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 Beyond the
Consumption Bubble
Routledge Interpretive Marketing Research
EDITED BY STEPHEN BROWN, Northern Ireland
Recent years have witnessed an ‘interpretive turn’ in marketing and consumer research. Meth-
odologies from the humanities are taking their place alongside those drawn from the traditional
social sciences.

Qualitative and literary modes of marketing discourse are growing in popularity. Art and aesthet-
ics are increasingly firing the marketing imagination.

This series brings together the most innovative work in the burgeoning interpretive marketing
research tradition. It ranges across the methodological spectrum from grounded theory to per-
sonal introspection, covers all aspects of the postmodern marketing ‘mix’, from advertising to
product development, and embraces marketing’s principal sub-disciplines.

1. The Why of Consumption 7. Marketing Discourse

Edited by S. Ratneshwar, Glen Mick A Critical Perspective
and Cynthia Huffman Per Skålén, Markus Fellesson and
Martin Fougère
2. Imagining Marketing
Art, Aesthetics and the Avant-garde 8. Explorations in Consumer
Edited by Stephen Brown and Anthony Culture Theory
Patterson Edited by John F. Sherry Jr. and
Eileen Fisher
3. Marketing and Social
Construction 9. Interpretation in Social Life,
Exploring the Rhetorics of Managed Social Science, and Marketing
Consumption John O’Shaugnessy
Chris Hackley
10. Interpreting Consumer Choice
4. Visual Consumption The Behavioral Perspective Model
Jonathan Schroeder Gordon R. Foxall

5. Consuming Books 11. Managing Service Firms

The Marketing and Consumption of The Power of Managerial Marketing
Literature Per Skålén
Edited by Stephen Brown
12. Interactive Marketing: Revolution
6. The Undermining of Beliefs in or Rhetoric?
the Autonomy and Rationality Christopher Miles
of Consumers
John O’Shaugnessy and Nicholas 13. Beyond the Consumption Bubble
Jackson O’Shaugnessy Edited by Karin M. Ekström and
Kay Glans
Also available in Routledge Interpretive
Marketing Research series:

Representing Consumers
Voices, views and visions
Edited by Barbara B. Stern

Romancing the Market

Edited by Stephen Brown, Anne Marie
Doherty and Bill Clarke

Consumer Value
A framework for analysis and research
Edited by Morris B. Holbrook

Marketing and Feminism

Current issues and research
Edited by Miriam Catterall, Pauline
Maclaran and Lorna Stevens
 Beyond the
Consumption Bubble

Edited by
Karin M. Ekström and Kay Glans

New York London

First published 2011
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Simultaneously published in the UK

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

© 2011 Taylor & Francis

The right of Karin M. Ekström and Kay Glans to be identified as the authors of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted by
them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf-
ter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trade-

marks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Beyond the consumption bubble / edited by Karin M. Ekström and Kay Glans.
p. cm. — (Routledge interpretive marketing research ; 13)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Consumption (Economics) 2. Consumption (Economics)—Social
aspects. I. Ekström, Karin M. II. Glans, Kay, 1951–
HC79.C6B49 2011
339.4'7—dc22
2010023142

ISBN 0-203-83586-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN13: 978-0-415-87849-4 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-203-83586-9 (ebk)
Contents

List of Figures and Tables xi

PART I
Editor’s Introduction

Introduction 3
KARIN M. EKSTRÖM AND KAY GLANS

PART II
A Changing Society

1 The Economics and the Anti-Economics of Consumption 17

DEIRDRE NANSEN McCLOSKEY

2 The Hyperconsumption Society 25

GILLES LIPOVETSKY

3 Consumption in an Age of Globalization and Localization 37

RICHARD WILK

4 Goods and Service Consumption in the Affluent Welfare

State—Issues for the Future 52
JAN OWEN JANSSON

5 Consumption beyond Dualism 70

DANIEL MILLER

PART III
Changing Consumer Roles

6 Selves as Objects of Consumption 85

ZYGMUNT BAUMAN
viii Contents
7 Consumers as Citizens: Tensions and Synergies 99
FRANK TRENTMANN

8 Political Consumption Revisited: Should We Resist

“Consumers’ Resistance”? 112
FRANCK COCHOY

9 Communities of Purpose 125

JOHN W. SCHOUTEN AND DIANE M. MARTIN

10 Value Creation and the Visual Consumer 137

JONATHAN E. SCHROEDER

11 “Keeping Up with the Children”: Changing Consumer Roles

in Families 149
KARIN M. EKSTRÖM

PART IV
The Consumption Bubble and Beyond?

12 Relative Deprivation, Inequality and Consumer Spending in

the United States 165
ROBERT H. FRANK

13 (Un)sustainable Consumption and the New Political Economy

of Growth 174
MAURIE J. COHEN

14 If US Consumption Declines Will the Global

Economy Collapse? 191
NEVA GOODWIN

15 Philosophies for Less Consuming Societies 205

RUSSELL BELK

16 Well-Being the Path Out of the Consumption–Climate

Dilemma? 221
JOHN HOLMBERG AND JONAS NÄSSÉN
 Contents ix
17 What Is to Be Undone: The Making of the Middle Class
in China 236
PATRICIA M. THORNTON

Contributors 251
Index 259
Figures and Tables

FIGURES

4.1 Real income per person in England, 1200–2000. 53

4.2 The expanded consumption. 60

4.3 The economic life cycle of a representative individual. 65

4.4 Percentage of GDP spent on health care for selected

OECD countries. 66

8.1 “Ground coffee Max Havelaar: save 0€50 on your

consumer loyalty program”. 116

8.2 http://www.slowfoodusa.org/change/01–17–07_take_
action.html (consulted in May 2008). 118

8.3 Zazoo condoms (video capture). 119

8.4 Jean Luc at the FNAC (video capture). 122

12.1 The US personal savings rate. 165

16.1 Decomposition of carbon dioxide emissions in

five factors. 222

16.2 Global trends in population, GDP (purchasing power

parities), primary energy use and carbon dioxide
emissions from fossil fuels from 1950 to 2004
(Nässén 2007). 223

16.3 Actual energy use in Sweden for 1975 and 2000 compared
to projections for 2000 made in Steen
et al. (1981). 226
xii Figures and Tables
16.4 Energy use of Swedish households (direct and indirect
energy use from consumption of products and services)
plotted against total expenditures. 228

16.5 Average and marginal expenditure shares in Sweden

together with energy intensities. 229

16.6 The shares of expenditure on dwelling (purchase and rents)

and on vehicle purchase in Sweden and the United States
(data from Swedish household budget survey, 2006, and
US household budget survey, 2003). 230

TABLES

4.1 Structural Change in Consumption in Sweden and the US

between 1875 and 1995, Shares in Percentages 54

4.2 Total Consumption in Sweden: Composition and Recent

Changes 55

4.3 Household Durables apart from Dwellings in Sweden:

Composition and Recent Changes 56

4.4 Private Services in Sweden: Composition and

Recent Changes 57

16.1 The “Happiness” Ranking from 0 to 6 for Different

Activities during a Working Day in the US (Kahneman et al.
2004) and a Rough Estimation of the Energy Intensity
Associated with These Activities 231
Part I

Editor’s Introduction
 Introduction
Karin M. Ekström and Kay Glans

The origin of this book was a roundtable discussion in London in

January 2008. It was organized by Glasshouse Forum (http://www.
glasshouseforum.org), an international network devoted to a critical scru-
tiny of capitalism. This gathering was part of the project “A consumed
society?”, which among other things aims to investigate alternatives to
a continuously increasing level of consumption. In the roundtable dis-
cussion, the ambiguity of the concept of consumption was highlighted;
it has many different meanings and is often elusive. In media and in
the general debate, categorical claims about consumption are made that
often rest on weak empirical and theoretical foundations. There is a
need for more analytical rigour and empirical evidence in the debate.
Research on consumption can shed light on many fundamental ques-
tions, such as the character of society, including social and cultural dimen-
sions. These questions generally arouse strong emotions and stereotypical
reactions. The intention with this anthology is to move beyond the stereo-
types and enrich and sharpen the debate about consumption and changing
consumer roles in society. We wish the book to be both informative and
provocative. It is an attempt to popularize academic research without sim-
plifying it. State-of-the-art research is presented to an audience which is
interested in the subject, but doesn’t necessarily have the time to orientate
itself in the various academic fields. We hope to fi nd readers in politics and
media, corporations, authorities, consumer organizations, researchers and
students. The authors are scholars who are experts in the field of consump-
tion. They represent a variety of disciplines such as anthropology, econom-
ics, history, marketing, physics, political science and sociology.

THE CONSUMPTION BUBBLE

Before we go on to present the authors and their contributions, we would

like to reflect briefly on the consumption bubble we have experienced dur-
ing the last years. In the autumn of 2008, we witnessed a fi nancial crisis
that caused widespread economic turmoil. Stock markets fell dramatically;
4 Karin M. Ekström and Kay Glans
large fi nancial institutions collapsed or were bailed out by governments.
This challenged the widespread assumed rationality of the market and its
capacity to regulate itself. The fi nancial crisis was closely related to the
housing bubble, but we believe this was just one of many manifestations
of a larger consumption bubble, which has been expanding for quite some
time. Its primary dynamic has been overconsumption fi nanced by debt.
Especially in the US, people have for quite some time borrowed money
for consumption like never before. State fi nancial institutions have kept the
interest rates low to make it easy to borrow money. Consumption is a major
factor in making the wheels turn and increasing GDP. As the historian
Charles Maier has pointed out, from the 1970s, the US gradually changed
from being an Empire of Production to an Empire of Consumption, driving
the world economy with its demand (Maier 2006). And household demand
has played an extraordinary role in the US economy.
The fact that symbolic consumption has increased in significance has
also contributed to the high levels of consumption. Consumption has
become an important social marker. Bauman (1998) argues that consump-
tion has replaced the significance of work as a status indicator. We compare
ourselves to others and get influenced by others. The paradoxical impera-
tives of both conforming to group standards and striving to be unique are
driving consumption forward. Consumption can be a way to social inclu-
sion, but on the other hand, not being able to consume can lead to exclu-
sion (Ekström and Hjort 2009). Despite the postmodern emphasis on the
individual’s free choice, we must remember that consumption is restricted
by lack of opportunities and different backgrounds. Preference behaviours
are often determined by class stratification (Bourdieu 1984).
A strong focus on individual preferences has emerged during the last
decades. This position has been reinforced by the dominance of neoclas-
sical economics and its belief in the rationality of the homo economicus.
Both the rationality of the market and of the individual actor have been
questioned as a result of the crisis. We witness an increasing emphasis on
the “animal spirits” of the economy, the large role played by emotions
(Akerlof and Shiller 2009). This may lay the ground for a new soft pater-
nalism, an ambition to guide the consumer through a world of overwhelm-
ing choices (Sunstein and Thaler 2008). Such a project is reinforced by the
behavioural sciences, which have documented how difficult it is for the
individual to deal with different choices. When discussing choice, it is not
sufficient to consider merely individual agency, but to also look at market
and societal structures.
It is of course tempting to speculate further how the global crisis will
affect consumption and the attitude towards it. American households are
busy deleveraging at the moment and there are several attempts to reintro-
duce thrift as a fundamental virtue, but historically there has not been a
very strong connection between recessions and frugality. If the global crisis
results in a process of deglobalization, characterized by trade wars, grab
 Introduction 5
for resources and a relative withdrawal from the global economy, it will
probably influence patterns of consumption, perhaps making preferences
more local, or in fact forcing them to become so. As regards food, self-
sufficiency is already seen as an important part of food security after the
global food crisis of 2008 (Bello 2009).
For several reasons it seems necessary to consume less in the future.
Many people simply cannot afford it. The present level of consumption is
detrimental to the environment and a higher level might spell imminent
disaster. But are the hyperconsumers able and willing to consume less? Can
consumption of services replace consumption of goods? How can sustain-
able consumption be encouraged? Can we reduce consumption without
causing a recession or worse? Several chapters in this book address these
central issues from the perspective of different disciplines.

TRENDS IN THE RESEARCH ON CONSUMPTION

Research on consumption developed simultaneously with the progress of

consumer culture, in particular during the later half of the twentieth cen-
tury. Research on consumption today is conducted in many different disci-
plines, representing different perspectives, theories and methods. Economic
theory dominated much of the early work on consumption, in particular
during the 1930s and 1940s (e.g., Arndt 1986; Belk 1995; Ekström 2003),
but its influence is also noticeable today. Psychology had a great impact
on consumer research during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s and it still has.
In the 1980s, anthropology gave vital impulses to consumer research and
has continued to do ever since. Also, research on the consumption received
increased attention in sociology from the 1980s and onwards. Research on
consumer culture and material culture has also expanded during the last
decades. Consumer research is today conduced in all disciplines, although
sometimes disguised under some other name.
The different disciplines complement each other, but they also have dif-
ferent focus. While earlier studies on consumption often were more applied,
today we see more research grounded in theory. The degrees to which con-
sumption studies are expected to solve societal problems differ across cul-
tures and disciplines. Business studies on consumption are more likely to
have this tendency. Business studies also generally have a more managerial
orientation than a consumer orientation. The realization that the consumer
has a lot of power is gradually changing this, and greater stress is laid upon
the voice of the consumer.
Even though interdisciplinary research has increased, it is still not very
common. A reason for this is that university systems often encourage tra-
ditional specialization rather than crossing borders and cooperation across
disciplines. In order to achieve a greater understanding of the pluralistic
meanings of consumption, this must change. Trying to look ahead, we
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