERN CANADA:
Taxonomy and Biostratigraphic Significance
NRC Monograph Publishing Program

Editor: P.B. Cavers (University of Western Ontario)

Editorial Board: W.G.E. Caldwell, OC, FRSC (University of Western Ontario); K.G. Davey, OC, FRSC (York
University); S. Gubins (Annual Reviews); B.K. Hall, FRSC (Dalhousie University), P. Jefferson (Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada); W.H. Lewis (Washington University); A.W. May, OC (Memorial University of Newfound-
land); N.R. Morgenstern, CM, AOL, FRSC (University of Alberta); B.P. Dancik, Editor-in-Chief, NRC Research
Press (University of Alberta)

Inquiries: Monograph Publishing Program, NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada. Web site: www.monographs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
Photograph credits: Front cover outcrop: Late Frasnian mudmounds, Winnifred Pass, Alberta, photograph by
author. Insets from top: Macgeea parva Webster, photograph by R. Strom; Macgeea proteus Smith, photograph by
B. Rutley; Macgeea pustulosa n.sp., photograph by R. Strom. Back cover: Late Frasnian patch reef, Trout River,
District of Mackenzie, photograph by author. Inset: Mid Frasnian Alexandra reef complex, Alexandra Falls, Hay
River, District of Mackenzie, photograph by author.

Correct citation for this publication: McLean, R.A. 2005. Phillipsastreid Corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian)
of Western Canada: Taxonomy and Biostratigraphic Significance. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ont. 109 pp.
 A PUBLICATION OF THE
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA
MONOGRAPH PUBLISHING PROGRAM

PHILLIPSASTREID CORALS
FROM THE FRASNIAN (UPPER DEVONIAN)
OF WESTERN CANADA:
Taxonomy and Biostratigraphic Significance

Ross A. McLean

Anadarko Canada Corporation

Box 2595 Stn. M
Calgary, AB T2P 4V4, Canada

NRC Research Press

Ottawa 2005
© 2005 National Research Council of Canada
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
Printed in Canada on acid-free paper.

ISBN 0-660-19364-7 Electronic ISBN 0-660-19365-5

NRC No. 46847

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

McLean, Ross A.
Phillipsastreid Corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Western Canada:
Taxonomy and Biostratigraphic Significance

Includes an absract in French.

Includes bibliographical references.
Issued by the National Research Council of Canada.
Available also on the Internet.
ISBN 0-660-19364-7

1. Rugosa – Canada, Western – Classification.

2. Corals, Fossil – Canada, Western.
3. Paleontology – Devonian.
4. Paleontology – Canada, Western.
I. National Research Council Canada.
II. Title.

QE665.M34 2005 563.6 C2004-980315-8

 v

Contents

Abstract/Résumé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Stratigraphic and Geographic Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Biostratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Systematic Paleontology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Family Phillipsastreidae Roemer, 1883 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Genus Macgeea Webster, 1889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Macgeea parva Webster, 1889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Macgeea proteus Smith, 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Macgeea telopea Crickmay, 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Macgeea soraufi n. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Macgeea pustulosa n. sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Genus Thamnophyllum Penecke, 1894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Thamnophyllum colemanense (Warren, 1928) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Thamnophyllum tructense (McLaren, 1959). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Thamnophyllum pedderi n. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Thamnophyllum cordense n. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Thamnophyllum julli n. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Genus Peneckiella Soshkina, 1939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Peneckiella floydensis (Belanski, 1928) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Peneckiella metalinae Sorauf, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Peneckiella gracilis n. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Peneckiella haultainensis n. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Locality Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Plates 1–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
This page is intentionally blank
Abstract/Résumé vii

Abstract

Rugose corals of the Family Phillipsastreidae are abun- cludes P. floydensis (Belanski, 1928), P. metalinae
dant, diverse, and geographically widespread in the Sorauf, 1972, P. gracilis n. sp., and P. haultainensis n.
Frasnian (lower Upper Devonian) of western Canada. sp. Biostratigraphic distribution of these species is re-
Species of the solitary genus Macgeea described here viewed, together with that of previously described Ca-
comprise M. parva Webster, 1889, M. proteus Smith, nadian massive phillipsastreid species belonging to the
1945, M. telopea Crickmay, 1962, M. soraufi n. sp., genera Phillipsastrea, Chuanbeiphyllum, Pachyphyl-
and M. pustulosa n. sp. Thamnophyllum and Peneck- lum, Smithicyathus, and Frechastraea. The coral bio-
iella are branching forms, with Thamnophyllum repre- stratigraphy is expressed in terms of the Montagne
sented by the species T. colemanense (Warren, 1928), Noire conodont zonation and modified western Canada
T. tructense (McLaren, 1959), T. pedderi n. sp., T. cor- rugose coral faunal assemblages.
dense n. sp. and T. julli n. sp., while Peneckiella in-

Résumé

Les coraux rugueux de la famille des Phillipsastreidae n. sp. et T. julli n. sp., tandis que Peneckiella inclut P.
sont abondants, diversifiés et répandus sur le plan géo- floydensis (Belanski, 1928), P. metalinae Sorauf, 1972,
graphique dans le Frasnien (étage de base du Dévonien P. gracilis n. sp. et P. haultainensis n. sp. La répar-
supérieur) de l’Ouest du Canada. Les espèces appart- tition biostratigraphique de ces espèces est examinée,
enant au genre solitaire Macgeea décrites ici sont M. ainsi que celle d’espèces de phillipsastreidés canad-
parva Webster, 1889, M. proteus Smith, 1945, M. telo- iennes massives déjà décrites appartenant aux genres
pea Crickmay, 1962, M. soraufi n. sp. et M. pustulosa Phillipsastrea, Chuanbeiphyllum, Pachyphyllum, Smithi-
n. sp. Les genres Thamnophyllum et Peneckiella sont cyathus et Frechastraea. La biostratigraphie des coraux
des formes branchues, Thamnophyllum étant représenté est présentée suivant la zonation des conodontes de la
par les espèces T. colemanense (Warren, 1928), T. truc- Montagne Noire et les assemblages fauniques modifiés
tense (McLaren, 1959), T. pedderi n. sp., T. cordense de coraux rugueux de l’Ouest du Canada.
viii

Acknowledgments

The bulk of the material described here was collected Loans of type material in their care were arranged by
by the writer over the years since 1979. Support of T.E. Bolton (Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa), B.
Amoco Canada Petroleum Company Limited (now BP Jones (University of Alberta, Edmonton), P.R. Hoover
Canada Energy) and Anadarko Canada Corporation for (Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New
the outcrop and core work necessary to complete this York), B.F. Glenister and J. Golden (University of
study is gratefully acknowledged. Additional collec- Iowa, Iowa City), and F.J. Collier (United States Na-
tions by the following geologists have also been uti- tional Museum, Washington). T. Wrzo»ek (University
lized: A.S. Hedinger, R.K. Jull, R.G. McConnell, D.J. of Silesia, Sosnowiec) kindly provided translations of
McLaren, E.W. Mountjoy, C.W. Stearn, P.S. Warren, some of the Polish literature.
E.J. Whittaker, and R.H. Workum.
Assistance of F. Grillo and G. Martin with preparation
I am grateful to A.E.H. Pedder of the Geological Sur- of thin sections is gratefully acknowledged. Text fig-
vey of Canada for helpful discussions and the loan of ures were drafted by D. Then and the photography is
certain literature and specimens for study. J.E. Sorauf the work of R. Strom, B. Rutley, and K. Born. The
of Binghamton University, New York, generously pro- manuscript benefited from careful review by A.E.H.
vided specimens from his collections of Iowa corals. Pedder and J.E. Sorauf.
Introduction 1

Introduction

The Phillipsastreidae is a diverse and abundant family of branching species are monographed to complete the
rugose corals in the Frasnian of western Canada, com- current study of the family. With the completion of
prising species with solitary, branching and massive this taxonomic analysis and the establishment of a
growth forms. They occur in a variety of lithofacies, par- viable conodont and rugose coral biostratigaphic
ticularly in carbonate shelf margin and downslope fa- framework for the Frasnian of the Western Canada
cies, and may be significant frame builders in patch Sedimentary Basin (McLean and Klapper 1998), the
reefs on the shelf and “pinnacle” reefs on the slope. biostratigraphic distribution of the family as a whole
The 17 currently recognized species with massive in the Frasnian of western Canada can now be re-
coralla were described by McLean (1986, 1994a, b). viewed.
In the present contribution, the five solitary and nine

Stratigraphic and Geographic Setting

The general sequence and correlations of coral-bearing corals described herein were derived from an unnamed
horizons referred to in this paper are illustrated in Fig. limestone unit within the Imperial Formation, largely
1. This diagram is based on earlier versions (McLean correlatable with the Jean-Marie Member of the Red-
and Pedder 1984, Text-Fig. 2; McLean and Pedder knife Formation, which outcrops and is present in subs-
1987, Text-Fig. 2; McLean 1994a, Text-Fig. 2), but has urface to the south and east of this area. Species
been revised and expanded to reflect results of continu- described here from the unnamed limestone include
ing study of the Frasnian succession of western Can- Macgeea telopea Crickmay and Peneckiella metalinae
ada. The stratigraphy is correlated to the Montagne Sorauf.
Noire conodont zonation of Klapper (1989) and a mod-
ified version of the rugose coral faunal sequence first
described by McLean and Klapper (1998). Further study Southern District of Mackenzie, Liard to
of the coral faunas has led to some slight changes in the Bouvier rivers, Kakisa Lake to Hay River
original coral sequence of McLean and Klapper, those (Figs. 4, 5)
revisions being discussed in the Biostratigraphy section,
below. The Frasnian sequence and faunas of this area have
been discussed by McLean and Pedder (1984, 1987),
The areas discussed correspond to the stratigraphic col- McLean et al. (1987), McLean and Sorauf (1989), Mc-
umns of Fig. 1. The index map (Fig. 2) shows the loca- Lean (1994a) and McLean and Klapper (1998). The
tion of small-scale maps in Figs. 3–14. The locality succession illustrated in Fig. 1 is a composite of out-
numbers on the maps, Figs. 3–14, are those of the crop and subsurface data. Outcrops in the Hay River –
Locality Register, where geographic, stratigraphic, and Kakisa Lake area are mainly of the lower part of the
collection details are provided. sequence, while the upper part is exposed mostly on
tributaries flowing into the Mackenzie River.
Root River area (Fig. 3)
On Hay River Macgeea proteus Smith and M. soraufi
The predominantly clastic sequence and fauna in the n. sp. are described from members B and C of the Hay
Frasnian of this area west of the Mackenzie River were River Formation, and Peneckiella floydensis (Belanski)
reviewed by McLean and Pedder (1984, 1987), Mc- makes its first appearance in the section in Member C.
Lean (1994a) and McLean and Klapper (1998). The The reef complex represented by the Alexandra Member
 2
Fig. 1. Stratigraphic terminology and generalized correlations, Frasnian of western Canada. Asterisks indicate horizons bearing coral specimens described in
this paper. Rugose coral faunas and their correlation to conodont zones modified from McLean and Klapper (1998).

Phillipsastreid Corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Western Canada

Stratigraphic and Geographic Setting 3

Fig. 2. Index map of part of western Canada, showing location of small-scale maps, Figs. 3–14. (For
Map area A, see Fig. 3; Map area B, Fig. 4; Map area C, Fig. 5; Map area D, Fig. 6; Map area E,
Fig. 7; Map area F, Fig. 8; Map area G, Fig. 9; Map area H, Fig. 10; Map area I, Fig. 11; Map area
J, Fig. 12; Map area K, Fig. 13, Map area L, Fig. 14).
4 Phillipsastreid Corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Western Canada

Fig. 3. Locality map, Root River area, District of Mackenzie, NWT (Map area A, Fig. 2).

Fig. 4. Locality map, Blackstone to Bouvier rivers area, District of Mackenzie, NWT (Map area B, Fig. 2).
Stratigraphic and Geographic Setting 5

Fig. 5. Locality map, Kakisa Lake to Hay River area, District of Mackenzie, NWT (Map area C, Fig. 2).

of the Twin Falls Formation contains M. soraufi in its discussed by McLean and Pedder (1984), McLean
basal, platform beds and Thamnophyllum cordense n. (1994a) and McLean and Klapper (1998). An addition
sp. is described from fore-reef debris facies near Heart to the coral fauna cited in those papers is Peneckiella
Lake. Further material of Peneckiella floydensis is floydensis (Belanski).
present in the succeeding upper member of the Twin
Falls Formation on Hay River.
Rocky Mountains, Nabesche River basinal
Rugose corals are also described here from the late facies (Fig. 7)
Frasnian portion of the sequence in the western part of
the area. The Jean-Marie Member of the Redknife For- McLean (1994a) and McLean and Klapper (1998) have
mation has Macgeea pustulosa n. sp., and Peneckiella given reviews of the Frasnian stratigraphy and faunas
metalinae Sorauf, while Macgeea pustulosa is also of this area of northeast British Columbia. Thamno-
present in the overlying upper member of the Redknife. phyllum tructense (McLaren) is described here from
Thamnophyllum tructense (McLaren) is described from beds assigned to the late Frasnian Kakisa Formation.
the youngest Frasnian unit in the area, the Kakisa For-
mation. Rocky Mountains, Monkman Creek to Cardinal
River basinal facies (Figs. 8–10)
Stratigraphy and faunas of the Frasnian off-reef succes-
Northeast Alberta (Fig. 6)
sion of this region have been discussed by McLean and
The stratigraphic column depicted in Fig. 1 for this Pedder (1984, 1987), McLean (1994a) and McLean
area is a composite of outcrop and subsurface data. The and Klapper (1998). The upper Mt. Hawk Formation,
biostromal carbonates of the Mikkwa Formation out- comprising argillaceous limestones and calcareous
cropping on Peace River near Vermilion Falls were shales equivalent to the upper Southesk Formation of
6 Phillipsastreid Corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Western Canada

Fig. 6. Locality map, Vermilion Falls area, northeast Alberta (Map area D, Fig. 2).

Fig.7. Locality map, Nabesche River area, northeast British Columbia (Map area E, Fig. 2).

the reefal facies, commonly has a rich rugose coral bonates equivalent to these beds, Thamnophyllum julli
fauna, with a preliminary list given by McLean (1994a, n. sp. is described. North of Cardinal River, the latest
p. 47). Species described in the present work from this Frasnian basinal sequence is represented by richly
interval include Macgeea pustulosa n. sp., Thamno- fossiliferous biostromal carbonates. These beds have
phyllum colemanense (Warren), and T. pedderi n. sp. had a complex history of stratigraphic nomenclature,
From undifferentiated upper Southesk Formation car- reviewed by McLean (1994a, pp. 47–49). Following
Stratigraphic and Geographic Setting 7

Fig. 8. Locality map, Monkman Creek to Winnifred Pass area, British Columbia-Alberta Rocky Mountains
(Map area F, Fig. 2).

the conclusions of that study, the term Simla Formation sp. (Peneckiella sp. in that list) is described here from
is used here for those strata. Supplementing the faunal that locality.
lists of McLean and Sorauf (1989, p. 385) and McLean
(1994a, p. 49), the species Thamnophyllum tructense Rocky Mountains, Ancient Wall, Berland River,
(McLaren), T. colemanense (Warren), and Peneckiella and Smoky carbonate complexes and margins
haultainensis n. sp. are described below. In some cases,
(Figs. 8, 9)
the highest Frasnian beds in the basinal sequences are
significantly argillaceous and cannot be easily differen- Stratigraphy and faunas occurring at the margin of the
tiated from the underlying Mt. Hawk Formation. Such Ancient Wall carbonate complex northwest of Jasper,
strata are regarded as an upward extension of the Mt. Alberta have been reviewed by McLean and Pedder
Hawk and the rich coral fauna at one such locality (1984, 1987), McLean (1994a) and McLean and Klap-
(Whitehorse Creek, Fig. 10, Loc. 78) was listed by per (1998). The southeast margin of the complex at Mt.
McLean (1994a, p. 49). Peneckiella haultainensis n. Haultain contains a rich rugose coral fauna collected by
8 Phillipsastreid Corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Western Canada

Fig. 9. Locality map, Ancient Wall area, Alberta-British Columbia Rocky Mountains (Map area G, Fig. 2).

the late R.K. Jull. At this locality, the upper Southesk 2). McLean (1994a) and McLean and Klapper (1998)
Formation, just below the Simla Formation, contains reviewed its stratigraphy and faunas and elements of
Thamnophyllum julli n. sp., while more distal, slightly that assemblage described here include Thamnophyllum
older strata of the Southesk carry T. colemanense (War- colemanense (Warren) from the upper Southesk For-
ren). Macgeea telopea Crickmay is described from the mation and T. tructense (McLaren) in the overlying
upper Mt. Hawk Formation, in beds overlying the up- Simla Formation. At the southeast margin of the com-
per Southesk Formation. The biostromal carbonates of plex, Macgeea pustulosa n. sp. is described from the
the Simla Formation, which prograde basinward over upper Southesk beds immediately below onlapping
the Southesk and Mt. Hawk formations, yielded Pen- strata of the basinal Mt. Hawk Formation.
eckiella haultainensis n. sp. at this locality.
To the northwest of the Ancient Wall and Berland com-
A small buildup north of the Ancient Wall complex ex- plexes, a small buildup was referred to informally as
posed in the Persimmon Range is referred to as the the Smoky complex and briefly discussed by McLean
Berland carbonate complex (see Mountjoy 1978, Fig. and Klapper (1998, p. 533). It has yielded corals at its
Stratigraphic and Geographic Setting 9

Fig. 10. Locality map, Roche Miette to Mt. Mackenzie area, Alberta Rocky Mountains (Map area H, Fig. 2).

Fig. 11. Locality map, North Saskatchewan River area, Alberta Rocky Mountains (Map area I, Fig. 2).
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• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 15: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 19: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Unit 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 20: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 28: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Chapter 4: Interdisciplinary approaches
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 5: Study tips and learning strategies
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 48: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 57: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 7: Study tips and learning strategies
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 62: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 64: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 8: Study tips and learning strategies
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 71: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 72: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 78: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 9: Learning outcomes and objectives
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 84: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 86: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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