1 Effects of Urbanis(z)ation on Bird Nesting Behavior: Challenges and Adaptations

2 Ayşegül Candan Biler1, Emrah Çelik2,3*

1
3 Postgraduate Education Institute, Igdır University
2
4 Department of Forestry, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Igdir University,
5 Igdir, Turkiye
3
6 Ornithology Research and Application Centre (ORNITHOCEN), Igdir University,
7 Igdir, Turkiye
8 *E-mail: [email protected]
9 Abstract
10 Urbanis(z)ation is defined as the process of converting natural areas into roads, settlements,
11 and industrial zones. This process has deleterious effects on wildlife, causing the destruction
12 of their habitats, the contamination of air and water, and the depletion of resources.
13 Urbanisation has spread into natural areas in recent years, exerting significant influence on
14 wildlife, particularly with regard to avian nesting behaviour. The present study explores the
15 impact of urbanisation on avian nest-building strategies. A comprehensive search of the
16 SCOPUS database was conducted, utilising the following search terms: The search term is
17 composed of two distinct concepts, 'bird' and 'aves', which are combined with the concept of
18 'urbanisation'. AND ('nesting behaviour' OR 'nest building strategies' OR 'nest site selection'
19 OR 'nest material selection'). The analysis identified 170 documents; however, it did not
20 include any published in 2025. The content of the documents was analysed using VOSviewer
21 1.6.17 and R Studio Bibliometrix 4.2.2. The first document on the subject was published in
22 1989 (n=1), and the country analysis demonstrated that the United States (n=50) published the
23 most, followed by China (n=18), Spain (n=14), Australia (n=13), and Brazil (n=9). The most
24 frequently occurring keywords in the keyword analysis were "urbanis(z)ation," "nest site
25 selection," "breeding," and "urban ecology." A content analysis was employed to categorize
26 the documents into six groups, including "Urbanization-Urban Ecology." The following
27 themes are to be considered: "Nesting behaviour and predation", "Climate and environmental
28 changes", "Anthropogenic effects and adaptation", "Reproductive ecology and parasitism",
29 and "Research methods and conservation approaches. The order Passeriformes has been
30 subject to the most extensive scientific scrutiny, particularly with regard to the following
31 species: the magpie (Pica pica), the great tit (Parus major), and the house sparrow (Passer
32 domesticus). The documents examined in this study are drawn from a diverse range of fields,
33 including agricultural and biological sciences, environmental sciences, social sciences,
34 genetics and molecular biology, and pharmacology. The present study has been designed to
35 provide a comprehensive review of the effects of urbanisation on bird nesting strategies. In
36 addition, it will discuss the current status of this field, as well as the opportunities and
37 challenges that are currently being experienced.

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38 Keywords: Habitat loss, urban ecology, breeding, nesting strategies, dimensional reduction

39 Introduction
40 Urbanis(z)ation, together with the fast growth of the human population and the economy
41 during the last century, has led to the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats all over the
42 world (Foley et al., 2005; Löffler et al., 2024). This process has been demonstrated to be
43 deleterious to biodiversity, given its role in the destruction of the habitats of numerous species
44 (Piano et al., 2020; Jokimaki et al., 2020). As Ryder et al. (2010) demonstrate, one of the most
45 significant consequences of urbanisation is the loss of natural nesting sites. Birds are losing
46 their traditional nesting sites because of changes in forests (Shustack and Rodewald, 2010)
47 and green spaces (Sander and McCurdy, 2021). Some species have moved to new nesting
48 sites, like urban buildings (Tomasevic and Marzluff, 2017; Osawa, 2015), motorway
49 structures (Coates et al., 2012), and nest boxes (Tomasevic and Marzluff, 2017).
50 However, urbanis(z)ation is not limited to negative impacts (Hall et al., 2022; Löffler et al.,
51 2024). Urban ecosystems can contribute to the sustainability of biodiversity by providing new
52 habitats (Stout et al., 2006; Hmamouchi et al., 2020) and conservation opportunities (Luna et
53 al., 2024) for certain species (Aronson et al., 2017). Especially birds stand out among the
54 organisms that can adapt to urban environments (Wang et al., 2008) and successfully
55 reproduce in these environments (Gahbauer et al., 2015, Czechowski et al., 2017). Cities can
56 offer advantages such as food sources (Luna et al., 2021), nesting areas (Löffler et al., 2024;
57 Gahbauer et al., 2015; Bender et al., 2016; Dhindsa et al., 1989), and protection from
58 predators (Ward et al., 2020) for birds. However, urban environments also present a number
59 of challenges, including noise (Francis et al., 2009; Grunst et al., 2021), air pollution (Rao and
60 Kolı, 2017), habitat fragmentation (Fernandez-Juricic and Jokimäki, 2001), and the intensity
61 of human activities (Syrová et al., 2020; Evans et al., 2011). In addition to the aforementioned
62 factors, light pollution has been identified as a significant contributing element to alterations
63 in avian nesting behaviours (Valiela and Martinetto 2007). In particular, in areas subject to
64 light pollution during nocturnal hours, alterations in the temporal patterns of avian nesting and
65 feeding behaviours have been documented (Valiela and Martinetto, 2007; Morelli et al.,
66 2023). In contrast, noise pollution has been shown to cause communication difficulties and
67 changes in nesting preferences among some bird species (Raap et al., 2016; Grunst et al.,
68 2023). These challenges have demonstrated considerable effects, particularly on nesting
69 behaviors (Lan et al., 2021).
70 Nesting strategies of birds are a critical factor determining survival and reproductive success
71 in urban environments (Mainwaring et al., 2014; Salaberria et al., 2014). Birds' ability to
72 adapt to their surroundings is shown by their choice of nest site (Webb et al., 2012), the
73 materials they use to build their nests (Tariq et al., 2024; Radhamany et al., 2016), and the
74 way they build their nests (Briggs et al., 2023). One effect of urbanization is that birds choose
75 different materials for their nests (Tariq et al., 2024). People have seen that birds in cities
76 often utilize things like plastic (Luna et al., 2024; Townsend and Barker, 2014; López‐García

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 77 et al., 2023), metal cables, and cigarette butts to build their nests (Luna et al., 2024). Some
78 research shows that these man-made materials might make nest structures last longer, but they
79 could also be harmful to the growth of chicks (Townsend and Barker, 2014; Bernat-Ponce et
80 al., 2024).
81 According to James Reynolds et al. (2019), the effects of urbanization on birds' nesting
82 behavior may be different for different species, depending on their ecological traits and how
83 well they can adapt to city life. Some species can breed well in cities, but others may have
84 trouble living there (Callaghan et al., 2019; Evans et al., 2011). For example, urban adaptor
85 species such as sparrows (Passer domesticus) can utilize buildings and rooftops as nesting
86 sites in urban environments, whereas more vulnerable species may not achieve breeding
87 success in such environments (Bernat-Ponce et al., 2024). Therefore, understanding the
88 effects of urbanisation on the nesting behavior of birds is of great importance for species
89 conservation and the sustainability of urban biodiversity.
90 In this study, a comprehensive analysis of documents on the effects of urbanisation on nesting
91 behaviour of birds was conducted. In this context, a search was conducted in the SCOPUS
92 database using the keywords ‘(((’bird‘ OR “aves”) AND (’urbanis(z)ation‘) AND (’nesting
93 behaviour‘ OR ’nest-building strategies‘ OR ’nest site selection‘ OR ’nest material
94 selection‘))’. A total of 170 documents were obtained as a result of the search, and
95 publications from 2025 were not included in the scope of the study. In the study, various
96 bibliometric indicators such as the number of publications by year, the most cited articles,
97 keyword networks and geographical distributions were analysed. These analyses highlight the
98 importance of scientific collaborations and multidisciplinary approaches, as well as
99 identifying the main trends and focal points in the research field.
100 Bibliometric network analysis has been used to answer the following questions;
101 • How have the number of documents on urbanization and bird nesting behaviors changed
102 over the years?
103 • Which countries publish the most documents on these topics?
104 • What are the main research themes addressing the effects of urbanization on bird nesting
105 strategies?
106 • Does the author's productivity in the fields of urbanization and bird nesting behavior
107 conform to Lotka's law?
108 • What are the most commonly used keywords in studies conducted on these topics?
109 Methodology
110 Dimension reduction
111 Bibliometric analyses used in dimension reduction studies help to identify important
112 trends, key research topics and leading researchers by systematically examining the existing

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113 literature (Kulak et al. 2019). These analyses make large datasets more manageable and
114 meaningful, which allows researchers to conduct more focused and effective studies (Celik et
115 al., 2021). The ease of bibliometric studies stems from the ability to automatically extract data
116 from existing databases and analyse these data using various software. Furthermore, such
117 analyses help to identify gaps in the research field and future research opportunities,
118 increasing the applicability of dimension reduction studies and providing researchers with
119 valuable insights.
120 Source strategies
121 The primary objective of this study is to facilitate researchers' access to the most
122 comprehensive collection of documents.. Therefore, it is of great importance to make
123 comparisons between different databases. In the analyses, it was found that SCOPUS offers a
124 wider range of documents compared to other databases when the same keywords were used
125 (Çelik and Sarıboğa, 2023). This shows that SCOPUS is a more comprehensive and reliable
126 source for research in this field (Kulak et al., 2019). In this context, a search was conducted in
127 the SCOPUS database using the keywords ‘((’bird‘ OR “aves”) AND (’urbanis(z)ation‘)
128 AND (’nesting behaviour‘ OR ’nest-building strategies‘ OR ’nest site selection‘ OR ’nest
129 material selection‘))’. A total of 170 documents were obtained as a result of the search, and
130 publications from 2025 were not included in the scope of the study (Table 1).
131 Table 1. Types and numbers of documents obtained
Document types Number
Article 166
Letter 1
Review 2
Short survey 1
132

133 Lotka’s Law

134 Lotka's law of scientific productivity was used to analyse the scientific productivity of authors
135 (Lotka, 1926). Lotka's law suggests that the number of contributions in a given field decreases

that the number of authors with 𝑘 number of contributions will be 1/kᵇ times the number of
136 inversely proportional to the number of authors making those contributions. This law states
137
138 authors with only one contribution (Rousseau and Rousseau, 2000). The parameters of this
139 exponential distribution are calculated based on the observed data frequencies. Lotka's Law
140 models how scientific productivity is distributed and provides an important framework for
141 understanding the diversity in authors' contribution levels.
142 According to the document inference, 554 authors (90.5%) contributed to only one article,
143 while 58 authors (9.5%) contributed to two or more articles.
144 Results and Discussion
145 Main information on documents and annual publication growth

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146 In the SCOPUS database, 170 documents on the relationship between
147 ‘Urbanis(z)tion’, “Birds” and ‘nest(ing)’ were found. The first scientific (research paper)
148 document on the subject was published in 1989. In this study, the relationship between nest
149 height of black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonia) and human disturbance and habitat type was
150 investigated (Dhindsa et al., 1989). Data from a total of 101 different sources on urbanisation
151 and nesting behaviour of birds between 1989 and 2024 were analysed. The average annual
152 growth rate was calculated as 7.36% (Figure 1).

153
154 Figure 1. Main information on documents

155

156 Academic interest in the effects of urbanization on bird nesting behavior began to
157 increase notably from the early 2000s, gaining significant momentum after 2015 (Figure 2).
158 Especially since 2019, the number of publications has reached double digits, indicating
159 heightened attention to ecological studies and habitat changes driven by urbanization (Barton
160 et al., 2020; Lan et al., 2021; Medina et al., 2022; Löffler et al., 2024; Tariq et al., 2024).
161 Recent studies have further elucidated the complex interactions between urban environmental
162 factors and avian reproductive strategies. For instance, Morelli et al. (2023) demonstrated that
163 light and noise pollution significantly alter nesting success and behaviour in urban bird
164 populations, while López-García et al. (2023) highlighted the influence of landfill proximity
165 on nest site selection and reproductive outcomes in white storks. These studies emphasise the
166 multifaceted impacts of urbanisation on avian ecology. Furthermore, Luna et al. (2024)
167 provided novel insights into the incorporation of anthropogenic debris into nests by swift
168 species, thus shedding light on the potential risks and adaptive behaviours associated with
169 urban pollution. Tariq et al. (2024) documented how birds in urban Pakistan adapt their
170 nesting materials by utilising anthropogenic litter, indicating behavioural plasticity in
171 response to urban environmental pressures. These findings emphasise the dual nature of
172 urbanisation, functioning as both a challenge and a catalyst for the emergence of novel
173 adaptive strategies in avian species. The mounting cognisance of the repercussions of
174 urbanisation on natural ecosystems, concomitant with the accelerated expansion of urban
175 areas and mounting concerns regarding biodiversity loss, has likely precipitated the
176 augmentation of research in this domain. As asserted by Zhao et al. (2021), the configuration
177 of urban vegetation assumes a pivotal function in the mediation of avian community
178 composition and nesting success, underscoring the necessity for green infrastructure in urban
179 planning. In a similar vein, Chyb et al. (2021) and Catlin et al. (2024) have recently

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180 emphasised the combined effects of climate change and urbanisation on bird movement
181 patterns and nesting phenology, indicating global environmental change as a pivotal driver of
182 urban avian ecology (Catlin et al., 2024). Notwithstanding the disruption to research activities
183 occasioned by the pandemic, the publication numbers have remained elevated, thus signifying
184 the persistent significance of this subject within academic circles. It can be posited that the
185 impact of urbanisation on avian ecology has garnered mounting scholarly interest, evolving
186 into a significant domain of scientific research (Chyb et al., 2021; Catlin et al., 2024).

187
188 Figure 2. Annual publication growth on the subject (urbanis(z)ation-bird nesting behaviour)

189

190 Country and Author Collaboration Analysis

191 The disparities in the number of scientific studies published on "urbanisation and bird
192 nesting behaviour" between countries are attributable to various factors, including research
193 infrastructure, biodiversity, urbanisation dynamics, environmental policies and socio-
194 economic factors. A number of countries, including the USA (n=50), China (n=18), Spain
195 (n=14), Australia (n=13) and Brazil (n=9), have demonstrated a higher level of publication in
196 this field. This can be attributed to a number of factors, including their large geographical
197 areas and rich biodiversity, as well as having high research budgets and academic resources
198 (see Figures 3 and 4). Anthropogenic impacts on bird ecology have been investigated more
199 extensively, especially in countries experiencing rapid urbanis(z)ation such as China (Guo et
200 al., 2022; Ding et al., 2023; Tian et al., 2023; Sheng et al., 2024). On the other hand, in
201 countries such as Australia and Spain, where environmental awareness is high, conservation-
202 based studies are intensifying. Scientific literature shows that collaborative networks between
203 these countries increase the quality and scope of ecological research (Jokimäki et al., 2020;
204 Callaghan et al., 2019). Furthermore, research by Piano et al. (2020) revealed that the impacts
205 of urbanisation on biodiversity vary in different geographical and socio-political contexts. In
206 this context, it is emphasised that research collaborations are increasing in interdisciplinary

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207 fields such as ecosystem engineering, predator-prey relationships and habitat restoration,
208 contributing to sustainability goals. As posited by 'Our World in Data' (Ritchie et al., 2024),
209 the preponderance of the global population residing in urban areas, coupled with the
210 escalating rate of urbanisation, exerts a direct influence on avian nesting behaviour by
211 expediting the conversion of bird habitats. It is evident that the number of scientific papers on
212 the subject is influenced by a multitude of factors, including but not limited to academic
213 ability, social, political and environmental considerations. Wang et al. (2021) conducted
214 further research in order to examine the impact of artificial light pollution on the nesting
215 behaviour of birds. Bernat-Ponce et al. (2024) utilised multivariate models to investigate the
216 selection criteria of nest sites by house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in urban areas of the
217 Mediterranean region. The study emphasised the significance of species adaptation to
218 urbanisation in diverse geographical regions.
219

220
221 Figure 3. Authorship co-operation between countries (Dark blue= Countries that have published the most
222 documents and have the most co-operation)

223

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224 Figure 4. Top 10 countries publishing the most documents (1989-2024) (This graph is taken from the SCOPUS
225 database. Accessed 10 March 2025)

226 Major journal sources

227 The relationship between urbanization and bird nesting behavior has been examined in
228 various scientific journals from the perspective of urban ecology and behavioral ecology
229 (Figure 5 and Table 2). In journals such as Acta Ornithologica (Skwarska et al., 2015; Mikula
230 et al., 2014) and Wilson Journal of Ornithology (Ramírez-Fernández and Barrantes, 2020;
231 Ward et al., 2020), the effects of urbanization on birds' nest selection, reproductive success,
232 and behavioral adaptations have been evaluated. In publications such as Urban Ecosystems
233 (Catalina-Allueva and Martín, 2021; Xu et al., 2020) and Ecological Applications (Jokimäki
234 et al., 2020; Ryder et al., 2010), the roles of ecosystem engineering, predator-prey
235 relationships, and the variation of nesting success along the urban-rural gradient have been
236 addressed. In the journal Environmental Pollution (Corrales-Moya et al., 2023; Wang et al.,
237 2021), the effects of environmental pollution and artificial light on nesting preferences are
238 examined, while the Journal of Raptor Research (Baladrón et al., 2021; Welch and Boal,
239 2015) details the nesting site selection and hunting strategies of raptors in urban
240 environments. In recent years, an increasing number of studies on urbanization and bird
241 nesting behavior have been published in open-access journals such as Scientific Reports and
242 Plos One (Morelli et al., 2023; Catlin et al., 2024). These journals host interdisciplinary
243 studies examining the effects of global climate change and anthropogenic stressors on bird
244 populations. Additionally, the journals Environmental Research and Science of The Total
245 Environment are important platforms where current research on the effects of urbanization on
246 bird nesting materials and adaptation strategies is published (Luna et al., 2024; Tariq et al.,
247 2024). The studies published in these journals contribute to sustainable urban planning by
248 supporting interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the impacts of urbanization on bird
249 populations.

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250
251 Figure 5. Network map of the journals that published the most documents on the subject
252 (urbanisation-bird nesting behaviour)
253

254

255 Table 2. Main journal sources

Journals Number of Documents
ACTA ORNITHOLOGICA 6
URBAN ECOSYSTEMS 6
ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 5
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 5
JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH 5
WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY 5
256

257 Author Productivity Analysis According to Lotka's Law

258 According to Lotka's Law, the number of authors publishing a given number of
259 publications is proportional to the inverse power of the number of publications (Figure 6).
260 83.03% of the authors published only one article. This was calculated by the formula Y =
261 0.830315 / X^2.871637, where X represents the number of publications and Y represents the
262 relative frequency of authors relative to the number of publications. Table 3 shows that the
263 vast majority of authors have published only one article and the number of authors who have
264 published more articles is gradually decreasing. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
265 goodness-of-fit test show that there is no significant difference between the observed and
266 expected number of authors (p > 0.05).

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267 Table 3. Author productivity according to Lotka's law
Number of Documents Number of Author(s) Proportion of Authors Expected Authors
1 594 0.830 549.67
2 46 0.064 75.1
3 7 0.010 23.44
4 6 0.008 10.26
≥5 9 0.012 5.41
268

269
270 Figure 6. Author productivity according to Lotka's law
271 Core Keywords
272 A thorough examination of the keyword analysis of documents published on the
273 subject of urbanisation and bird nesting behaviour identified six primary groups. These are; i)
274 Urbanisation and Urban Ecology (‘urban’, ‘urban ecology’, ‘urban birds’), ii) Nesting
275 Behaviour and Predation (‘nest-site selection’, ‘predator’, ‘nest height’), iii) Climate and
276 Environmental Changes (‘climate change’, ‘nesting phenomenology’), iv) Anthropogenic
277 Impacts and Adaptation (‘Anthropogenic impacts’, “adaptation”, ‘resource utilisation’), v)
278 Breeding Ecology and Parasitism (‘breeding ecology’, ‘nest parasitism’) and vi) Research
279 Methods and Conservation Approaches (‘nest boxes’, ‘citizen science’) (Figure 7 (A)).
280 The keyword analysis provides a comprehensive picture of the development of the
281 relationship between urbanisation and bird nesting behaviour in the scientific literature.
282 Especially between 2005-2015, it is seen that basic concepts such as ‘urban ecology’ and
283 ‘habitat selection’ came to the forefront, and studies conducted in this period focused on
284 ecological mechanisms (Rodewald and Shustack, 2008; Webb et al., 2012; Mainwaring et al.,
285 2014). Between 2016 and 2020, it is noteworthy that more specific topics such as ‘urban
286 birds’ and ‘nest site selection’ have become widespread, while analyses of the effects of
287 ecological factors such as predation in urban areas have increased (Aronson et al., 2017;
288 Hmamouchi et al., 2020; Bender et al., 2016). This period stands out as a research period in
289 which the adaptation processes of birds in urban environments are examined in detail and
290 anthropogenic effects are diversified.
291 In the 2021-2025 period, there is a significant increase in the number of studies
292 examining the effects of global environmental changes such as climate change, COVID-19
293 pandemic effects and nesting phenomenology on bird ecology (Chyb et al., 2021; Zhao et al.,

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294 2021; Catlin et al., 2024; Luna et al., 2024; Morelli et al., 2023). During this period, new
295 keywords such as ‘light pollution’, ‘noise pollution’ and ‘plastic pollution’ started to appear in
296 research, thus the effect of anthropogenic pollution on nesting behaviour gained more
297 importance. In addition, research methods and conservation approaches such as ‘citizen
298 science’ and ‘nest boxes’ have come to the fore as important tools in data collection and
299 species conservation strategies, especially in areas with rapid urbanisation (Callaghan et al.,
300 2019; Ryder et al., 2010) (Figure 7(B)).

301

302 Figure 7. A: Cloud analysis of keywords, B: Trend of keywords

303

304

305

306 Recommendations for Future Studies

307
308 This study comprehensively examined the effects of urbanisation on the nesting
309 behaviour of birds. Bibliometric analyses were used to do this. In view of the extant analyses
310 and literature, it is imperative that future research should concentrate on the following areas.
311 Firstly, further long-term studies are required to ascertain how avian populations adapt to
312 urban living and how their populations change over time. Furthermore, there is a necessity to
313 examine in greater detail the manner in which global environmental factors, including climate
314 change and urban heat islands, impact nesting strategies and breeding success (Chyb et al.,
315 2021; Catlin et al., 2024). The present study calls for further investigation into the
316 effectiveness of green infrastructure solutions, including but not limited to rooftop gardens,
317 urban green corridors and conservation areas, and habitat improvement strategies. Such
318 solutions have the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of urban planning on bird nesting
319 sites (Luna et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2021). Thus, a scientific basis can be provided for the
320 development of sustainable urbanisation policies. In addition, the use of artificial intelligence
321 and remote sensing technologies in the detection and monitoring of bird nests can increase,
322 making data collection processes more efficient and comprehensive (Tariq et al., 2024). The
323 adaptation of these technologies will facilitate comparative studies between regions with

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324 different levels of urbanisation, strengthening the understanding of ecological adaptation
325 mechanisms at regional and global scales.
326 Finally, interdisciplinary approaches (such as ecology, urban planning, environmental
327 engineering and sociology) need to be promoted to understand the impacts of urbanisation on
328 bird ecology. Thus, the complex relationships between urbanisation and biodiversity can be
329 revealed in a more holistic manner (Jokimäki et al., 2020; Piano et al., 2020).
330
331 Limitations of the Study
332
333 The SCOPUS database was chosen for bibliometric analyses due to its wide range of
334 document types, including conference proceedings, book chapters, and printed materials.
335 However, a single database may have limitations in covering all dimensions of literature,
336 potentially excluding important studies or interdisciplinary publications. Bibliometric
337 analyses employ quantitative metrics, such as the number of publications and citations, to
338 assess research output. However, these analyses do not directly address issues such as the
339 methodological quality or the experimental design. This approach may result in the exclusion
340 of studies that have been published recently or that have been cited less frequently. In
341 addition, there isn't much research on urbanization and bird nesting behavior, especially in
342 developing countries. This makes it harder to see how urbanization affects the whole world.
343 Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and environmental change, findings from earlier studies
344 may have limited applicability to current conditions, highlighting the necessity for ongoing
345 research updates and comprehensive meta-analyses to capture evolving trends accurately.
346 Conclusion
347 In the study, a total of 170 documents were examined by searching the SCOPUS
348 database with the keywords "(("bird" OR "aves") AND ("urbanis(z)ation") AND ("nesting
349 behavior" OR "nest-building strategies" OR "nest site selection" OR "nest material
350 selection"))".
351  Among the examined documents, the most common publication type is articles (166),
352 followed by review articles (2) and letters to the editor (1).
353  The USA (50 documents), China (18 documents), Spain (14 documents), Australia (13
354 documents), and Brazil (9 documents) are among the countries that have conducted
355 the most research on urbanization and bird nesting behaviors.
356  The most studied bird groups belong to the order Passeriformes, with a particular
357 focus on the magpie (Pica pica), great tits (Parus major), and house sparrows (Passer
358 domesticus).
359  Among the frequently used keywords in the studies are "urban ecology," "nest-site
360 selection," "breeding," "anthropogenic impacts," and "climate change." Especially in
361 recent years, topics such as "climate change" and "urban adaptation" have come to the
362 forefront.

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363  According to the keyword analysis, the studies examined have been grouped into six
364 main categories: Urbanization and Urban Ecology, "Nesting Behaviors and
365 Predation", "Climate and Environmental Changes", "Anthropogenic Impacts and
366 Adaptation", "Reproductive Ecology and Parasitism", "Research Methods and
367 Conservation Approaches"
368  The compliance of author productivity with Lotka's law has been analyzed. According
369 to the results, 83.03% of the 594 authors contributed to only one article, 9.5%
370 contributed to two articles, and the remaining 7.47% produced three or more articles.
371  It has been determined that most of the studies are multi-authored and based on
372 international collaboration. The USA and China are the most active countries in both
373 document production and citation networks, while European and South American
374 countries have shown increasing interest in these topics in recent years.
375
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