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Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan

Fourth Edition

Ludwig W. Adamec

The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Lanham • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
2012
Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.scarecrowpress.com
Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2012 by Ludwig W. Adamec
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including
information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Adamec, Ludwig W.
Historical dictionary of Afghanistan / Ludwig W. Adamec. — 4th ed.
p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8108-7815-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8108-7957-7 (ebook)
1. Afghanistan—History—Dictionaries. I. Title.
DS356.A27 2012
958.1003—dc23 2011020528

™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information
Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
To Rahella
 Editor’s Foreword
Few countries have as much history to both boast of and regret as Afghanistan. Part of this is
due to repeated conflicts and quarrels between the various peoples making up a rather
heterogeneous state. But much has been imposed from the outside, as the country was
conquered by neighboring kingdoms and also attacked them over the vast span of 3,500 years.
More recently, Afghanistan has been drawn into the imperial rivalry between Great Britain and
Russia, with the Soviet Union taking over from the latter and then the United States and United
Nations taking over from the former—liberating or dominating it yet again, depending on your
point of view. Of course the Afghanis have not been quiescent during these periods, fighting
back against their oppressors or allying with the latest great power as they see fit, even if it
pits one segment of the population against another. The most recent examples of this are the
Taliban and Hamid Karzai’s government, which explains why of all the volumes in this series
none has shown more change and needed more updates than the Historical Dictionary of
Afghanistan.
The new fourth edition has been substantially expanded because so much has taken place in
such a short period of time. The introduction provides an overview, while numerous details
are contained in the chronology. The most important changes, however, have been made to the
dictionary section, with hundreds of added or substantially revised entries on important
people, places, events, institutions, practices, ethnic and religious groups, political parties, and
Islamist movements, as well as significant aspects of Afghanistan’s politics, economy, society,
and culture. There are also more appendixes. As always, the bibliography is extremely
important, since it directs readers to more specialized works on a variety of topics.
The author of this fourth edition also wrote the first three, a definite plus in maintaining
consistency and identifying the necessity for new additions. Professor Ludwig W. Adamec is
one of the leading authorities on Afghanistan, which he visits periodically. Now professor
emeritus, he taught Near Eastern studies at the University of Arizona in Tucson for more than
30 years and was director of its Near Eastern Center for 10 years. During his long career, he
has commented extensively on Afghanistan politics, foreign relations, and society in his
lectures and writings. He has written numerous articles and several books, including a
historical gazetteer and biographical dictionaries. In related series he has also contributed the
Historical Dictionary of Afghan Wars, Revolutions, and Insurgencies and the Historical
Dictionary of Islam. Dr. Adamec’s abiding interest in one of the world’s most newsworthy
countries is clearly revealed here and offers his latest take on the continuing and not always
readily comprehensible history of Afghanistan.
Jon Woronoff
Series Editor
 Reader’s Notes
ALPHABETIZATION AND SPELLINGS
Names beginning with Abdul (A., abd-al, “servant” or “slave”) followed by one of the names
of Allah (God), as for example Abdul Ahad (Servant of the One) or Abdul Hakim (Servant of
the Wise), form a unit and should not be taken as first and last names. Abdul Hakim will
therefore be found under A not H. Similarly, the name of Ghulam (A., “slave”) and its
complement, as for example Ghulam Muhammad, is found under G not M. Compounds with
Allah, like Fazlullah (Fazl Allah), Nurullah (Nur Allah), and Habibullah (Habib Allah), will
be found in alphabetical order under their compound versions. Although not forming a
construct, Afghan practice considers names beginning with Muhammad, as for example
Muhammad Daud, Muhammad Afzal, etc., one unit; therefore the names will be found under
M.
The arrangement of entries in alphabetical order treats headings as if they were one word,
disregarding punctuation marks; for example, Afghani is preceded by Afghan Hound and
followed by Afghan Interim Government. Muhammadi is preceded by Muhammad Hashim
and followed by Muhammad Ishaq, and Tanai, Lieutenant General Shah Nawaz is preceded
by Tanai Coup.
Names of individuals are spelled in a modified form of transliteration, even if the person
described has his own idiosyncratic spelling; for example Cher Ali, or Scher Ali, is spelled
Shir Ali; Kayeum and Kayum are spelled Qayyum; and Abaucy is Abbasi. Variant spellings of
names are cross-listed. Titles and honorifics are not included in the entry headings, except in
the case of medical doctors.

STATISTICS
Population statistics are estimates amounting to about 26 million people. No complete census
has been taken in Afghanistan; therefore we depend on estimates by the United Nations and
other sources. Measurements are mostly in the British rather than the metric system. The
population of Afghan towns and cities has fluctuated as a result of war and movement of
internal refugees, contributing to an increase in urbanization.

NOMENCLATURE
Afghan rulers of the Sadozai branch of the Durranis (1747–1818) held the title shah, “king,”
but the succeeding Barakzai rulers were known as amirs, which means “chief, prince,
commander,” as well as “king.” Amanullah assumed the title king in 1926; in order to avoid
referring pedantically to Amanullah’s title at a particular time, I have employed the appellation
of “King” throughout.

REFERENCES
Cross-references within each entry are indicated in bold or are appended to the end of the entry
as See also. A straight reference to another entry (without any text) is indicated with a See
cross-reference.

SCOPE
The purpose of this volume is to provide a concise reference work on Afghanistan, including
entries on major historical events, including places, leading personalities—past and present—
and significant aspects of culture, religion, and economy. The focus is on the political history
of contemporary Afghanistan. The reader who desires more extensive biographical information
may refer to this author’s Biographical Encyclopedia of Afghanistan (2008). Additional
information on tribes, places, rivers, mountains, and other geographical features can be found
in this author’s six-volume Historical and Political Gazetteers of Afghanistan (1975–1985).
An updated bibliography lists recent publications about Afghanistan. The lack of security
during decades of war has prevented extensive fieldwork in Afghanistan; therefore, many older
publications are still indispensable.
 Acronyms and Abbreviations

A. Arabic
af. Afghani (monetary unit)
AGSA Afghanistan Security Service
AIG Afghan Interim Government
AIHRC Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission
AISA Afghanistan Investment Support Agency
AKF Aga Khan Foundation
ANA Afghan National Army
ANBB Afghanistan’s New Beginning Program
ANDS Afghan National Directorate of Security
ANP Afghan National Police
AUAF American University of Afghanistan
AWC Afghan Women Council
BNA Bakhtar News Agency
br.o. Brother of
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
D. Dari, the dialect of Persian in Afghanistan
DOD Department of Defense (U.S.)
DRA Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
ECC Electoral Complaints Commission
est. Estimate
Gaz. Gazetteer, Adamec (vols. 1–6)
Harakat Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami of Muhammadi
Hizb (H) Hizb-i Islami (Hekmatyar)
Hizb (K) Hizb-i Islami (Khales)
IEC Independent Election Commission
IMF International Monetary Fund
ISAF International Security Force for Afghanistan
ISI Inter-Services Intelligence
Ittihad Ittihad-i Islami Berayed Azadi-yi Afghanistan of Sayyaf
Jabha Jabha-i Milli Najat-i Afghanistan of Mujaddidi
KAM Workers’ Information Service
KHAD State Information Service
Khalq Faction of the PDPA and its newspaper
LCSFA Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces in Afghanistan
LWA Ludwig W. Adamec
MAHAZ Mahaz-i Milli of Pir Gailani
MR Military report
MRD Motorized rifle division
Nasr Sazman-i Nasr of Shaikh Mir Husain Sadeqi
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NDA National Directorate of Security
NFF National Fatherland Front
NFROA National Front of the Republic of Afghanistan, formerly NFF
NGO Nongovernmental organization
NIFA Mahaz-i Milli-yi Afghanistan, National Islamic Front of Afghanistan
NMAA National Military Academy of Afghanistan
NRP National Revolutionary Party
NWFP Northwest Frontier Province of India, now Pakistan
OA 1, 2,
Official Account, First, Second, and Third Anglo-Afghan War
3
P. Pashtun
Parcham Faction of the PDPA and its newspaper
PDP Progressive Democratic Party
PDPA People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, later Watan Party
PP. Parliamentary Papers
PRC People’s Republic of China
PRT Provincial Reconstruction Teams
r. Ruled
R. Rupee (Indian monetary unit)
RAWA Revolutionary Association of Women of Afghanistan
ROA Republic of Afghanistan, formerly DRA
SAMA Sazman-i Azadibakhsh-i Mardom-i Afghanistan
SCCIRA Supreme Coordination Council of the Islamic Revolution in Afghanistan
SCDH Supreme Council for the Defense of the Homeland
SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Shu’la Shu’la-yi Javid, name of a newspaper and political party
s.o. Son of
T. Turkic
UN United Nations
UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan
UNDDR United Nations Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Program
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian and Economic
UNOCA
Assistance Programmes Relating to Afghanistan
UNODC United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime
U.S. United States
USAID United States Agency of International Development
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
WAD Ministry of State Security, formerly KHAD
 Chronology
ca. 2000–1000 B.C. Aryans move from northern Afghanistan to northern India.
522–486 Darius I rules Afghan territory, which becomes part of the Achaemenid Empire.
330–327 Alexander the Great rules Bactria (Balkh), which becomes a province of the empire.
305 The Seleucids are defeated and the Maurians establish rule.
ca. 250 Maurian kingdom under Asoka.
250–128 Greco-Bactrian kingdom at Balkh.
ca. 50 A.D.–250 Afghanistan area is part of Kushanid Empire.
ca. 225–600s Sassanids establish control.
652–664 First Muslim-Arab conquests.
8th–10th cent. Hindushahis rule Kabul and eastern part of Afghan territory.
871 Yaqub b. Laith, Saffarid, defeats Hindushahis.
997–ca. 1150 Ghaznavid rule.
1186 Ghorids succeed Ghaznavids.
1221–1222 Genghis Khan devastates Balkh, Bamian, and Herat.
1227–1350 Kurt dynasty in Balkh, Ghazni, and Sarakhs.
1370 Timur-i Lang crowned in Balkh.
1405–1506 Timurid rule in Herat and Balkh.
1504–1525 Babur invades; establishes capital in Kabul.
1600 British East India Company founded.
1648 Persians take Kandahar.
1709–1738 Ghilzais establish a dynasty that also rules Iran.
1713 Mir Wais revolts in Kandahar.
1716 Abdali revolt in Herat.
1747 Ahmad Shah crowned, begins 26-year rule during which he unites Afghan tribes under
the Sadozai dynasty.
1748 Durranis move against Lahore. November: Ahmad Shah begins third invasion of India.
1757 January: Khutba read in name of Ahmad Shah at Delhi, India, and coins are struck in his
name, making him suzerain ruler of India.
1761 Afghans defeat Maratha confederacy at Battle of Panipat, marking greatest extent of
Ahmad Shah’s empire, which included Kashmir, the Panjab, and parts of Baluchistan.
1769–1770 Ahmad Shah moves into Khorasan.
1772 17 October: Ahmad Shah dies at Toba Maruf.
1773 Timur Shah begins 20-year rule. Moves capital from Kandahar to Kabul. Campaigns in
Sind and Bukhara.
1793 Zaman Shah begins six-year rule.
1798 Britain, fearing Afghan invasions of India, initiates policy of containment, enlisting
Persia to keep Afghanistan in check.
1800 Shah Mahmud deposes Shah Shuja, rules for three years.
1803 Shah Shuja deposes Shah Mahmud.
1805 Persian attempt to take Herat fails.
1807 At Tilsit, Alexander II and Napoleon plan joint Russian-French invasion of India through
Persia.
1809 British envoy Mountstuart Elphinstone and Shah Shuja sign defensive alliance in first
official contact between Afghanistan and a European power. Shah Mahmud defeats Shah Shuja
at Gandomak and rules until the blinding of Fateh Khan, his Barakzai wazir, causes Barakzai
revolt and Shah Mahmud’s downfall in 1817.
1816 Persian attempt to capture Herat fails.
1818 Civil war results in division of Afghanistan into virtually independent states until 1835.
Ranjit Singh seizes Peshawar.
1819 Ranjit Singh conquers Kashmir.
1826 Dost Muhammad, ruler of Ghazni, takes Kabul.
1833 Persians besiege Herat.
1834 Dost Muhammad defeats Shah Shuja and captures Kandahar.
1835 Dost Muhammad begins his first rule of Afghanistan.
1837 Lord Auckland appointed governor general. Akbar Khan, son of Dost Muhammad,
defeats Sikhs at Jamrud. August: Eldred Pottinger arrives at Herat. 20 September: Alexander
Burnes arrives in Kabul on a diplomatic mission for British. 23 November: Commencement of
second siege of Herat. 19 December: Ivan Vitkewich (Vickovich), emissary from Russia,
arrives in Kabul.
1838 26 April: Burnes leaves Kabul. 26 June: Tripartite Treaty signed by Ranjit Singh, the
British East India Company, and Shah Shuja to restore the latter to the Afghan throne. 9
September: Siege of Herat raised. 1 October: British break relations with Dost Muhammad
and declare war.
1839 First Anglo-Afghan War. 25 April: Sir John Keane’s force arrives at Kandahar. 23
July: British capture Ghazni. 2 August: Amir Dost Muhammad flees. 7 August: Kabul
occupied by the Army of the Indus. 15 October: Bengal troops begin return march to India. 18
October: Bombay troops begin return march to India.
1840 August: Dost Muhammad escapes from Bukhara. 2 November: Surrender of Amir Dost
Muhammad. 12 November: Dost Muhammad leaves for India.
1841 2 November: Assassination of Burnes. 7 November: Return of Akbar Khan to Bamian.
18 November: Sir William Macnaghten recommends holding out. 13 December: Evacuation
of Bala Hisar. 22 December: Orders issued for the evacuation of Ghazni, Kandahar, and
Jalalabad. 23 December: Assassination of Macnaghten. December: Mutiny at Kandahar.
1842 Treaty of Capitulation ratified. 6 January: Retreat from Kabul commences. 13 January:
British last stand at Jagdalak. Arrival of Brydon at Jalalabad. 5 April: General Pollock forces
the Khaibar Pass. 7 April: Battle at Jalalabad. 25 April: King Shah Shuja assassinated at
Kabul. May: Pollock at Jalalabad. Relief of Qalat-i-Ghilzai. Akbar Khan captures Bala Hisar.
June–October: Fateh Jang becomes Amir. 7 August: Evacuation of Kandahar. 20 August:
Pollock sets out from Jalalabad. Action near Gandomak. 5 September: British reenter Ghazni.
15 September: Pollock arrives at Kabul. 19 September: William Nott arrives at Kabul. 12
October: British force leaves Kabul. End of First Anglo-Afghan War. December: Dost
Muhammad returns to Kabul and rules for 21 years.
1855 Treaty of Peshawar reopens diplomatic relations between Britain and Afghanistan.
1856 October: Persians capture and hold Herat for a few months.
1857 January: Anglo-Afghan treaty signed in Peshawar. Provides subsidy for Dost
Muhammad.
1863 Dost Muhammad takes Herat and dies. Shir Ali ascends Afghan throne. During next two
years, Shir Ali puts down revolts by half brothers, Azam and Afzal, and his brother,
Muhammad Amin. Abdur Rahman and his uncle, Azam, attack Kabul, liberate Afzal, Abdur
Rahman’s father.
1866 Afzal becomes Amir. Shir Ali flees to Kandahar.
1867 Amir Afzal dies.
1868 Azam becomes amir.
1869 Shir Ali defeats Azam. Abdur Rahman goes into exile in Russia. British recognize Shir
Ali as amir but refuse to recognize his son, Abdullah Jan, as successor. March: Ambala
Conference held between Amir Shir Ali and Lord Mayo, viceroy of India.
1872 In Granville-Gorchakoff Agreement, Russia assures Britain that Afghanistan is outside
Russia’s sphere of influence. British commission marks Sistan boundary.
1873 Abdullah Jan named heir to Afghan throne. Shir Ali’s oldest son, Yaqub Khan, revolts,
flees to Herat. Russia takes Khiva.
1874 Yaqub Khan imprisoned in Kabul.
1876 British occupy Quetta.
1878 22 July: Russian mission under General Stolietoff arrives in Kabul. 21 September:
Second Anglo-Afghan War. General Faiz Muhammad, commander of Ali Masjid, denies the
British envoy, General Sir Neville Chamberlain, passage into Afghanistan. Amir Shir Ali is
given an ultimatum to apologize for this “insult” and to meet certain conditions lest he be
treated as an enemy. Lord Lytton denounces alliance with Amir Dost Muhammad. November:
Colonel Grodekoff arrives in Herat from Samarkand. 21 November: General Samuel Brown
attacks the fort of Ali Masjid, General Frederick Roberts crosses the frontier at Thal, and an
advance guard of General Donald Steward marches from Quetta against Kandahar. 22
November: Fort Ali Masjid is captured. 20 December: General Samuel Brown occupies
Jalalabad. 23 December: Amir Shir Ali leaves Kabul and appoints his son Yaqub Khan
governor of Kabul.
1879 12 January: General Donald Steward occupies Kandahar and takes Qalat-i-Ghilzai on
January 21. 21 February: Amir Shir Ali dies at Mazar-i Sharif; Yaqub Khan is proclaimed
king. 26 May: Treaty of Gandomak signed by Sir Louis Cavagnari and Amir Yaqub Khan. 24
July: Cavagnari arrives at Kabul to assume post of British envoy to amir. 3 September:
Cavagnari and his staff are killed. 6 October: General Roberts’s Army of Retribution wins
battle of Charasia. 12 October: General Roberts occupies Kabul. 28 October: Amir Yaqub
abdicates; British take over the government of Kabul. 14 December: General Thomas Baker
driven from Asmai hills with losses. General Roberts abandons the Bala Hisar and Kabul city
and stations his forces at Sherpur. 15–22 December: Muhammad Jan cuts Roberts’s
communications and lays siege to Sherpur. 23 December: Muhammad Jan’s forces are
defeated and Roberts returns to Bala Hisar the next day.
1880 ca. 15 June: Sardar Ayub Khan moves from Herat against Kandahar. 10 July: A brigade
under General Burrows moves against Ayub. 22 July: Britain recognizes Sardar Abdur
Rahman as Amir of Kabul and its dependencies. 27 July: General G. R. S. Burrows is totally
defeated in Battle of Maiwand, and the remnant of his brigade is forced to seek security in
Kandahar. 6 August: Ayub Khan invests Kandahar. 8 August: General Roberts begins march
from Kabul to Kandahar. 11 August: General Steward withdraws from Kabul, and Amir
Abdur Rahman moves in. 16 August: Sortie of the British garrison of Kandahar is repulsed
with great losses. 31 August: General Roberts arrives at Kandahar. 1 September: General
Roberts defeats Ayub Khan at Baba Wali Kotal. 9 September: British troops return to India
from the Paiwar Kotal and the Kurram Valley and begin withdrawal from Jalalabad.
1881 21 April: British troops withdraw from Kandahar. End of Second Anglo-Afghan War.
1882 Muslim agent appointed to represent British in Kabul.
1883 Russia occupies Tejend Oasis. Britain annexes Quetta district. Abdur Rahman occupies
Shighnan and Roshan. Britain grants Abdur Rahman subsidy of 12 lakhs (1,200,000 rupees).
1884 Britain and Russia open negotiations on northern boundary of Afghanistan. Sir Peter
Lumsden leads British mission to Herat. British again start building Quetta railroad. Russians
occupy Pul-i Khatun.
1885 Russians occupy Zulfikar and Akrobat and take Panjdeh.
1886 British construct Bolan Railway to Quetta. October: British boundary mission returns to
India by way of Kabul.
1887 Russia occupies Karki. Britain and Russia make final settlement and demarcation of
Afghan-Russian frontier. Ayub Khan escapes from Persia, but rebellion in Afghanistan fails; he
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