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Developing Sustainable
Agriculture in Pakistan
Developing Sustainable
Agriculture in Pakistan

Edited by
Iqrar Ahmad Khan
Muhammad Sarwar Khan
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8153-6653-9 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Khan, Iqrar A. (Iqrar Ahmad), author. | Khan, Muhammad Sarwar, author.
Title: Developing sustainable agriculture in Pakistan / authors: Iqrar Ahmad
Khan and Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018001401 | ISBN 9780815366539 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable agriculture--Pakistan.
Classification: LCC S471.P18 K436 2018 | DDC 338.1095491--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018001401

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Editors................................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors.................................................................................................................................... xiii

Chapter 1 Planning for Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan.........................................................1

Iqrar Ahmad Khan and Muhammad Sarwar Khan

Section I  Natural Resources and Input Supplies

Chapter 2 Land Use in Pakistan.................................................................................................. 33

Muhammad Tahir and Tasneem Khaliq

Chapter 3 Water: Issues and Remedies........................................................................................ 59

Allah Bakhsh and Muhammad Adnan Shahid

Chapter 4 Rural Energy Solutions for Community Development............................................... 81

Anjum Munir, Allah Bakhsh, Abdul Ghafoor, Waseem Amjad, and Umar Farooq

Chapter 5 Environmental Degradation and Remedial Strategies................................................ 89

Haroon Rashid and Abdul Nasir

Chapter 6 Land Degradation: Problems and Remedies...............................................................97

Zahir Ahmad Zahir, Maqshoof Ahmad, and Ghulam Murtaza

Chapter 7 Canal Operation through Management Information System.................................... 109

Muhammad Arshad, Riaz Ahmad, and Muhammad Usman

Chapter 8 Precision Agriculture and ICT: Future Farming....................................................... 125

Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema, Hafiz Sultan Mahmood,
M. Ahsan Latif, and Ahmad Kamal Nasir

Chapter 9 Farm Services............................................................................................................ 137

Asghar Ali, Sarfraz Hassan, and Abdul Ghafoor

Chapter 10 Input Supplies: Production of Quality Seeds............................................................ 177

Muhammad Sarwar Khan and Faiz Ahmad Joyia

v
vi Contents

Chapter 11 Fertilizers and Gypsum............................................................................................. 185

Javaid Akhtar, Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Rashid, Ghulam Murtaza,
and Muhammad Aamer Maqsood

Chapter 12 Input Supplies: The Starring Role of Pesticide Inputs in Agricultural

Productivity and Food Security................................................................................209
Muhammad Jalal Arif, Muhammad Dildar Gogi, Ahmad Nawaz,
Muhammad Sufyan, Rashad Rasool Khan, and Muhammad Arshad

Section II  Crop Production and Health

Chapter 13 Climate Change and Agriculture.............................................................................. 245

Ashfaq Ahmad and Khalid Hussain

Chapter 14 Treatment and Management of Low Quality Water for Irrigation............................ 267
Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Aamer Maqsood,
and Abdul Ghafoor

Chapter 15 Stagnant Yields.......................................................................................................... 283

Abdul Khaliq, Amir Shakeel, Muhammad Kashif, and Ghulam Mustafa

Chapter 16 Crop Diversification.................................................................................................. 311

Shahzad M. A. Basra, Maqsood Hussain, Abdul Wahid, and Muhammad Farooq

Chapter 17 High Value Horticultural Crops................................................................................ 341

Iftikhar Ahmad, Saeed Ahmad, Khurram Ziaf, M. Muzammil Jahangir,
and Raheel Anwar

Chapter 18 Forestry and Range Management in Pakistan: Present Potential and Way
Forward..................................................................................................................... 359
Muhammad T. Siddiqui, Muhammad F. Nawaz, Rashid A. Khan,
and Zahoor H. Khan

Chapter 19 Biotechnology and GM Crops................................................................................... 375

Muhammad Sarwar Khan and Faiz Ahmad Joyia

Chapter 20 Plant Diseases of Major Crops and the Way Forward for Their Management......... 389
Muhammad Amjad Ali, Amjad Abbas, Muhammad Atiq, Nasir Ahmad Rajput,
Khalid Naveed, and Nazir Javed
Contents vii

Chapter 21 Trends in Sustainable Management of Emerging Insect Pests................................. 417

Muhammad Jalal Arif, Waqas Wakil, Muhammad Dildar Gogi,
Rashad Rasool Khan, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Sufyan,
Ahmad Nawaz, Abid Ali, and Shahid Majeed

Chapter 22 Status of Pesticides and Their Alternatives for Crop Sustainability in Pakistan...... 485
Amjad Abbas, Muhammad Amjad Ali, Arbab Ahmad, Safdar Ali, Amer Habib,
Luqman Amrao, and Abdul Rehman

Section III  Animal Production and Health

Chapter 23 Livestock Production: Status and Policy Options..................................................... 505

M. Sajjad Khan, S. A. Bhatti, S. H. Raza, M. S. Rehman, and F. Hassan

Chapter 24 Poultry Production: Status, Issues, and Future Prospect.......................................... 525

Pervez Akhtar, Umar Farooq, and M. Sajjad Khan

Chapter 25 Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture in Pakistan.......................................................... 543

Muhammad Javed and Khalid Abbas

Chapter 26 Livestock and Poultry Health: Issues and Way Forward......................................... 561
M. Tariq Javed, Ghulam Muhammad, Nazir Ahmad, Laeeq Akbar Lodhi,
Zafar Iqbal, Sajjad-ur-Rahman, Ahmad Din Anjum, Faqir Muhammad,
Zafar Iqbal Qureshi, Muhammad Sohail Sajid, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi,
Farah Deeba, Bilal Aslam, Aisha Khatoon, Muhammad Imran,
Muhammad Imran Arshad, and Rizwan Aslam

Chapter 27 Malnutrition in Children and One Health................................................................. 595

Mian Kamran Sharif, Masood Sadiq Butt, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi,
and Muhammad Imran Arshad

Section IV Agricultural Incentives for Farmers

Chapter 28 Gender Dimensions of Agriculture: Status, Trends, and Gap................................... 613

Farkhanda Anjum, Muhammad Iqbal Zafar, Kanwal Asghar, and Ayesha Riaz

Chapter 29 Population Planning and Labor in Pakistan.............................................................. 635

A. A. Maan, Izhar A. Khan, and N. Farah
viii Contents

Chapter 30 Rural Poverty............................................................................................................. 659

Saria Akhtar, Muhammad Iqbal Zafar, Shabbir Ahmad, and Naima Nawaz

Chapter 31 Rural–Urban Migration............................................................................................. 687

N. Farah, Izhar A. Khan, and A. A. Maan

Chapter 32 Rural Development.................................................................................................... 703

Tanvir Ali, Babar Shahbaz, Muhammad Iftikhtar, Ijaz Ashraf, Shoukat Ali,
Ghazanfar Ali Khan, Aqeela Saghir, and Muhammad Saleem Mohsin

Chapter 33 Outreach and Social Mobilization: Challenges and Opportunities.......................... 731

Munir Ahmad, Babar Shahbaz, and Mahmood Ahmad Randhawa

Chapter 34 Fiscal Policy in Agriculture...................................................................................... 751

Tahira Sadaf, Muhammad Ashfaq, Rakhshanda Kousar, and Qaisar Abbas

Chapter 35 Agricultural Credit and Cooperation........................................................................ 785

Khalid Mushtaq and M. Khalid Bashir

Chapter 36 Agricultural Marketing.............................................................................................809

Abdul Ghafoor and Hammad Badar

Chapter 37 Regional Trade: Pakistan’s Perspective..................................................................... 833

Burhan Ahmad, Abdul Ghafoor, and Asif Maqbool

Chapter 38 Value Addition........................................................................................................... 857

Moazzam R. Khan, Aamir Shehzad, Aysha Sameen, and Masood Sadiq Butt

Index............................................................................................................................................... 883
Preface
The history of agriculture is the history of humans breeding seeds and animals to produce traits they
desire in their crops and livestock. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economy and development
of Pakistan. It contributes to about 21% of the total GDP and employs nearly 46% of the labor force
of Pakistan. However, agriculture production is compromised due to fixed cropping patterns, reliance
on a few major crops, narrow genetic pools, and the changing climate. This demands a holistic
approach to develop agriculture and to improve the livelihood of the rural populace. This book
provides critical analyses of present trends, inadequacies in agriculture, strategic planning, and ways
forward to improve programs and policies keeping in view the natural resources, agriculture (crops
and animals) production technologies, input supplies, population planning, migration and poverty,
and balanced policies on finance, credit, marketing, and trade.
Developing Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan consists of 38 chapters subdivided into four
sections. The flow of chapters in the book is strategically organized to allow for easy reading. It begins
with Chapter 1 “Planning for Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan” in which Drs. Iqrar Ahmad Khan
and Muhammad Sarwar Khan comprehensively provide an overview of the latest approaches which
could be used to develop sustainable agriculture. Section I (Natural Resources and Input Supplies)
begins with Chapter 2, in which Drs. Tahir and Khaliq explain precisely how production factors can
be exploited to improve agriculture. In Chapters 3 and 4, Dr. Allah Bukhsh and his team stress upon
the necessity of developing water reservoirs to meet ever-increasing requirements for irrigation while
exploring the potential of renewable energy sources. In Chapter 5, Drs. Rashid and Nasir discuss
environmental degradation and its remedial measures. Dr. Zahir and his colleagues, in Chapter 6, have
proposed a number of remedies against factors which cause depletion of soil fertility and decrease
productivity. In Chapter 7, Drs. Arshad and Ahmad discuss facts concerning the irrigation system of
Pakistan, whereas Dr. Cheema and colleagues, in Chapter 8, describe ICT-based precision agriculture
for increased farm productivity and decreased adverse environmental impacts. In Chapters 9–12, Drs.
Ali, Khan, Akhtar, Arif, and their colleagues describe the current status and provision of services to
farmers for increasing agricultural productivity and improving their livelihood.
Section II (Crop Production Technologies) consists of ten chapters (i.e., Chapters 13 through 22).
In Chapter 13, Drs. Ahmad and Husain provide a comprehensive account of climate change and
its effects on agriculture. Dr. Murtaza and his colleagues discuss the treatment and management
options of low quality waters in Chapter 14, and suggest that changes be brought about in policies
for significant improvement and sustainability of crop husbandry. In Chapter 15, Dr. Khaliq and
his colleagues discuss production trends, constraints in productivity, and have suggested a way
forward for crops of economic significance. In Chapter 16, Dr. Basra and his colleagues stress upon
the use of crop rotation and diversification and also suggest introducing new crops in the cropping
pattern. In Chapter 17, Dr. Ahmad and his colleagues propose growing high-value horticultural
plants including wild-type medicinal plants to improve the pharmaceutical industry. Dr. Siddiqui
and his colleagues, in Chapter 18, propose strategies to improve productivity on a sustainable basis
while discussing forests and rangeland management issues. In Chapter 19, Drs. Khan and Joyia
elaborate on how biotechnology plays a pivotal role in developing GM plants, which are designed
to address emerging problems of insects, pests, and diseases under changing climatic conditions. In
Chapters 20–22, three teams of authors discuss devastating diseases, insects, and the different uses
of methods to combat them.
Section III (Animal Production and Health) is comprised of five chapters (i.e., Chapters 23 through
27). In Chapter 23, Dr. Khan and his colleagues give an insight into problems and solutions related
to livestock production, public and private ownership of commodities, and markets. In Chapter 24,
Dr. Akhtar and colleagues discuss problems related to the poultry industry. Drs. Javed and Abbas
discuss in Chapter 25 how capacity building and integration of new techniques are important for

ix
x Preface

sustainable aquaculture and fisheries in Pakistan. In Chapter 26, Dr. Javed and his colleagues offer
a lengthy discussion on the developments and issues related to the livestock and poultry industry
and propose suggestions for improvement and value addition to the products of both industries. In
Chapter 27, Dr. Sharif and colleagues highlight the problems of malnutrition in children and—
considering the severity of the issue—suggest various strategies to alleviate the problem such as
school health, nutrition programs, diet diversification, targeted food fortification, nutrition education,
and a “one health” approach.
Section IV (Agricultural Incentives for Farmers) consists of eleven chapters. Chapter 28, by
Dr. Anjum et al., illustrates the need for gender equality and women’s empowerment in different
agricultural sectors and classifies the means for improving the economic impact of women’s work
in agriculture, as well as for enhancing food security and sustenance. In Chapter 29, Dr. Maan and
colleagues give a SWOT analysis of the five years population plans and suggest improvements to the
quality of schools—through improved curricula and staffing with competent teachers—to reduce the
dropout rates of female students. In Chapter 30, Dr. Akhtar and colleagues suggest that reducing the
reliance upon foreign debts may result in poverty alleviation in Pakistan. Dr. Farah et al. examine in
Chapter 31 the rural–urban migration in Pakistan and suggest effective steps to manage and curb the
increasing trend of internal migration. In Chapter 32, Dr. Ali and his team present a critical review
of various rural development programs carried out in Pakistan while discussing the highlights of the
success story of rural development in South Korea. In Chapter 33, Dr. Ahmad and colleagues describe
various challenges confronting the outreach and agricultural extension system in Pakistan. They also
refer to social mobilization while emphasizing various opportunities for improvements. In Chapter 34,
Dr. Sadaf and her colleagues discuss the future perspectives for Pakistani agricultural price policies
in the light of regional and international policies, whereas Drs. Mushtaq and Bashir present the pros
and cons of agricultural credit and agricultural cooperatives in Chapter 35 and suggest changes for
traditional cooperatives—keeping in view the global economic situation. In Chapter 36, Dr. Ghafoor
and colleagues suggest how different initiatives could improve the agricultural marketing system in
Pakistan. In Chapter 37, Dr. Ahmad and colleagues, while examining the bilateral trade relations of
Pakistan in the region, comment on the fact that value addition in agricultural products is the limiting
factor of trade with other countries. In the last chapter, Dr. Khan and colleagues stress upon the need
for increasing the production of value-added products through improved supply-chain management,
production of innovative nutrient dense foods, and improved storage conditions.
Agriculture is an interdisciplinary endeavor; therefore, it is difficult to cover all aspects of this
subject in a single book. The editors of this book are conscious of the fact that there is considerable
scope for increasing agricultural productivity by incorporating modern technologies. This is
only possible if the farmers have the means necessary and access to credit and free markets. The
development of markets where farmers can sell their commodities will directly improve their
lives. In this book, we have tried our best to provide a critical overview of the latest trends and
future perspectives in agriculture. We hope this book will be a worthwhile resource of up-to-date
information for different stakeholders, including policy makers. We also welcome your suggestions,
which may help us improve the next edition.

Iqrar Ahmad Khan, PhD

Muhammad Sarwar Khan, PhD
Editors
Iqrar Ahmad Khan has had a long career in education and agriculture
and earned his PhD from the University of California, Riverside. He is
currently serving as vice chancellor of the University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan (since 2008). Dr. Khan has supervised more
than 100 graduate students and researchers. Dr. Khan has established
a center of agricultural biotechnology and has co-founded a DAAD-
sponsored “International Center for Decent Work and Development”
(ICDD). He has also helped in establishing a USAID-funded Center of
Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, as well as a French
Learning Center and the Chinese Confucius Institute. He has organized
numerous international conferences and established academic linkages
across continents. Dr. Kahn has also released a potato variety (PARS-70), pioneered research on
breeding seedless Kinnow, and discovered new botanical varieties of wheat. Dr. Khan has initiated
an internationally acclaimed program to solve the devastating problem of Witches’ Broom Disease
of lime in Oman. He is currently leading international projects to combat citrus greening disease and
mango sudden death. He has published more than 270 articles, five books, and several book chapters.
Dr. Khan has the diplomatic skills to attract international partnerships and establish academic
linkages in such countries as Afghanistan, Australia, South Korea, China, Germany, France,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Turkey, Iran, India, Oman, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
He has managed collaborative research projects sponsored by national and international agencies.
Dr. Khan is a fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and a member of several professional
societies and associations. He has been the recipient of a civil award, Sitara-e-Imtiaz, from the
government of Pakistan in recognition for his outstanding contributions to the areas of agriculture
and food security. Recently, he has also been awarded the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (with the
grade of Officer) by the French government for his exceptional role as educator.

Muhammad Sarwar Khan has a vibrant career in agriculture,

education, and biotechnology and has earned his PhD from the
University of Cambridge, UK. The Rockefeller Foundation awarded
him a prestigious fellowship under the Rice Biotechnology Program for
Developing Countries to carry out research at the Waksman Institute
of Microbiology, Rutgers, at the State University of New Jersey. His
findings—a research of first-of-its-kind—was published in Nature
Biotechnology. Dr. Khan was appointed as national coordinator to
train “A” and “FSc” level students by holding training camps across
Pakistan to compete for medals in the International Biology Olympiads.
He served as the founding head of Biotech Interdisciplinary Division
at NIBGE, and is currently serving as the director of the Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and
Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Khan has supervised more than 100 PhD candidates, MPhil students, and researchers who
are now serving at national and international levels in various research institutes and universities.
He has vastly published in high impact journals, including Nature and Nature Biotechnology, and
is the author of a number of book chapters and books. Dr. Khan has made significant contributions
in the field of agricultural biotechnology. He has developed transgenic sugarcane resistant to top
borers and tolerant to herbicides, which was approved by the National Biosafety Committee (NBC)
for field trials in 2006–2007. This was the first proposal of endogenously developed GM plants

xi
xii Editors

approved by the NBC in Pakistan. Dr. Khan has also pioneered plastid transformation in rice and
sugarcane, recalcitrant plant species. He has also knocked out a number of genes from the chloroplast
genome of higher plants to assign functions. His current research interests include development of
edible-marker-carrying transgenics and cost-effective therapeutics and edible vaccines for animals.
Dr. Khan has received prestigious awards, including the President’s Medal for Technology, a Gold
Medal in Agriculture from the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, a Performance Gold Medal by
NIBGE, the Biotechnologist of the Year Award by the National Commission of Biotechnology,
and the Best University Teacher Award by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. He is
also a fellow of the Cambridge Commonwealth society, the Cambridge Philosophical Society, the
Rockefeller Foundation, the Pakistan Botanical Society, and the International Association for Plant
Biotechnology.
In addition to contributing to innovations in the field of agricultural science, Dr. Khan has served
in different senior positions of the Social Safety Net Program of the Government of Pakistan—
supported by international donors, including the World Bank—to contribute towards poverty
alleviation. During his service there, a number of social protection special initiatives were undertaken
to help underprivileged people in Pakistan, especially women for their empowerment.
Contributors
Amjad Abbas Nazir Ahmad
Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science
University of Agriculture University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan
Khalid Abbas Riaz Ahmad
Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries PMIU
University of Agriculture Punjab Irrigation Department
Faisalabad, Pakistan Lahore, Pakistan

Qaisar Abbas Saeed Ahmad

Institution of Agricultural and Resource Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Economics University of Agriculture
Faculty of Social Sciences Faisalabad, Pakistan
University of Agriculture
Shabbir Ahmad
Faisalabad, Pakistan
University of Agriculture
Arbab Ahmad Sub Campus Burewala-Vehari
Department of Plant Pathology Burewala, Pakistan
University of Agriculture Javaid Akhtar
Faisalabad, Pakistan Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences
Ashfaq Ahmad University of Agriculture
Department of Agronomy Faisalabad, Pakistan
University of Agriculture Pervez Akhtar
Faisalabad, Pakistan University of Agriculture
Burhan Ahmad Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh
Institute of Business Management Sciences Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan
University of Agriculture Saria Akhtar
Faisalabad, Pakistan Department of Rural Sociology
University of Agriculture
Iftikhar Ahmad
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Institute of Horticultural Sciences
University of Agriculture Abid Ali
Faisalabad, Pakistan Department of Entomology
University of Agriculture
Maqshoof Ahmad
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Department of Soil Science
University College of Agriculture and Muhammad Amjad Ali
Environmental Sciences Department of Plant Pathology
Islamia University of Bahawalapur University of Agriculture
Bahawalapur, Punjab, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan
Munir Ahmad Asghar Ali
Institute of Agriculture Extension and Rural Institute of Agricultural and Resource
Development Economics
University of Agriculture University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan

xiii
xiv Contributors

Safdar Ali Muhammad Imran Arshad

Department of Plant Pathology Institute of Microbiology
University of Agriculture Faculty of Veterinary Science
Faisalabad, Pakistan University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Shoukat Ali
Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Kanwal Asghar
Development Department of Rural Sociology
University of Agriculture University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan

Muhammad Ashfaq
Tanvir Ali
Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics
Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural
Faculty of Social Sciences
Development
University of Agriculture
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Ijaz Ashraf
Waseem Amjad Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural
Department of Energy Systems Engineering Development
University of Agriculture University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan

Luqman Amrao Bilal Aslam

Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science
University of Agriculture University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan

Rizwan Aslam
Ahmad Din Anjum
Faculty of Veterinary Science
Faculty of Veterinary Science
University of Agriculture
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Atiq
Farkhanda Anjum
Department of Plant Pathology
Department of Rural Sociology
University of Agriculture
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Hammad Badar
Raheel Anwar Institute of Business Management Sciences
Infstitute of Horticultural Sciences University of Agriculture
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Allah Bakhsh
Muhammad Jalal Arif Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Department of Entomology University of Agriculture
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. Khalid Bashir
Muhammad Arshad Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Faculty of Social Sciences
University of Agriculture University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan
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