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This International Student Edition is for use outside of the U.S.
Sixth Edition
STATISTICS FOR
ENGINEERS AND
SCIENTISTS
4
3 λ=4
2
λ=2
1
λ=1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
William Navidi
Statistics
for Engineers
and Scientists
Sixth Edition
William Navidi
Colorado School of Mines
STATISTICS FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright ©2024 by McGraw Hill LLC.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC,
including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LCR 28 27 26 25 24 23
ISBN 978-1-266-11583-7
MHID 1-266-11583-8
Cover Image: McGraw Hill
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an
endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information
presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
To Catherine, Sarah, and Thomas
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
William Navidi is Professor Emeritus of Applied Mathematics and Statistics at the
Colorado School of Mines. He received his B.A. degree in mathematics from New
College, his M.A. in mathematics from Michigan State University, and his Ph.D. in
statistics from the University of California at Berkeley. Professor Navidi has authored
more than 80 research papers both in statistical theory and in a wide variety of appli-
cations including computer networks, epidemiology, molecular biology, chemical
engineering, and geophysics.
iv
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface xi
2 Probability 48
Index 921
v
CONTENTS
Preface xi Chapter 4
Commonly Used Distributions 200
Chapter 1
Introduction 200
Sampling and Descriptive Statistics 1
4.1 The Bernoulli Distribution 200
Introduction 1
4.2 The Binomial Distribution 203
1.1 Sampling 3
4.3 The Poisson Distribution 215
1.2 Summary Statistics 13
4.4 Some Other Discrete Distributions 230
1.3 Graphical Summaries 25
4.5 The Normal Distribution 241
Chapter 2 4.6 The Lognormal Distribution 256
Probability 48 4.7 The Exponential Distribution 262
Introduction 48 4.8 Some Other Continuous
2.1 Basic Ideas 48 Distributions 272
2.2 Counting Methods 62 4.9 Some Principles of Point
2.3 Conditional Probability and Estimation 280
Independence 69 4.10 Probability Plots 285
2.4 Random Variables 90 4.11 The Central Limit Theorem 290
2.5 Linear Functions of Random 4.12 Simulation 303
Variables 116
Chapter 5
2.6 Jointly Distributed Random
Variables 127 Confidence Intervals 323
Introduction 323
Chapter 3 5.1 Confidence Intervals for a Population
Propagation of Error 164 Mean, Variance Known 324
Introduction 164 5.2 Confidence Intervals for a Population
3.1 Measurement Error 164 Mean, Variance Unknown 336
3.2 Linear Combinations of 5.3 Confidence Intervals for
Measurements 170 Proportions 350
3.3 Uncertainties for Functions of One 5.4 Confidence Intervals for the Difference
Measurement 179 Between Two Means 356
3.4 Uncertainties for Functions of 5.5 Confidence Intervals for the Difference
Several Measurements 185 Between Two Proportions 369
vii
viii Contents
10.3 Control Charts for Attributes 801 Appendix C: Data Sets 844
10.4 The CUSUM Chart 806
Appendix D: References 847
10.5 Process Capability 810
Answers to Selected Exercises 849
Appendix A: Tables 817 Index 921
Appendix B: Partial
Derivatives 842
PREFACE
MOTIVATION
The idea for this book grew out of discussions between the statistics faculty and the
engineering faculty at the Colorado School of Mines regarding our introductory sta-
tistics course for engineers. Our engineering faculty felt that the students needed
substantial coverage of propagation of error, as well as more emphasis on model-
fitting skills. The statistics faculty believed that students needed to become more
aware of some important practical statistical issues such as the checking of model
assumptions and the use of simulation.
My view is that an introductory statistics text for students in engineering and sci-
ence should offer all these topics in some depth. In addition, it should be flexible
enough to allow for a variety of choices to be made regarding coverage, because there
are many different ways to design a successful introductory statistics course. Finally,
it should provide examples that present important ideas in realistic settings. Accord-
ingly, the book has the following features:
• The book is flexible in its presentation of probability, allowing instructors wide
latitude in choosing the depth and extent of their coverage of this topic.
• The book contains many examples that feature real, contemporary data sets, both
to motivate students and to show connections to industry and scientific research.
• The book contains many examples of computer output and exercises suitable for
solving with computer software.
• The book provides extensive coverage of propagation of error.
• The book presents a solid introduction to simulation methods and the bootstrap,
including applications to verifying normality assumptions, computing probabilities,
estimating bias, computing confidence intervals, and testing hypotheses.
• The book provides more extensive coverage of linear model diagnostic procedures
than is found in most introductory texts. This includes material on examination of
residual plots, transformations of variables, and principles of variable selection in
multivariate models.
• The book covers the standard introductory topics, including descriptive statistics,
probability, confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, linear regression, factorial exper-
iments, and statistical quality control.
MATHEMATICAL LEVEL
Most of the book will be mathematically accessible to those whose background
includes one semester of calculus. The exceptions are multivariate propagation of
error, which requires partial derivatives, and joint probability distributions, which
require multiple integration. These topics may be skipped on first reading, if desired.
xi
xii Preface
COMPUTER USE
Over the past 50 years, the development of fast and cheap computing has revolu-
tionized statistical practice; indeed, this is one of the main reasons that statistical
methods have been penetrating ever more deeply into scientific work. Scientists
and engineers today must not only be adept with computer software packages, they
must also have the skill to draw conclusions from computer output and to state
those conclusions in words. Accordingly, the book contains exercises and examples
that involve interpreting, as well as generating, computer output, especially in the
chapters on linear models and factorial experiments. Some of these exercises
involve the analysis of large data sets, which are available in the Instructor
resources. Many statistical software packages are available for instructors who
wish to integrate their use into their courses, and this book can be used effectively
with any of these packages.
The modern availability of computers and statistical software has produced an
important educational benefit as well, by making simulation methods accessible to
introductory students. Simulation makes the fundamental principles of statistics
come alive. The material on simulation presented here is designed to reinforce
some basic statistical ideas, and to introduce students to some of the uses of this
powerful tool.
CONTENT
Chapter 1 covers sampling and descriptive statistics. The reason that statistical meth-
ods work is that samples, when properly drawn, are likely to resemble their popula-
tions. Therefore Chapter 1 begins by describing some ways to draw valid samples.
The second part of the chapter discusses descriptive statistics.
Chapter 2 is about probability. There is a wide divergence in preferences of
instructors regarding how much and how deeply to cover this subject. Accordingly,
I have tried to make this chapter as flexible as possible. The major results are
derived from axioms, with proofs given for most of them. This should enable
instructors to take a mathematically rigorous approach. On the other hand, I have
attempted to illustrate each result with an example or two, in a scientific context
where possible, that is designed to present the intuition behind the result. Instruc-
tors who prefer a more informal approach may therefore focus on the examples
rather than the proofs.
Chapter 3 covers propagation of error, which is sometimes called “error analysis”
or, by statisticians, “the delta method.” The coverage is more extensive than in most
texts, but because the topic is so important to many engineers I thought it was worth-
while. The presentation is designed to enable instructors to adjust the amount of
coverage to fit the needs of the course. In particular, Sections 3.2 through 3.4 can be
omitted without loss of continuity.
Chapter 4 presents many of the probability distribution functions commonly used
in practice. Point estimation, probability plots, and the Central Limit Theorem are
also covered. The final section introduces simulation methods to assess normality
assumptions, compute probabilities, and estimate bias.
Preface xiii
RECOMMENDED COVERAGE
The book contains enough material for a year-long course. For a one-semester course,
there are a number of options. In the three-hour course I taught at the Colorado School
of Mines, we covered all of the first four chapters, except for joint distributions, the
more theoretical aspects of point estimation, and the exponential, gamma, and Weibull
xiv Preface
INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
The following resources are available on Connect, McGraw Hill’s online assignment
and assessment platform. You can sign in at connect.mheducation.com. If you do not
have an account, please contact your local McGraw Hill Learning Technology Repre-
sentative. You can find their information on the Higher Ed support page at mhhe.com.
• Solutions Manual
• Data Sets
• PowerPoint Lecture Notes
• Suggested Syllabi
• Image Library
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am indebted to many people for contributions at every stage of development. I
received valuable suggestions from my colleagues Barbara Moskal, Gus Greivel, Ashlyn
Munson, and Melissa Laeser at the Colorado School of Mines. Sarita Yadav of Aptara
Corporation managed the production process smoothly and effectively. I am particu-
larly grateful to Jack Miller of the University of Michigan, who has corrected many
errors and made many valuable suggestions for improvement.
The staff at McGraw Hill has been extremely capable and supportive. In particular,
I would like to express my thanks to Product Developer, Theresa Collins, Content
Project Manager, Jeni McAtee, and Senior Portfolio Manager, Beth Bettcher, for their
patience and guidance in the preparation of this edition.
William Navidi
Preface xv
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
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vide feedback on writing more efficiently and effectively.
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