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MIDDLE EAST TODAY

Political Islamists
in Turkey and the
Gülen Movement

Recep Dogan
 Middle East Today

Series Editors
Fawaz A. Gerges
Department of International Relations
London School of Economics
London, UK

Nader Hashemi
Center for Middle East Studies Josef Korbel School
of International Studies
University of Denver
Denver, CO, USA
The Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, and
the US invasion and occupation of Iraq have dramatically altered the
geopolitical landscape of the contemporary Middle East. The Arab
Spring uprisings have complicated this picture. This series puts forward
a critical body of first-rate scholarship that reflects the current political
and social realities of the region, focusing on original research about
contentious politics and social movements; political institutions; the role
played by non-governmental organizations such as Hamas, Hezbollah,
and the Muslim Brotherhood; and the Israeli-Palestine conflict. Other
themes of interest include Iran and Turkey as emerging pre-eminent
powers in the region, the former an ‘Islamic Republic’ and the latter an
emerging democracy currently governed by a party with Islamic roots;
the Gulf monarchies, their petrol economies and regional ambitions;
potential problems of nuclear proliferation in the region; and the chal-
lenges confronting the United States, Europe, and the United Nations in
the greater Middle East. The focus of the series is on general topics such
as social turmoil, war and revolution, international relations, occupation,
radicalism, democracy, human rights, and Islam as a political force in the
context of the modern Middle East.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14803
 Recep Dogan

Political Islamists
in Turkey
and the Gülen
Movement
Recep Dogan
Wisdom College
Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Middle East Today

ISBN 978-3-030-29756-5 ISBN 978-3-030-29757-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29757-2

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Preface

The Justice and Development Party (the AKP) and the Gülen movement
(aka Hizmet Movement) are religious groups that aim to serve Islam
and religious life. Both groups had a relationship for their mutual ben-
efit for a long time. The main issue in common for both groups was the
repression and restraining of the rigid secularists within the state institu-
tions and the military. Following the elimination of the ultra-­secularists
from the state apparatus, the positive relationship between the AKP and
the movement has turned into a brutal fight, especially after the cor-
ruption investigation against the AKP government and the members
of Erdogan’s family in 2013. This book aims to discuss the ideology of
political Islamists and its effects on religion and social life. Moreover, it
seeks to understand how and why the positive image of the Gülen move-
ment has been changed from a faith-inspired community to a “terrorist
organization” by the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his
ruling party, the AKP. Due to the great polarization, hatred and enmity
of the ruling Erdogan government against all members of the Gülen
movement and its huge effect on society, it has become a necessity to
analyze political Islam and its fight against the Gülen movement.
After decades of rigid secularist rule which constantly threatened the
Islamist parties as well as religious groups in Turkey, political power
was finally transferred to the political Islamist AKP, the Justice and
Development Party, in the 2002 general elections. Nevertheless, the
AKP’s Kemalist and secularist rivals in the judiciary, military, and vari-
ous parts of the state bureaucracy continued to challenge the party.

v
vi PREFACE

Thus, the Gülen Movement’s support was essential for the AKP to gain
control over the state institutions. For the Gülen Movement, aligning
with the ruling party was desirable too, because the success of politi-
cal Islamists enabled the Islamic civil society organizations, including
the movement, to grow rapidly with less interference from the secular-
ist elites, particularly during the first two terms of the AKP government.
Both groups cooperated in the Ergenekon and Sledgehammer (Balyoz)
trials to neutralize the tutelary capacity of the secularist military caste.
The strategic alliance peaked during the constitutional referendum of
September 12, 2010. Although it was easy for both groups to put aside
their differences in the ideologies when fighting the common enemy,
it was not easy for both to maintain their strategic alliance when the
Erdogan government exerted itself to bring all civil society organizations
into subjection. The alliance between the AKP and the Gülen movement
thus began to fall apart in 2011; it dramatically collapsed in 2013 and
finally evolved into an intense fight in the subsequent years.
Although the clash between the AKP and the Gülen movement is usu-
ally described as a power struggle within the state, this does not give the
full picture of the situation. The most powerful reason for the split of
the two groups from each other is directly related to their understanding
of Islam or, in other words, how each group interprets Islam in theory
and practice. The split between them is, in reality, the difference between
political Islam and civil Islam. While giving the history of relations
between the AKP and the Gülen movement, the book aims to explore
the reasons that caused a dramatic split between them. It also explains
human rights violations, restrictions on the media and the destruction of
democratic institutions in Erdogan’s “New Turkey” project. Moreover,
in order to help readers to better understand the difference between
Political Islam and civil Islam, the book explains the political theology
of each group. In this respect, political theologies of the AKP and the
Gülen movement are compared to each other in order to give a clear
picture of the differences between them. The book concludes with
how this fight would shape the future of Turkey as well as how it may
direct Muslims’ understanding of Islam when they adopt the ideology of
Political Islam or the ideology of civil Islam.

Brisbane, Australia Recep Dogan

 Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Political Islam 9

3 The Gülen Movement 41

4 From a Strategic Alliance to a Terrorist Organization:

The History of the Relationship Between AKP
and the Gülen Movement from 2001 to 2019 51

5 Turkey’s Future Direction Under Erdogan’s Regime 105

6 The Political Theology of Political Islamists of Turkey 141

7 The Political Theology of the Gülen Movement 177

8 Conclusion: Comparison of the Two Groups 215

Bibliography 229

Index 259

vii
 Abbreviations

Aramco The Saudi-American oil company

BDP Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party
CHP The Republican People’s Party
DP Democrat Party
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
ETÖ Ergenekon Terror Organization
EU European Union
FETÖ Gülenist Terror Organization
FP The Virtue Party
FRA Freedom Research Association
HSYK Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors
IHH The Turkish Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and
Humanitarian Relief
IMF The International Monetary Fund
KCK The Kurdistan Communities Union
MGK National Security Council
MHP The Nationalist Movement Party
MIT Turkish National Intelligence Agency
MNP The National Order Party
MSP The National Salvation Party
MÜSIAD The Independent Industrialists and Businessmen’s Association
NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPR National Public Radio
Oda TV Oda TV which was founded in 200 is an online news portal
based in Turkey

ix
x ABBREVIATIONS

OFAC The Office of Foreign Assets Control

PEJ The Equality and Justice Party in France
PKK The Kurdistan Workers’ Party
RP The Welfare Party
SP The Felicity Party
The AKP Adalet and Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party)
The DENK Dutch for “think” and Turkish for “equality”, self-styled
as DENK is a political party in The Netherlands that calls itself a
“movement”
The Diyanet Turkish Directory of Religious Affairs
The NBZ The Freedom Party of Austria is a right-wing populist, nation-
al-conservative political party in Austria
The UN The United Nations
The YÖK Council for Higher Education
TURGEV Youth Education and Service Foundation of Turkey
Türksat Turkish Satellite Communications Company
TUSKON The Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists
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 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1  Introduction
Islam has been interpreted in various ways by individuals since its birth
and Political Islam is one of its interpretations. Political Islam has a long
history, and Turkey’s Justice and Development Party—the AKP (Adalet
ve Kalkinma Partisi)—is a new face of it in the twenty-first century. The
main goals of writing this book are to define political Islam, especially
in the Turkish context with respect to the AKP, a political party which
has been in power in Turkey since 2002, and to try to understand the
nature of conflicts between the two Islamic groups: the AKP and the
Gülen Movement, a transnational social movement emerging originally
in Turkey in the early 1970s.
The Justice and Development Party (the AKP) and the Gülen
movement (aka Hizmet Movement) are religious groups that aim to
serve Islam and religious life. Both groups had a relationship for their
mutual benefit for a long time. The main issue in common for both
groups was the repression and restraining of the rigid secularists within
the state institutions and the military. Following the elimination of
the ultra-secularists from the state apparatus, the positive relationship
between the AKP and the movement has turned into a brutal fight, espe-
cially after the corruption investigation against the AKP government and
the members of Erdogan’s family in 2013. This book aims to discuss
the ideology of political Islamists and its effects on religion and social
life. Moreover, it seeks to understand how and why the positive image

© The Author(s) 2020 1

R. Dogan, Political Islamists in Turkey and the Gülen Movement,
Middle East Today, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29757-2_1
2 R. DOGAN

of the Gülen movement has been changed from a faith-inspired commu-

nity to a “terrorist organization” by the Turkish President Recep Tayyip
Erdogan and his ruling party, the AKP.
Although the Justice and Development Party (the AKP) has long
benefitted greatly from the valuable support of Fethullah Gülen and his
followers in the way of democratizing the state and its institutions, the
two groups have clearly separated from each other since the 2013 cor-
ruption scandals or perhaps a little earlier.1 This separation has created
a massive impact on practicing Muslims as well as on others. Due to the
great polarization, hatred and enmity of the ruling Erdogan govern-
ment against all members of the Gülen movement and its huge effect on
society, it has become a necessity to analyze political Islam and its fight
against the Gülen movement.
Fethullah Gülen and Recep Tayyip Erdogan have great influence on
Turkish people. Both use Islamic concepts to revive Islamic life in Turkey
and receive support from Muslims. Erdogan and AKP’s elite come from
the late Necmettin Erbakan’s2 National Outlook Movement3 (Milli
Görüş), the religiopolitical movement which seeks a religious revival
through the ideology of political Islam, whereas Fethullah Gülen aims
to promote civil Islam among different segments of society without seek-
ing to establish an Islamic state. Gülen refrained from partisan politics
and employed a gradualist approach focusing on a bottom-up spiritual
progress of society. Thus, the Gülen movement has invested its capital
and energy mostly in education and dialogue. In order to avoid confron-
tation with the secularist Turkish state, the movement stayed away from
political Islamists, including the National Outlook.
Looking back to its recent history, the National Outlook Movement
pursued a political path of forming political parties that would ultimately
establish an Islamic state much like the Muslim Brotherhood4 tried in
Egypt. Erbakan adopted a discourse infused with anti-Western and
antisecularist sentiments, thus experiencing military intervention several
times. Avoiding the mistakes of the past, the reformists led by Tayyip
Erdogan, Abdullah Gül, and Bülent Arınç, ultimately split from the
National Outlook Movement and formed the AKP on August 14, 2001.
After decades of rigid secularist rule which constantly threatened the
Islamist parties as well as religious groups in Turkey, political power
was finally transferred to the political Islamist AKP, the Justice and
Development Party, in the 2002 general elections. The ruling AKP has
increased its control over the government and consolidated its power
 1 INTRODUCTION 3

further in the succeeding years. At the beginning of its rule, Erdogan’s

AKP avoided direct confrontation with the secularist institutions. It
claimed to have changed, and described itself as a representative of
conservative democrats, rather than Islamists. Nevertheless, the AKP’s
Kemalist5 and secularist rivals in the judiciary, military, and various parts
of the state bureaucracy continued to challenge the party. Thus, the
Gülen Movement’s support was essential for the AKP to gain control
over the state institutions. For the Gülen Movement, aligning with the
ruling party was desirable too, because the success of political Islamists
enabled the Islamic civil society organizations, including the movement,
to grow rapidly with less interference from the secularist elites, particu-
larly during the first two terms of the AKP government. As a matter
of fact, Gülen and his followers had been treated negatively and sup-
pressed by the former secularist elites and the military caste, especially
in the aftermath of the frequent military interventions and post-modern
coups. They were subjected to many antidemocratic sanctions, accusa-
tions, and implementations by the secular state for decades. This harsh
attitude toward the movement was eased during the AKP rule until
2012. During the February 28, 1997 post-modern coup,6 a video which
leaked to the media showed that Gülen advised his sympathizers to cover
their religious identities; otherwise, they would be sacked by the secu-
larist state. In the lawsuit, opened in 2000 at the Ankara State Security
Court, Gülen was accused of undermining the secular order. The law-
suit described the Gülen movement as the strongest and most effective
Islamic group in Turkey which camouflages its methods with a demo-
cratic and moderate image. However, Gülen was cleared of all the accu-
sations through the process of the Turkish judiciary system. The Ankara
Criminal Court acquitted Fethullah Gülen of subverting the secular
regime in 2006.
Following the institution of European Union (EU)-oriented liberal
changes to the Counterterrorism Law on May 5, 2006, Gülen and the
movement he inspired were acquitted of the accusations. Similarly, the
AKP survived the military’s indirect intervention on April 27, 2007 with
the support of the Gülen Movement. Both groups cooperated in the
Ergenekon7 and Sledgehammer (Balyoz)8 trials to neutralize the tutelary
capacity of the secularist military caste. The strategic alliance peaked dur-
ing the constitutional referendum of September 12, 2010. This referen-
dum altered the composition of the judicial bodies and weakened the
power of the ultra-secularists in the judiciary. Gülen publicly encouraged
4 R. DOGAN

his sympathizers to cast affirmative votes in the referendum and in

return, Erdogan offered his gratitude to Gülen and the movement.
As a matter of fact, all three strongholds of the secular establishment
in the presidency, military, and judiciary were neutralized in 2010. As a
result, the movement was no longer an open target for the repression of
the secularist elites during the AKP rule and a grand alliance was formed
between them. After all the years of suffering from the suspicious, nega-
tive attitudes of the secularist and Kemalist elite, the movement enjoyed
the restoration of its honor through the glorification of the AKP elite.
Nevertheless, it did not last long. Indeed, it was a great opportunity for
the victims of secular oppression to have more power in the state and
public life. However, this was also the beginning of conflict between the
two groups and termination of the strategic alliance. Although it was
easy for both groups to put aside their differences in the ideologies when
fighting the common enemy, it was not easy for both to maintain their
strategic alliance when the Erdogan government exerted itself to bring
all civil society organizations into subjection. The alliance between the
AKP and the Gülen movement thus began to fall apart in 2011; it dra-
matically collapsed in 2013 and finally evolved into an intense fight in
the subsequent years.9
Each group attacked the other using the control they had gained over
particular state functions in the preceding years. The AKP used its con-
trol over the executive and legislative branches to subjugate the move-
ment; the sympathizers of the Gülen Movement contended against the
AKP through their connections in the bureaucracy. It seems the AKP
government neutralized the influence of the movement over the state
apparatus during its fight against it.
The differences in the ideology, worldview, and interpretation of
Islam have eventually caused a dramatic split between the movement and
the AKP. Familiarity breeds contempt: the dramatic differences in each
group came to be known and the split between them became an ines-
capable result. This separation turned into one of the fiercest political
battles in the history of Turkish politics.10 The conflict between these
two groups has many roots. At the ideological level, the most impor-
tant divergence is their approach to Islam for the AKP stems from the
Muslim Brotherhood tradition or the ideology of political Islam while
the Gülen Movement comes from a Sufi and Turkish brand of Islam
which has disdained from the Arab world’s Muslim Brotherhood
tradition.
 1 INTRODUCTION 5

Political Islamists see Erdogan as the leader of the Muslim world;

hence, they cannot tolerate Gülen sharing the same status with him.
Secondly, Erdogan wants to be the president with unrestricted power,
with no checks and balances. He is very ambitious to hold all power
in his own hands. He perceived Gülen and the movement he inspired
as rivals to his goal; thus, he declared them the arch enemy. Through
controlling the executive and legislative power in the state, the AKP has
been purging the followers of the movement from the state as well as
from the public sphere.
Although the clash between the AKP and the Gülen movement is usu-
ally described as a power struggle within the state, this does not give the
full picture of the situation. The most powerful reason for the split of
the two groups from each other is directly related to their understanding
of Islam or, in other words, how each group interprets Islam in theory
and practice. The split between them is, in reality, the difference between
political Islam and civil Islam. While giving the history of relations
between the AKP and the Gülen movement, the book aims to explore
the reasons that caused a dramatic split between them. It also explains
human rights violations, restrictions on the media and the destruction of
democratic institutions in Erdogan’s “New Turkey” project. Moreover,
in order to help readers to better understand the differences between
Political Islam and Civil Islam, the book explains the political theology
of each group. In this respect, political theologies of the AKP and the
Gülen movement are compared to each other in order to give a clear
picture of the differences between them. The book concludes with
how this fight would shape the future of Turkey as well as how it may
direct Muslims’ understanding of Islam when they adopt the ideology of
Political Islam or the ideology of civil Islam.

Notes
1. 
The 2004 National Security Council (MGK) document indicates that
Turkey’s ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party) agreed to a
planned crackdown on the movement. The MGK document asked the
government to develop an action plan to follow the MGK’s recom-
mendations and instructed the Prime Ministry’s Implementation and
Monitoring Coordination Council (BUTKK) to coordinate the minis-
tries and monitor whether the steps were being implemented. The MGK
decision urged the Foreign Ministry, Interior Ministry and National
6 R. DOGAN

Intelligence Organization (MIT) to closely monitor and report on the

activities of the Gülen movement at home and abroad. It advised the
government to instruct the Interior Ministry and Ministry of Education
to investigate and monitor schools affiliated with the Gülen move-
ment and report their activities to the Information Technologies and
Communications Authority (BTK). A termination plan on the Gülen
movement, which was drafted back in 2004, has been in action since
then.
2. Erbakan (29 October 1926–27 February 2011) was the founder of polit-
ical Islam and National Outlook Movement (Milli Görüş) in Turkey. He
was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 to 1997. He experienced
military interventions a few times and was later banned from politics by
the Constitutional Court of Turkey due to violating the separation of
religion and state. On the basis of National Outlook ideology, Erbakan
established several Islamic political parties in Turkey from the 1960s
to the 2010s, namely the National Order Party (MNP), the National
Salvation Party (MSP), the Welfare Party (RP), the Virtue Party (FP),
and the Felicity Party (SP). He died on 27 February 2011.
3. It is a religio-political movement founded by Necmettin Erbakan and a
series of Islamist parties inspired by its founder on the basis of the ideol-
ogy of political Islam.
4. It is s an Islamic organization that was founded in Egypt by Hassan
al-Banna 1928. The Muslim Brotherhood is an Islamist religious, polit-
ical, and social movement which aims implement Islamic sharia law into
government based on an Islamic ethos of altruism and civic duty, in
opposition to political and social injustice and to British imperial rule.
5. People who follow the ideology of Kemalism also known as Atatürkism.
Kemalism was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founding ideology
of the Republic of Turkey. Kemalism was a serious of reforms designed
to separate the new Turkish state from its Ottoman past and imple-
ment a western lifestyle, including the establishment of democracy and
secularism.
6. It refers to the decisions issued by the Turkish military leadership on a
National Security Council meeting on 28 February 1997 which initi-
ated the process that precipitated the resignation of Islamist prime min-
ister Necmettin Erbakan of the Welfare Party, and the end of his coalition
government.
7. It is a mythical place located in the inaccessible valleys of the Altay
Mountains. The name was given to an alleged clandestine, secularist
ultra-nationalist organization in Turkey with possible ties to members
of the country’s military and security forces. It was accused of terrorism
in Turkey. It is believed to be a part of the deep state in Turkey which
 1 INTRODUCTION 7

alleged members had been indicted on charges of plotting to foment

unrest, by assassinating intellectuals, politicians, judges, military staff,
and religious leaders, with the ultimate goal of toppling the incumbent
government.
8. It is the name of an alleged Turkish secularist military coup plan dating
back to 2003, in response to the Justice and Development Party (AKP)
gaining office.
9. Demiralp, Seda, “The Breaking Up of Turkey’s Islamic Alliance: The Akp-
Gulen Conflict and Implications for Middle East Studies,” Middle East
Review of International Affairs 20, no. 1 (2016): 1–7.
10. Gursel, Kadri, “AKP-Cemaat Savasinda Neyi Savunmalıyız?” (What
Should We Defend in the AKP-Cemaat War?), Milliyet, December 8,
2013, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/kadri-gursel/akp-cemaat-
savasinda-neyi-savunmaliyiz--1804154/.
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 2: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 15: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 16: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 17: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 19: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Topic 3: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 21: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 22: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 4: Historical development and evolution
Example 30: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 5: Key terms and definitions
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 47: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 49: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 6: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 56: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 66: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 68: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Abstract 8: Ethical considerations and implications
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 71: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 72: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 79: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
Example 80: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 88: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 89: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 10: Literature review and discussion
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 91: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 92: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 94: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 99: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 11: Study tips and learning strategies
Example 100: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 103: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Module 12: Key terms and definitions
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 111: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 118: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 13: Best practices and recommendations
Example 120: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 121: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 122: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 124: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 126: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 127: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 128: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 129: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 14: Theoretical framework and methodology
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 132: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 133: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 138: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 139: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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