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 OXFORD

BIBLE AND
INTERPRETATION
THE COLLECTED ESSAYS OF
JAMES BARR
volume in : Linguistics and Translation
BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION
THE COLLECTED ESSAYS OF JAMES BARR

volume i: Interpretation and Theology

begins with a biographical essay by Ernest
Nicholson and John Barton. It contains major
articles on theology in relation to the Bible,
programmatic studies of the past and future
of biblical study, and reflections on specific
topics in the study of the Old Testament.

: Biblical Studies is concerned with

v o l u m e ii

detailed biblical interpretation and with the

history of the discipline. It also contains
material on biblical fundamentalism.

volume h i: Linguistics and Translation is

a collection of Barr’s extensive papers on
linguistic matters relating to Biblical Hebrew
and Greek, and to biblical translation in the
ancient and the modem world.

ALSO PUBLISHED BY
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Oxford Bible Commentary

Edited by John Barton and John Muddiman
AVAILABLE IN PAPERBACK

The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies

Edited by J. W. Rogerson and Judith M. Lieu
ALSO AVAILABLE IN PAPERBACK
James Barr Professor James Barr
(1924-2006) was one of the most important
Hebrew and Old Testament scholars of the
twentieth century. His books included The
Semantics o f Biblical Language (1961);
Fundamentalism (1977); The Typology of
Literalism (1979); The Scope and Authority
of the Bible (1981); Holy Scripture: Canon,
Authority, Criticism (1983); and History
and Ideology in the Old Testament (2000).
He held professorships at Edinburgh
University (1956-1961), Princeton Theological
Seminary (1961-1965), and Manchester
University (1965-1976), before taking up the
role of Oriel Professor of the Interpretation
of Holy Scripture at the University of Oxford
from 1976-1978, and Regius Professor of
Hebrew from 1978-1989. From 1989-1998
he was Professor of Hebrew at Vanderbilt
University, TN.

John Barton is Oriel and Laing Professor

of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture,
University of Oxford.
BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION
 Bible and Interpretation:
The C ollected Essays o f James Barr

Volume III: Linguistics and Translation

Edited by

JOHN BARTON

O XFO RD
U N I V E R S IT Y P R E S S
 O X FO R D
U N IV E R S IT Y PRESS
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, 0X2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© The Estate of James Barr, 2014
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2014
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
ISBN 978-0-19-969290-3
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

The Collected Essays are reproduced by permission

of their original publishers. For publishers acknowledgements
please refer to the detailed list of contents.
 Contents

Detailed Contents vii

Introduction to Volume III by John Barton 1

Part I. Ancient Translations

1. Vocalization and the Analysis of Hebrew among the
Ancient Translators 5
2. Three Factors in the Semantic Study of Ancient Hebrew 14
3. ‘Guessing in the Septuagint 28
4. Doubts about Homoeophony in the Septuagint 44
5. Did the Greek Pentateuch Really Serve as a Dictionary for
the Translation of the Later Books? 87
6. Seeing the Wood for the Trees? An Enigmatic Ancient Translation 106
7. Ep and Ep€i8a> in the Septuagint: A Note Principally
on Gen. xlix. 6 115
8. Aramaic-Greek Notes on the Book of Enoch 130
9. The Meaning of E7TaKot>a) and Cognates in the LXX 153
10. A Review of J. Reider, An Index to Aquila 159
11. A Review of Peter Walters (Katz), The Text of the Septuagint 169
12. A Review of Bruce M. Metzger (ed.), The Early Versions
of the New Testament 178
13. Translators Handling of Verb Tense in Semantically
Ambiguous Contexts 190
14. 'pxn ~ MoAis: Prov. xi. 31,1 Pet. iv. 18 206

Part II. Modern Translations

15. Biblical Translation and the Church 223
16. After Five Years: A Retrospect on Two Major Translations
of the Bible 231
17. Modern English Bible Versions as a Problem for the Church 253

Part III. Hebrew and Semitic Languages

18. Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek in the Hellenistic Age 269
19. Hebrew Linguistic Literature: From the Sixteenth Century to the
Present 301
vi Contents

20. The Nature of Linguistic Evidence in the Text of the Bible 313
21. Reading a Script without Vowels 332
22. Semitic Philology and the Interpretation of the Old Testament 352
23. The Ancient Semitic Languages: The Conflict between Philology
and Linguistics 377
24. Common Sense and Biblical Language 391
25. Etymology and the Old Testament 402
26. Limitations of Etymology as a Lexicographical Instrument
in Biblical Hebrew 425
27. A New Look at Kethibh-Qere 445
28. Determination and the Definite Article in Biblical Hebrew 461
29. St Jeromes Appreciation of Hebrew 484
30. St Jerome and the Sounds of Hebrew 500
31. Migras in the Old Testament 530
32. Ugaritic and Hebrew ‘shin ? 544
33. One Man or All Humanity? A Question in the
Anthropology of Genesis 1 564
34. Some Notes on ben ‘between in Classical Hebrew 578
35. Hebrew *7X7, Especially at Job i. 18 and Neh. vii.3 596
36. Why? in Biblical Hebrew 610
37. Is Hebrew IP‘nest’ a Metaphor? 641
38. Hebrew Orthography and the Book of Job 652
39. Scope and Problems in the Semantics of Classical Hebrew 679
40. Hebrew Lexicography 694
41. Hebrew Lexicography: Informal Thoughts 711
42. Philology and Exegesis: Some General Remarks, with
Illustrations from Job 725
43. A Review of J. Yahuda, Hebrew is Greek 745
44. A Review of L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Hebrdisches und
aramdisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament, parts 1 and 2 751
45. A Review of E. Ullendorff, Is Biblical Hebrew a Language? 764
46. A Review of J. Blau, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew 773

Index 783
 Detailed Contents

Introduction to Volume III by John Barton 1

Part I. Ancient Translations

1. ‘Vocalization and the Analysis of Hebrew among the
Ancient Translators
Vetus Testamentum Supplement 16 (1967), pp. 1-11 5
2. ‘Three Interrelated Factors in the Semantic Study of
Ancient Hebrew’
Zeitschriftfur Althebraistik 7 (1994), pp. 33-44 14
3. ‘“Guessing” in the Septuagint’
D. Fraenkel, U. Quast, and J. W. Wevers (eds.), Studien zur
Septuaginta: Robert Hanhart zu Ehren (Abhandlungen der
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen; Mitteilungen des
Septuaginta-Unternehmens XX; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und
Ruprecht, 1990), pp. 19-34 28
4. ‘Doubts about Homoeophony in the Septuagint’
Textus 12 (1985), pp. 1-77 44
5. ‘Did the Greek Pentateuch Really Serve as a Dictionary for
the Translation of the Later Books?’
M. J. F. Baasten and W. T. Van Peursen (eds.), Hamlet on a Hill:
Semitic and Greek Studies presented to Professor T. Muraoka
(Orientalia Lovanensia Analecta 118; Leuven:
Peeters, 2003), pp. 523-43 87
6. ‘Seeing the Wood for the Trees? An Enigmatic Ancient Translation
Journal of Semitic Studies 13 (1968), pp. 11-20 106
7. ‘Ep^co and Epci&oo in the Septuagint: A Note Principally
on Gen. xlix. 6’
Journal of Semitic Studies 19 (1974), pp. 198-215 115
8. ‘A ramaic-Greek Notes on the Book of Enoch’
Journal of Semitic Studies 23 (1978), pp. 184-98 and 24
(1979), pp. 179-92 130
9. ‘The Meaning of E ttolkouo) and Cognates in the LXX’
Journal of Theological Studies 31 (1980), pp. 67-72 153
 Detailed Contents

10. ‘A Review of J. Reider, An Index to Aquila

Journal of Semitic Studies 12 (1967), pp. 296-304 159
11. ‘A Review of Peter Walters (Katz), The Text of the Septuagint'
Vetus Testamentum 25 (1975), pp. 247-54 169
12. ‘A Review of Bruce M. Metzger (ed.), The Early Versions
of the New Testament’
Journal of Theological Studies 30 (1979), pp. 290-303
13. ‘Translators Handling of Verb Tense in Semantically
Ambiguous Contexts
C. E. Cox (ed.), LXX: VI Congress of the International
Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies,
Jerusalem 1986 (Septuagint and Cognate Studies 23;
Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987), pp. 381-403 190
14. ~ MoXis: Prov. xi. 31,1 Pet. iv. 18’
Journal of Semitic Studies 20 (1975), pp. 149-64 206

Part II. Modern Translations

15. ‘Biblical Translation and the Church’
New Blackfriars 49 (1968), pp. 285-93 223
16. ‘After Five Years: A Retrospect on Two Major Translations
of the Bible
Heythrop Journal 15 (1974), pp. 381-405 231
17. ‘Modern English Bible Versions as a Problem for the Church’
Quarterly Review (United Methodist Church, Nashville) 14/3
(1994), pp. 263-78 253

Part III. Hebrew and Semitic Languages

18. ‘Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek in the Hellenistic Age’
W. D. Davies and L. Finkelstein (eds.), Cambridge History of
Judaism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989),
vol 2., pp. 79-114 269
19. ‘Hebrew Linguistic Literature: From the Sixteenth
Century to the Present’
Encyclopedia Judaicayvol. 16 (Jerusalem 1971),
cols. 1390-1400 301
 Detailed Contents IX

20. ‘The Nature of Linguistic Evidence in the Text of the Bible

H. H. Paper (ed.), Language and Texts: The Nature of Linguistic
Evidence (Ann Arbor: Center for Coordination of Ancient and
Modern Studies, University of Michigan), pp. 36-57 313
21. ‘Reading a Script without Vowels
W. Haas (ed.), Writing without Letters (Manchester: Manchester
University Press, 1976), pp. 71-100 332
22. ‘Semitic Philology and the Interpretation of the Old Testament*
G. W. Anderson (ed.), Tradition and Interpretation (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1979), pp. 31-64 352
23. ‘The Ancient Semitic Languages: The Conflict between Philology
and Linguistics
Transactions of the Philological Society (London, 1968), pp. 37-55 377
24. ‘Common Sense and Biblical Language
Biblica 49 (1968), pp. 377-87 391
25. ‘Etymology and the Old Testament*
Oudtestamentische Studien 19 (1974), pp. 1-28 402
26. ‘Limitations of Etymology as a Lexicographical Instrument
in Biblical Hebrew*
Transactions of the Philological Society (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1983), pp. 41-65 425
27. ‘A New Look at Kethibh-Qere*
Oudtestamentische Studien 21 (1981), pp. 19-37 445
28. ‘“Determination* and the Definite Article in Biblical Hebrew’
Journal of Semitic Studies 34 (1989), pp. 307-35 461
29. ‘St Jerome’s Appreciation of Hebrew*
Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 49 (1966-7), pp. 281-302 484
30. ‘St Jerome and the Sounds of Hebrew’
Journal of Semitic Studies 12 (1967), pp. 1-36 500
31. lMigras in the Old Testament*
Journal of Semitic Studies 29 (1984), pp. 15-31 530
32. ‘Ugaritic and Hebrew “sbm” ?’
Journal of Semitic Studies 18 (1973), pp. 17-39 544
X Detailed Contents

33. ‘One Man or All Humanity? A Question in the

Anthropology of Genesis 1*
A. Brenner and W. van Henten (eds.), Recycling Biblical Figures
(Studies in Theology and Religion 1; Leiden: Deo, 1999), pp. 3-21 564
34. ‘Some Notes on ben “between” in Classical Hebrew*
Journal of Semitic Studies 23 (1978), pp. 1-22 578
35. ‘Hebrew 7?, Especially at Job i. 18 and Neh. vii.3*
Journal of Semitic Studies 27 (1982), pp. 177-88 596
36. ‘Why? in Biblical Hebrew*
Journal of Theological Studies 36 (1985), pp. 1-33 610
37. ‘Is Hebrew p “nest” a Metaphor?*
A. S. Kaye (ed.), Semitic Studies in Honour ofWolfLeslau on the
Occasion of his Eighty-fifth Birthday (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,
1991), pp. 150-61 641
38. ‘Hebrew Orthography and the Book of Job*
Journal of Semitic Studies 30 (1985), pp. 1-33 652
39. ‘Scope and Problems in the Semantics of Classical Hebrew*
Zeitschriftfur Althebraistik 6 (1993), pp. 3-14 679
40. ‘Hebrew Lexicography*
P. Fronzaroli (ed.), Studies on Semitic Lexicography (Quaderna di
Semitistica 2; Florence: Istituto di linguistica e di lingue oriental,
1973), pp. 103-26 694
41. ‘Hebrew Lexicography: Informal Thoughts*
Walter Bodine (ed.), Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew (Winona Lake:
Eisenbrauns, 1992), pp. 137-51 711
42. ‘Philology and Exegesis: Some General Remarks, with
Illustrations from Job*
Questions disputees dAncien Testament (Bibliotheca Ephemeridum
Theologicarum Lovaniensium 33, Leuven, 1974), pp. 39-61 725
43. ‘A Review of J. Yahuda, Hebrew is Greek*
Times Literary Supplement, 22 April 1983, p. 408 745
44. ‘A Review of L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Hebraisches und
aramdisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament^ parts 1 and 2*
Journal of Semitic Studies 13 (1968), pp. 260-67 and 20,
1975, pp. 236-41 751
 Detailed Contents

45. ‘A Review of E. UllendorfF, Is Biblical Hebrew a LanguageV

Journal of Semitic Studies 26 (1981), pp. 115-22
46. ‘A Review of J. Blau, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew’
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 41
(1978), pp. 362-6
LALAA
 Introduction to Volume III
JO H N BARTON

James Barr did not study Semitic languages for a degree: his degrees were in Clas­
sics and Divinity. Nor did he, in the narrow sense of the term, study linguistics.
This did not prevent him from having a magisterial command of the modern
linguistic field, as evidenced in his first book, The Semantics of Biblical Language,*
nor from becoming one of the worlds leading Semitists. George Caird recalled
how Barr was staying with him while learning Ethiopic, and commented that the
grammar seemed to stay in his pocket throughout, yet by the end of the stay he
knew the language. No doubt a great deal of hard work in fact went into Barrs
knowledge of so many languages, but his natural aptitude is obvious.
In this third volume are examples of Barr s sustained linguistic work on the
languages of the Bible and the surrounding world. This is an area in which he
contributed three major books. In Comparative Philology and the Text of the
Old Testament12 he discussed the trend, prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s, to
identify new’ Hebrew words on the basis of analogies in other Semitic lan­
guages, an approach especially associated with the work of G. R. Driver and
much in evidence in the New English Bible for which he was the Old Testament
editor. Barr was sceptical of this trend, while recognizing that it had a legiti­
mate though minor role in understanding the language of the Bible, and his
book offered a challenge to it rather similar to that which he posed to the ‘Bibli­
cal Theology Movement’ in The Semantics of Biblical Language. The relevance
of this work for modern biblical translation is obvious, and this was a topic that
much interested Barr, as can be seen from several of the essays reprinted here.
His concern for translation can also be seen in his work on the ancient ver­
sions of the Old Testament, and particularly the Septuagint, where in addition
to the articles here he wrote a major monograph, The Typology of Literalism
in Ancient Biblical Translations.3 Here as in the Semantics book and indeed

1 James Barr, The Semantics o f Biblical Language (London: Oxford University Press, 1961).
2 James Barr, Comparative Philology and the Text o f the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1968).
3 James Barr, The Typology o f Literalism in Ancient Biblical Translations (Gottingen: Vandenh-
oeck & Ruprecht, 1979).
2 Introduction

everywhere else his great emphasis is on the language of the Bible and its transla­
tions as normal human language, rather than a special ‘holy tongue with unique
rules, and he was interested in the mechanics of the making of ancient transla­
tions, drawing parallels with how other languages were translated in antiquity.
Since New Testament writers sometimes draw on Septuagintal usages, his work
had implications for New Testament as well as Old Testament study.
Barr was also interested in the transmission of the Hebrew Bible, and in matters
Massoretic, and published a book on The Variable Spellings of the Hebrew Bible4
based on his Schweich Lectures for 1986. He was concerned here primarily with
the variation between ‘full’ (plene) and ‘defective (defectivum) spellings of words,
that is, spellings with or without vowel letters, known traditionally as matres lec-
tionis. It is fair to say that very few scholars who can write convincingly on wide
questions of biblical interpretation and hermeneutics, as well as on general theol­
ogy, also have the expertise to operate at this microscopic level, and to do so in a
way that can command the interest of readers not themselves learned in this area.
Barr’s article, reprinted here, on the kethibh-qere question shows how broad a grasp
he had of the nature of the work of the Massoretes. Early in his time as Regius Pro­
fessor of Hebrew in Oxford I attended a course of lectures he gave on ‘Advanced
Hebrew Grammar’, and emerged with a wholly transformed understanding of just
how significant for our approach to the Hebrew Bible is a proper understanding
of the Massoretes. ‘Reading Scripts without Vowels is another classic piece, con­
fronting the reader as so often with what is ultimately a common-sense approach
to the practical question of how texts function when they provide such a reduced
registration of the language as is the case with non-vocalization—compare also
‘Vocalization and the Analysis of Hebrew among the Ancient Translators and the
explicitly titled paper ‘Common Sense and Biblical Language.
Some pieces here continue the attack on etymologization to be found in
the Semantics book: ‘Etymology and the Old Testament’ and ‘Limitations of
Etymology as a Lexicographical Instrument in Biblical Hebrew’. Though all
the papers here are significant, I would single out also ‘Determination and the
Definite Article in Biblical Hebrew’ as a distinguished contribution to a little-
discussed topic, the Hebrew definite article. There are also discussions of par­
ticular Hebrew words and roots which often have implications that go beyond
philology, such as in the piece on the Hebrew word adam, ‘man (‘One Man
or All Humanity? A Question in the Anthropology of Genesis 1’), as well as of
Greek terms used to render Hebrew words by the LXX translators.
In all his linguistic and textual work, Barr tried to connect biblical study with
the wider world of professional linguistics. Dialogue between linguists and bib­
lical scholars did not flourish in much of the 20th century; but where it did,
Barr’s influence was very often to be seen at work.

4 James Barr, The Variable Spellings o f the Hebrew Bible (Oxford: Oxford University Press for
the British Academy, 1989).
 Part I

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