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P. K. Paul
Amitava Choudhury
Arindam Biswas
Binod Kumar Singh Editors

Environmental
Informatics
Challenges and Solutions
Environmental Informatics
P. K. Paul · Amitava Choudhury · Arindam Biswas ·
Binod Kumar Singh
Editors

Environmental Informatics
Challenges and Solutions
Editors
P. K. Paul Amitava Choudhury
Department of Computer and Information School of Computer Science
Sciences University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
Raiganj University Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Raiganj, West Bengal, India
Binod Kumar Singh
Arindam Biswas Department of Computer Science
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
School of Mines and Metallurgy National Institute of Technology
Kazi Nazrul University Jamshedpur
Berhampore, West Bengal, India Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India

ISBN 978-981-19-2082-0 ISBN 978-981-19-2083-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2083-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022
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the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
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Singapore
Preface

Environment is the aspect for everyone and important part of the society. Envi-
ronmental Informatics is simply the utilizations and applications of Information
Technology in Environment and Ecological Management. Environment is the major
concerns not only for the individual but also for the organizations, institutions, and
enterprises. Advanced tools and technologies are considered important in different
environmental activities including environmental pollution. Today we all are getting
benefits and support of the emerging technologies, and in this context, ICT applica-
tions in environment and ecology are considered as worthy. Technologists and scien-
tists are engaged in healthy design and development along with implementation of
environmental-friendly system for sustainable society. Environmental Informatics is
a subfield of informatics which is dedicated in manual and computational environ-
mental information systems. Informatics is board and interdisciplinary in nature and
may be concentrated in different domain-based and functional areas. Domain-based
Informatics may be restricted in the areas of biological science, social science, and
pure science. Energy consumption is an important concern of Environment Infor-
matics; therefore, energy informatics or environmental computing is also considered
as similar area. Furthermore, Environmental Informatics may also known as
• Environmental information management
• Environmental information systems
• Sustainable computing
• Energy informatics.
In many countries, Environmental Informatics becomes a subject of study,
research, and training and known as environmental information science. The latest
applications of the computing, technologies, IT, and informatics principles in envi-
ronmental aspects enriching Environmental Informatics for the support of environ-
mental management, environmental systems and engineering, sustainable computing
practice, etc. Environmental Informatics as a branch Informatics evolved first, and
gradually, it is also known as environmental information technology and environ-
mental information systems. Ecological informatics, forest informatics, irrigation
informatics, geo-informatics, biodiversity informatics, etc., are also considered as

v
vi Preface

valuable in healthy Environmental Informatics practice. Different sub-technologies

of IT, viz. artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data, Internet of things (IoT),
edge and fog computing, robotics, and ML. Even some of the emerging information
systems areas are also important in sophisticated environmental systems manage-
ment. The effective and smarter ecological systems are worthy in advanced sustain-
able ecological practices using ICT. Speed, better monitoring, and management are
considered as vital in promotion of the ICT in ecology and environmental practices.
Governmental agencies, organizations, and scientific foundations are highly engaged
in incorporation of environmental technological practices in recent past. This book is
a comprehensive overview in environmental information science; therefore, it deals
with the foundation topics, including basic and latest technologies applicable in envi-
ronment and ecological systems. This research-based book, therefore, can be suitable
for the readers interested in gathering knowledge of the following.
• Environmental Informatics with basics including applications using emerging
technologies
• Role of ICCT underlying technologies in environmental and ecological manage-
ment
• Green computing for business
• Green information centres and allied foundations
• Social and economic impact of artificial intelligence-based environmental
• E-waste in AI and digital healthcare context
• Smart energy conservation in irrigation management
• Artificial intelligence in agricultural system
• Advances and applications of bioremediation
• Internet of things (IoT) and drone applications in environmental systems
• Li-Fi-based energy-efficient traffic sensing and controlling system management
• Geospatial technologies and systems in water systems
• Automated geoprocessing model.
In summary, Environmental Informatics consists various technologies, tools,
users, consumers, or data centre professionals. In better Environmental Informatics
practice, some of the concerns may be important like cost effectiveness, energy and
star rating, less power consumption and releases less carbon emission, less toxic mate-
rial, and other harmful chemical, etc. Green informatics can also be suitable in general
or manual documentation practice to current technology-based information systems
management everywhere. Green information systems may be implemented. Envi-
ronmental Informatics as a whole partially supported to the geo-informatics, forest
management, and agriculture informatics to the enhanced, smarter, and sustainable
ecological systems.

Raiganj, India P. K. Paul

Gandhinagar, India Amitava Choudhury
Asansol, India Arindam Biswas
Jamshedpur, India Binod Kumar Singh
Contents

1 Environmental Informatics: Basics, Nature, and Applications

Using Emerging Technologies with Reference to Issues
and Potentialities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
P. K. Paul
2 Exploring the Role of ICCT Underlying Technologies
in Environmental and Ecological Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
P. S. Aithal and Shubhrajyotsna Aithal
3 The Practice of Green Computing for Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Abdool Qaiyum Mohabuth
4 Green Information Centres and Allied Foundations: The
Concern of Environmental Information and Documentation
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Sarmistha Chowdhury, K. S. Tiwary, and Jayati Lahiri Dey
5 A Study on the Social and Economic Impact of Artificial
Intelligence-Based Environmental Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Paramita Bhattacharjee, Ajitesh Moy Ghosh, and Pabak Indu
6 AI in Waste Management: The Savage of Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Sharda Bharti, Shourat Fatma, and Vinay Kumar
7 Smart Energy Conservation in Irrigation Management
for Greenhouse Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
T. George Princess, E. Poovammal, and G. Kothai
8 Role of Artificial Intelligence and IoT in Environmental
Monitoring—A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
S. Karkuzhali and S. Senthilkumar
9 E-Waste Management in Digital Healthcare System
and Sustainability Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Abhijit Bandyopadhyay, Ritam Chatterjee, and Nilanjan Das

vii
viii Contents

10 Advances and Applications of Bioremediation: Network

of Omics, System Biology, Gene Editing and Nanotechnology . . . . . . 167
Rohit Chakraborty, Sahita Karmakar, and Waliza Ansar
11 Internet of Things (IoT): Emphasizing Its Applications
and Emergence in Environmental Management—The
Profound Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Mustafa Kayyali
12 LiFi-Based Energy-Efficient Traffic Sensing and Controlling
System Management for Smart City Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Abhinandan Sarkar, Rajdeep Chakraborty, and Hoimanti Dutta
13 Technology-Based Management and Monitoring System
to Combat COVID-19: An Environmental Disaster
of the Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Sandeep Poddar
14 Drone Applications in Wildlife Research—A Synoptic Review . . . . . 237
Subhendu Mazumdar
15 An Integrated Application of AHP and GIS-Based
Model to Identify the Waterlogged Zones Susceptible
for Water-Borne Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Pranay Paul and Rumki Sarkar
16 An Automated Geoprocessing Model for Accuracy Assessment
in Various Interpolation Methods for Groundwater Quality . . . . . . . 285
Baskaran Venkatesh and M. A. M. Mannar Thippu Sulthan
About the Editors

Dr. P. K. Paul (Ph.D. IIEST Shibpur, PDFC-Environmental Informatics), working

as Executive Director, MCIS and Assistant Professor, Department of Computer
and Information Sciences, and also holds Information Scientist Position at Raiganj
University, West Bengal, India. Additionally, he is also holding the Position of
Honorary Professor, Logos University International, Louisiana, USA, and Chief
Advisor (Innovative Program and Research Planning), Srinivas University, India.
He has credited over 25 authored and edited books in diverse areas and focused
on emerging and interdisciplinary information science. Further, he has about 200+
research/policy papers on cloud computing applications in information science,
green computing or green IT in information field, I-schools aspects/usability engi-
neering/information science educational aspects, etc. He is Chief Editor of IJASE,
New Delhi, India, Chief Editor, IRA International Journal of Management and Social
Sciences, and Chief Editor of IJISC, New Delhi, India. He is also involved as Edito-
rial Board Member of more than 130 National and International Journals in diverse
fields. He has completed many invited talk, viz. SRM University, Sikkim University,
VIT University, Srinivas University, Mangalore University, TCG Digital, CloudNet,
India. He has the track record of associating more than 200 international conferences
as TPC, advisory committee, speakers, and in organizing body. Among his awards,
few important are Best Researcher Award in Information Sciences (from IARA,
Trichy), Best Faculty Award from IARA, David Clark Blair Young Scientist Award
in Computer & Information Science (from BSS, India), International Young Scien-
tist Award (from ISROSET) in Health Informatics, Citation Award (from Sri Sai
University), Distinguished Young Information Science & Computing Academician
in Asia from IRDP, Asian Information Science and Technology Ambassador Award-
19, International Social Informatics and Digital Society Think Tank Award-2020,
etc.

Dr. Amitava Choudhury working as Assistant Professor in the Department of

Computer Science and Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University Gand-
hinagar, Gujarat, India. He did his Ph.D. from India Institute of Engineering Science

ix
x About the Editors

and Technology, Shibpur, India, and Master of Technology from Jadavpur Univer-
sity, Kolkata, India. He has more than nine years of experience in teaching and
two years in research work. He serves as Reviewer of IEEE biomedical Transac-
tion and Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. He is Member of the
IEEE, UP section, and Institute of Engineers, India. His area of research interest is
computational geometry in the field of micromechanical modelling, pattern recog-
nition, character recognition, and machine learning. Currently, he is associated with
cluster computing, as Guest Editor. His areas of research interest are computational
geometry in the field of micromechanical modelling, pattern recognition, character
recognition, and machine learning.

Dr. Arindam Biswas received his M.Tech. degree in Radio Physics and Electronics
from University of Calcutta, India, in 2010 and Ph.D. from NIT Durgapur in 2013.
He was Postdoctoral Researcher at Pusan National University, South Korea, with
prestigious BK21PLUS Fellowship, Republic of Korea. He got Visiting Professor at
Research Institute of Electronics, Shizouka University, Japan. He has been selected
for IE (I) Young Engineer Award: 2019-20 in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering discipline, Institute of Engineers, India. He has 12 years of experience in
teaching research and administration. Presently, he is working as Associate Professor
in School of Mines and Metallurgy at KaziNazrul University, Asansol, WB, and
India. He has 48 technical papers in different journals and 30 conference proceed-
ings and six books, one edited volume and one chapter with international repute. He
received research grant from Science and Engineering Research Board, Govt of India,
under Early Career Research Scheme for research in Terahertz-based GaN Source.
He also received Research Grant from Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Tokoyo
Medical and Dental University in association with RIE, Shizouka University, Japan,
for study of biomedical Thz imaging based on WBG semiconductor IMPATT Source.
Presently, he is serving as Associate Editor of Cluster Computing, Springer (SCI
Indexed), and as Guest Editor of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology-Asia (Scopus
Indexed), Recent Patent in Material Science (Scopus Indexed), Bentham science
Publisher . He has produced four Ph.D. students in different topics of applied optics
and high-frequency semiconductor device. He has organized and chaired difference
international conferences in India and abroad. His research interest is in carrier trans-
port in low-dimensional system and electronic device, nonlinear optical communi-
cation, and THz semiconductor source. He acted as Reviewer for reputed journals,
Member of the Institute of Engineers (India), and Regular Fellow of Optical Society
of India (India).

Dr. Binod Kumar Singh is Associate Professor in the Computer Science and
Engineering Department of National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur. He had
completed his Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. He has a vast
experience of 25 years in the research and education sector. He has a broad list of
publications in SCI/SCIE indexed journals. His research interests lie in the field of
image processing, network security, cloud computing, and distributed systems.
Chapter 1
Environmental Informatics: Basics,
Nature, and Applications Using
Emerging Technologies with Reference
to Issues and Potentialities

P. K. Paul

Abstract Environmental Informatics is one of the emerging interdisciplinary knowl-

edge domains which is also considered as a practicing field. This is the merger
of domain Environmental Science with Information Science. Environmental Infor-
matics is dedicated in information technology and computing applications in wide
areas of Environment, Ecology, and Biodiversity Management. The role of Informa-
tion Technology is emerging day by day and its results enhancement in Environment
indirectly worthy for some of the other subjects such as Geology, Geography, Clima-
tology, Oceanography, Agriculture, Forestry. According to the experts, the stake-
holders of Environmental Informatics are IT, computing, and similar technologies
from the technology side dedicated in effective environmental systems organiza-
tion, management, and development. Environmental Informatics is associated with
the management aspects and thus also worthy in environmental management. This
chapter is conceptual in nature with the basics, features, and nature of the Environ-
mental Informatics with the role in sustainable development practice. This chapter
also illustrated the technologies involved for real practice with potential academic
degrees and programs in this field.

Keywords Environmental Informatics · Computing · Environmental Information

Science · Disaster management · Ecological development

1.1 Introduction

There are many subjects which are closely associated with the environmental-related
subjects, like environment science, environment studies, environment engineering,
environment management, etc., and therefore Environmental Informatics applicable
on all these subjects using various Information Technology components like Software
Technology, Web Technology, Database Technology, Networking Technology, and
so on [1, 8]. IT is useful in several environment, ecological issues, and concerns and

P. K. Paul (B)
Department of CIS, Raiganj University, Raiganj, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 1
P. K. Paul et al. (eds.), Environmental Informatics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2083-7_1
2 P. K. Paul

Big Data Management

Data Analy cs

Cloud Compu ng & Systems

Virtual Sta s cal Management & Applica ons

Internet of Things (IoT)

Converged Network & 3D Graphics

User Experience Designing

Wireless Network and Censors

Satellite Technologies

Fig. 1.1 Emerging IT components in Environmental Informatics required in environmental systems

right solution for solving the environmental aspects. Environmental Informatics in

emerging scenario uses the sub-technologies like data analytics, cloud and virtualiza-
tion computing, IoT systems, converged systems and network, usability systems and
engineering, etc. [3, 20]. However, details of some other technologies are mentioned
in Fig. 1.1.
Environmental Informatics in other words is also known as Environmental Infor-
mation Science dedicated in ensuring eco-friendly information systems using state-
of-the-art technologies. The society and community are modernizing and developing,
at the same time, it is destroying the natural environment systems, and here use of
Environmental Informatics-based systems would be suitable for improving the envi-
ronment [7, 8, 28]. Several issues, challenges, and concerns of IT in environmental
applications are emerging.

1.2 Objective

The chapter entitled ‘Environmental Informatics: Basics, Nature and Applica-

tions using Emerging Technologies with reference to Issues and Potentialities’ is
conceptual and theoretical in nature and associated with deals with the following.
1 Environmental Informatics: Basics, Nature … 3

• To have an idea and concept of the subject Environmental Informatics including

its evolution.
• To know about the characteristics, features, and nature (including components)
of the Environmental Informatics.
• To get a picture of potential uses of the Environmental Informatics role and
importance in developing environmental systems and development.
• To find out the core tools and technologies including environmental-related
emerging technologies needed in environmental system management.
• To learn about the educational programs, potential programs in the areas
Environmental Informatics and allied areas.

1.3 Methods

This chapter is theoretical in nature and conceptual too. The chapter is a review
and having nature of environmental-related aspects lies on secondary and primary
sources. To gather various attributes of Environmental Informatics like features and
functions review of literature plays a leading role. Further, websites and web portals
on environment and ecology are analyzed and mapped to get the current applica-
tions of IT in the environment and ecologies. In addition to this, various academic
departmental websites reviewed and analyzed are associated with the Environmental
Informatics education, training, and programs.

1.4 Environmental Informatics: Features, Role,

and Stakeholders

The two main areas of Environmental Informatics are ‘Environment’ and ‘Infor-
matics’. Though environment does not mean it is only with the environmental science,
it is also with other related areas such as environmental studies, ecology, agricul-
ture, horticulture, and disaster management. Informatics includes the areas of IT,
computing, as well as other similar technologies. The term Informatics was initially
considered as practicing field, but gradually it has become a field of study and research
[5, 30, 31]. Furthermore internationally in many universities, research centers Infor-
matics as a branch widely started and practiced. The technologies of computing,
technologies, and informatics are considered as worthy and increasing in almost all
the sector due to its role in almost all the sectors. Environmental management today,
in many ways supported by the sustainable computing, may sometimes also called
as Environmental Informatics. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the Environ-
mental Informatics, the following features and characteristics may be considered as
important.
4 P. K. Paul

• Applications and utilizations of the information technology and computing in

environmental systems such as management and monitoring are possible with
Environmental Informatics [2, 11].
• Environmental Informatics is supported by the environmental principles useful in
information technology practice and development.
• The merging or integration of ‘environment’ and ‘information technology’.
Environmental Informatics is purely interdisciplinary in nature and dedicated
in modernizing environment and ecological information systems. It is required for
various environment, disaster management, ecology, and waste management-related
aspects.
• In the planning of energy, environmental systems tools and technologies supported
by the IT and computing are considered as worthy. Environmental information
technology therefore started in academics and in ‘practice’.
• Regarding the simulation, optimization of environmental systems and monitoring
Environmental Informatics is required [12, 22].
• In several areas and sectors, the increasing applications of GIS, remote sensing,
and spatial IT are worthy and rising rapidly, and such technologies are part of
Environmental Informatics.
• In the practice of environmental chemistry, biochemistry and allied activities also
Environmental Informatics are valuable.
• As far as environmental management and monitoring are concerned, IT and
computing systems are useful.
• In many environmental-related aspects, viz. atomic, molecular, and macromolec-
ular scales, Environmental Informatics practice is emerging and urgent.
• In designing, developing, and modeling of biological environment-related
processes, Environmental Informatics-based tools are highly required and
supported.
• In the websites related to the environment and ecology role of Environmental
Informatics practice is considered important in order to develop healthy Environ-
mental Information Systems.
• In the modeling of biotechnological systems including pollution mitigation too,
practice of Environmental Informatics is considered as worthy.
• In the managerial activities such as environmental statistics and environmental risk
analysis including climate modeling and downscaling, the field Environmental
Informatics is worthy [29].
• Regarding the impact and assessment of the adaptation planning, biological
and disaster management systems promotion and development of Environmental
Informatics can be considered as worthy and applicable [6, 13].
The applications of the animation and graphics include various visualization tools
required in environmental decision support systems development; in this context,
various emerging technologies may be considered as cloud computing, artificial
intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and so on are impacting. Initially,
1 Environmental Informatics: Basics, Nature … 5

Environmental Informatics nomenclature did not exist, but gradually due to its prac-
tice, it has become a field of study as well as research. Before the improvement of the
Environmental Informatics, some of the domain-centric informatics include health
informatics, geo-informatics, bio-informatics, medical informatics, and so on [9, 15].
Internationally in many universities and higher educational institutions educational,
research and training programs have started in Environmental Informatics and allied
areas. Many of them are offered as major degrees as Bachelors, Masters, and PhDs
in Environmental Informatics and allied areas. There are some other nomenclatures
too which are being used in different contexts such as
• Ecological informatics.
• Environmental computing.
• Ecological information science.
• Environmental information systems.
• Environmental information technology [8, 18, 24].
Environmental Informatics today has been evolved as an emerging interdisci-
plinary subject which comprises various environment and ecology-related subjects
and also IT and computational sciences [19, 27]. Based on the analysis of the nature of
Environmental Informatics, it may be considered as stakeholders comprising envi-
ronment, content, and information, technologies, and people (i.e., User and HR).
Environment is obviously an important component of environmental systems; as
most of the living and non-living facets of the nature are part of environment. Owing
the importance of ecology and environment, the field Environmental Informatics is
treated as important for the real-time solutions. Because environment is a broad and
interdisciplinary science, it has applications in diverse areas and allied area manage-
ment like agriculture, forest management, oceanography, etc. Environmental Infor-
matics dedicated in animals, forests, etc., [24, 25] and therefore in all the ecolog-
ical and environmental-related aspects too is worthy and required. Environmental
Informatics is indirectly applicable in various areas like
• Climatology sciences
• Oceanography systems
• Geological systems
• Geography and allied areas
• Agricultural systems
• Forestry, disaster management, etc.
All these stakeholders not only help in Environmental Informatics but also in allied
areas, viz. agricultural informatics, forestry informatics, irrigation informatics, etc.
Content is treated as important stakeholder in Environmental Informatics subject
and practice due to the role of information in developing environmental information
systems and some other allied activities such as ecological information repositories,
ecological and environmental database, and disaster environmental modeling [10,
14]. Environmental Informatics is purely based on content and similar contents [23,
6 P. K. Paul

26]. Technologies are another stakeholder in healthy Environmental Informatics

practice, and it has uses in various basic information technology components, viz.
• Web technology.
• Networking technology.
• Database technology.
• Software technology.
• Multimedia technology, etc. [16, 17, 32].
In sophisticated Information Technology practice in environment and ecological
systems, various subfields and parts of IT are important. Some of the subfields and
emerging technologies are already mentioned in this work (Refer Fig. 1.2).
Users are obviously considered as important stakeholder in all type of informatics and
engineering systems or computational systems. As far as Environmental Informatics
is concerned, the users are importantly distributed in different areas, and apart from
the basic users, the Human Resources are also considered as worthy in Environmental
Informatics practice. Various types of Human Resources and skilled manpower are
considered as crucial in such development.

Technologies Content
(& Similar
(& Compung)
Contents)

Users & HR Environment

(& Ecology)

Different
allied Fields
& Subjects

Fig. 1.2 Major stakeholders of developing Environmental Informatics

1 Environmental Informatics: Basics, Nature … 7

1.5 Issues and Challenges Concerning

with the Environmental Informatics Practice

Environmental information science or Environmental Informatics practice is

emerging rapidly throughout the world, particularly in developed countries. Though
the analysis of current uses and concern of Environmental Informatics leads to various
issues and challenges in the developing countries, some of them are as follows:
Technological Implementation—It is essential that proper, sufficient, and adequate
technological implementation should be provided in order to avail proper benefits
from the Environmental Informatics [17, 30].
Proper Awareness—The awareness of Environmental Informatics and its practice is
need to care of urgently, including training and educational programs. Professionals
and government personnel should take proper steps in environment and ecological
systems development and monitoring [4].
Financing and Funding—Proper funding is important in developing Environmental
Informatics practice. Financial arrangement is essential in order to take purchasing
technology including implementation and development of the systems. Various envi-
ronmental organizations, ministries, and departmental funding opportunities should
be provided.
Management and Governance—Managing different technologies is an important
issue in regard to environmental-related technologies. Here proper management and
governance steps are essential to follow up.
Manpower and HR Development—It is a fact that there are many organizations,
institutes, and higher educational institutions offering educational and training
programs in this field and related areas; but there is a shortage of skilled manpower
in designing and developing Environmental Informatics.
Interdisciplinary and Broad Cluster—Environmental Informatics is purely interdis-
ciplinary and getting more broader day by day. Its requirement increasing gradually
in all the areas of environment, agriculture, forestry, ecology, and other technological
areas; therefore, the skill and knowledge development is a big and emerging concern
[33].

1.6 Emerging Technologies, Environmental Informatics,

and Environmental Management

Latest and emerging technologies of IT and computing dedicated in various activities

and affairs of environment and ecological systems and among them important are
big data management, cloud computing, robotics and artificial intelligence, Internet
of things (IoT), usability engineering, and HCI, etc.
8 P. K. Paul

1.6.1 Big Data

Big data is an emerging component of information technology which is required in

managing large number and complex data. The big data and analytics applications
in the environment lead to several management problems such as global warming,
climate change, satellite earth observation, and numerous data collection and its
management. In forestry and forest management, in deforestation by counting trees
too Environmental Informatics is applicable, in the creation of sustainable smart
cities, in urbanization, in GPS sensors management too Environmental Informatics
is important and required. Big data is useful in managing large amount of data
management and therefore in pollution control in the cities, traffic flows, etc., and in
all these allied areas, big data and analytics are effectively useful. As far as renewal
energy management is concerned, big data and analytics tools are useful. In other
power management-related aspects such as in wind and power management, big
data is effectively useful by collecting the data and their proper analysis. Regarding
hydroelectric power, in smart meters also big data analytics is being used. As far as
geographic data management is concerned such as space, geospatial data manage-
ment, cartographic naval navigation, regarding disaster, and emergency management
also data analytics are useful and important. Satellite data is collected using GPS,
remote sensing, and GIS; and in this context, big data management is worthy and
important.

1.6.2 Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the way and the platform of virtualization of different information
technology systems. It helps in remote access of IT support from different place, and
in this regard, it helps in environment-related aspects. The big data helps in generating
and managing the data, and the same data is stored by cloud computing models
and other cloud supported systems. In ecological monitoring, disaster management,
forest management, wildlife management, and some other areas applications and
utilizations of cloud computing are being used.

1.6.3 Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Robotics and artificial intelligence are another two related aspects and sub-
technology in the field of information technology and having impact in environment,
ecology, and disaster management systems. Artificial intelligence is responsible in
developing intelligent systems including the products and services. Therefore, it is
required in the purpose of modeling and governance of environmental systems with
intelligent mechanism. In identification of the tropical cyclone, weather forecasting
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