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Solutions Manual Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions 6th edition by Larson & Edwards

C H A P T E R 1
Preparation for Calculus
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Section 1.1 Graphs and Models.................................................................................2

Section 1.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change....................................................11

Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs.................................................................22

Section 1.4 Fitting Models to Data..........................................................................34

Section 1.5 Inverse Functions..................................................................................37

Section 1.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions .............................................54

Review Exercises ..........................................................................................................63

Problem Solving ...........................................................................................................73

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Solutions Manual Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions 6th edition by Larson & Edwards

C H A P T E R 1
Preparation for Calculus
Section 1.1 Graphs and Models
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1. y = − 32 x + 3 7. y = 4 − x 2
x-intercept: (2, 0)
x −3 −2 0 2 3
y-intercept: (0, 3)
y −5 0 4 0 −5
Matches graph (b).
y

2. y = 9 − x2 6

x-intercepts: ( −3, 0), (3, 0) (0, 4)

2
y-intercept: (0, 3) (−2, 0) (2, 0)
x
−6 −4 4 6
Matches graph (d). −2

(−3, −5) −4 (3, −5)

3. y = 3 − x 2 −6

x-intercepts: ( )(
3, 0 , − 3, 0 )
8. y = ( x − 3)
2
y-intercept: (0, 3)
Matches graph (a).
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4. y = x − x 3
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
x-intercepts: (0, 0), ( −1, 0), (1, 0) y

y-intercept: (0, 0) 10
(0, 9) (6, 9)
8
Matches graph (c).
6

(1, 4) (5, 4)
5. y = + 2
1x 4
2 (2, 1)
2
(4, 1)
x
x −4 −2 0 2 4 −6 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6
(3, 0)

y 0 1 2 3 4
9. y = x + 2
y

6 x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
(4, 4)
4 (2, 3) y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
(0, 2)
(−2, 1) y
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
(−4, 0) −2
4
(− 5, 3)
(1, 3)
6. y = 5 − 2 x (− 4, 2) 2 (0, 2)
(− 3, 1) (− 1, 1)
x
x −1 0 1 2 5
2
3 4 −6 −4 (− 2, 0) 2

−2
y 7 5 3 1 0 −1 −3
y

8
(−1, 7)
(0, 5)
4
(1, 3)
2
(2, 1)
x
−6 −4 −2 (3, −1)
( (
−2 5,0
2 (4, −3)
−4

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Solutions Manual Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions 6th

Section 1.1 edition by Models
Graphs and Larson &3 Edwards
10. y = x − 1 1
14. y =
x+ 2
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 2
y 2 1 0 −1 0 1 2
y −4 −2 −1 Undef. 1
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2 4
1 1 1 1
y

y
4

3 5
4
(− 3, 2) 2 (3, 2) 3 (0, 12 )
2
(− 2, 1) (2, 1) (−1, 1)
(2, 14 )
x x
−3 −2 1 2 3 −1 1 2 3
(− 1, 0) −1 (1, 0) (− 6, − 14 ) −2
−2 (0, − 1) (− 4, − 12 ) −3
(−3, − 1) −4
−5

11. y = x −6
15. y = 5− x
x 0 1 4 9 16
5

y −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 (−4.00, 3)
(2, 1.73)
y
−6 6

x −3
−4 4 8 12 16

(y = )
−2 (9, −3)
−4
(16, −2) (a) (2, y) = ( 2, 1.73) 5−2 = 3 ≈ 1.73
(4, −4)
(1, −5)
−6

−8
(0, −6) (b) ( x, 3) = ( −4, 3) (3 = 5 − ( − 4) )
16. y = x 5 − 5 x
12. y = x + 2
6

−2 −1
(− 0.5, 2.47)
x 0 2 7 14
−9 9
y 0 1 2 2 3 4
(1, − 4)
y
−6
5

4 (14, 4)
(a) (−0.5, y ) = ( −0.5, 2.47)
3
(− 1, 1)
(7, 3) (b) ( x , − 4) = ( −1.65, − 4) and ( x, − 4) = (1, − 4)
2 (2, 2)
(0, 2 )
17. y = 2 x − 5
y-intercept: y = 2(0) − 5 = −5; (0, − 5)
x
(− 2, 0) 5 10 15 20

3 x-intercept: 0 = 2 x − 5
13. y =
x 5 = 2x

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x = 5;
2 ( 52 , 0)
y −1 − 32 −3 Undef. 3 3
2
1 18. y = 4 x 2 + 3

y-intercept: y = 4(0) + 3 = 3; (0, 3)

2
y

x-intercept: 0 = 4 x 2 + 3
3
(1, 3)

2 (2, 32 (
1
(3, 1) −3 = 4 x 2
(−3, −1)
x None. y cannot equal 0.
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

−2 (−2, − 32 (
(−1, −3)

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Solutions
10 Manual
Chapter 1Calculus:
PreparationEarly Transcendental Functions 6th edition by Larson & Edwards
for Calculus

67. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain 71. y = kx 3

y = 0.005t 2 + 0.27t + 2.7.
(a) (1, 4): 4 = k (1) ⇒ k = 4
3

(b)
(− 2, 1): 1 = k (− 2)3 = − 8k ⇒ k = − 18
16
(b)
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(c) (0, 0): 0 = k (0) ⇒ k can be any real number.
3

0
0
30 (d) (−1, −1): −1 = k ( −1) = − k ⇒ k = 1
3

(c) For 2020, t = 40.

72. y 2 = 4kx
y = 0.005( 40) + 0.27( 40) + 2.7
2

= 21.5 (a) (1, 1): 12 = 4k (1)

The GDP in 2020 will be $21.5 trillion. 1 = 4k

k = 1
4
68. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain
y = 0.24t 2 + 12.6t − 40. (b) (2, 4): ( 4)
2
= 4 k ( 2)
(b) 330 16 = 8k
k = 2
(c) (0, 0): 0 = 4 k ( 0)
2

5 20 k can be any real number.

30

(3, 3): (3) = 4k (3)

2
The model is a good fit for the data. (d)
(c) For 2020, t = 30. 9 = 12k
y = 0.24(30) + 12.6(30) − 40 = =
2 9 3
k 12 4
= 554
The number of cellular phone subscribers in 2020 73. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
will be 554 million. y = ( x + 4)( x − 3)( x − 8) has intercepts at

69. C = R x = − 4, x = 3, and x = 8.
2.04 x + 5600 = 3.29 x
74. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
5600 = 3.29 x − 2.04 x
5600 = 1.25 x
(
y = x + 3
2 )( x − 4)( x − 52 ) has intercepts at
5600 x = − 32 , x = 4, and x = 52 .
x = = 4480
1.25
75. (a) If (x, y) is on the graph, then so is ( − x, y ) by y-axis
To break even, 4480 units must be sold.
symmetry. Because ( − x, y ) is on the graph, then so
70. y =
10,770
− 0.37 is ( − x, − y ) by x-axis symmetry. So, the graph is
x2
symmetric with respect to the origin. The converse is
400
not true. For example, y = x3 has origin symmetry
but is not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis
or the y-axis.
(b) Assume that the graph has x-axis and origin
symmetry. If (x, y) is on the graph, so is ( x, − y ) by
0 100
0

If the diameter is doubled, the resistance is changed by x-axis symmetry. Because ( x, − y ) is on the graph,
approximately a factor of 14. For instance, then so is ( − x, − ( − y )) = (− x, y ) by origin
y ( 20) ≈ 26.555 and y ( 40) ≈ 6.36125. symmetry. Therefore, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis. The argument is similar for
y-axis and origin symmetry.

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Solutions
100Manual
Chapter 2Calculus:
Limits and Early Transcendental Functions 6th edition by Larson & Edwards
Their Properties

sin x 2
87. f ( x ) =
x

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

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f (x) –0.099998 –0.01 –0.001 ? 0.001 0.01 0.099998

It appears that the limit is 0.

1

The graph has a hole at x = 0.

−2␲ 2␲

−1

sin x 2 ⎛ sin x 2 ⎞
Analytically, lim
x→0
= lim x⎜
x→0
⎟ = 0(1) = 0.
x ⎝ x ⎠

sin x
88. f ( x ) = 3
x

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.215 0.0464 0.01 ? 0.01 0.0464 0.215

It appears that the limit is 0.

2

The graph has a hole at x = 0.

−3 3

−2

sin x ⎛ sin x ⎞
= lim ⎟ = (0)(1) = 0.
3
Analytically, lim x2 ⎜
x→0 3 x x→0 ⎝ x ⎠

ln x
89. f ( x) =
x −1 4

x 0.5 0.9 0.99 1.01 1.1 1.5

f (x) 1.3863 1.0536 1.0050 0.9950 0.9531 0.8109 −1 6

−1
It appears that the limit is 1.
ln x
Analytically, lim = 1.
x →1 x −1

e3 x − 8
90. f ( x ) =
e2 x − 4 5

x 0.5 0.6 0.69 0.70 0.8 0.9

f (x) 2.7450 2.8687 2.9953 3.0103 3.1722 3.3565

−1 2
0
It appears that the limit is 3.

Analytically, lim
e3 x − 8
= lim
(e x − 2)(e2 x + 2e x + 4) = lim e2 x + 2e x + 4 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 3.
x → ln 2 e − 4
2x x → ln 2
(e x − 2)(e x + 2) x → ln 2 ex + 2 2+ 2

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Solutions
200 Manual
Chapter 3Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions 6th edition by Larson & Edwards
Differentiation

7. x3 y 3 − y − x = 0 13. sin x = x(1 + tan y )

3 x 3 y 2 y′ + 3 x 2 y 3 − y′ − 1 = 0 cos x = x(sec 2 y ) y′ + (1 + tan y )(1)
(3 x 3 y 2 )
− 1 y′ = 1 − 3 x 2 y 3
y′ =
cos x − tan y − 1
1 − 3x y 2 3 x sec 2 y
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y′ = 3 2
3x y − 1
14. cot y = x − y

8. xy = x 2 y + 1 (−csc y) y′ = 1 −
2
y′

1 1 1
( xy ) ( xy′ + y ) = 2 xy + x 2 y′
−1 2
y′ = = = − tan 2 y
2 1 − csc 2 y −cot 2 y
x y
y′ + = 2 xy + x 2 y′ 15. y = sin xy
2 xy 2 xy
y′ = [ xy′ + y] cos( xy )
⎛ x ⎞ y
⎜⎜ − x 2 ⎟ y′ = 2 xy − y′ − x cos( xy ) y′ = y cos( xy )
⎟
⎝ 2 xy ⎠ 2 xy
y cos( xy )
2 xy −
y y′ =
2 xy 1 − x cos( xy )
y′ =
x
− x2 1
2 xy 16. x = sec
y
4 xy xy − y y′
y′ = 1 = −
1
sec tan
1
x − 2x2 xy y 2
y y
− y2 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
9. xe y − 10 x + 3 y = 0 y′ = = − y 2 cos⎜ ⎟ cot ⎜ ⎟
sec(1 y ) tan (1 y ) ⎝ y⎠ ⎝ y⎠
dy dy
xe y + e y − 10 + 3 = 0
dx dx
17. x 2 − 3 ln y + y 2 = 10

dx
( xe + 3) = 10 − e y
dy y
2x −
3 dy
+ 2y
dy
= 0
y dx dx
dy 10 − e y
= dy ⎛ 3 ⎞
dx xe y + 3 2x = ⎜ − 2y⎟
dx ⎝ y ⎠
10. e xy + x 2 − y 2 = 10 dy 2x 2 xy
= =
⎛ dy ⎞
+ y ⎟e xy + 2 x − 2 y
dy
= 0
dx (3 y ) − 2 y 3 − 2 y 2
⎜x
⎝ dx ⎠ dx
18. ln ( xy ) + 5 x = 30
dx
( xe − 2 y) = − ye xy − 2 x
dy xy
ln x + ln y + 5 x = 30
dy ye + 2 x
xy
1 1 dy
= − xy + +5 = 0
dx xe − 2 y x y dx
1 dy 1
11. sin x + 2 cos 2 y = 1 = − −5
y dx x
cos x − 4(sin 2 y ) y′ = 0 dy y ⎛ y + 5 xy ⎞
= − − 5y = −⎜ ⎟
y′ =
cos x dx x ⎝ x ⎠
4 sin 2 y

12. (sin π x + cos π y )2 = 2

2(sin π x + cos π y ) ⎡⎣π cos π x − π (sin π y ) y′⎤⎦ = 0
π cos π x − π (sin π y ) y′ = 0
cos π x
y′ =
sin π y

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Solutions
400 Manual Calculus:
Chapter Early
4 Applications Transcendental Functions 6th edition by Larson & Edwards
of Differentiation

13. y = x tan x 24. y = arctan ( x − 2)

dy = ( x sec 2 x + tan x)dx 1
dy = dx
1 + ( x − 2)
2

14. y = csc 2 x
dy = ( − 2csc 2 x cot 2 x)dx 25. (a) f (1.9) = f ( 2 − 0.1) ≈ f ( 2) + f ′(2)( −0.1)
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≈ 1 + (1)( −0.1) = 0.9
x +1
15. y = (b) f ( 2.04) = f ( 2 + 0.04) ≈ f ( 2) + f ′( 2)(0.04)
2x − 1
3 ≈ 1 + (1)(0.04) = 1.04
dy = − dx
( 2 x − 1)2
26. (a) f (1.9) = f ( 2 − 0.1) ≈ f ( 2) + f ′( 2)( −0.1)
16. y = x +
1
x
( )
≈ 1 + − 12 (−0.1) = 1.05

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ x −1 (b) f ( 2.04) = f ( 2 + 0.04) ≈ f ( 2) + f ′( 2)(0.04)

dy = ⎜ − ⎟ dx = dx
⎝2 x 2x x ⎠ 2x x ( )
≈ 1 + − 12 (0.04) = 0.98

17. y = 9 − x2 27. (a) g ( 2.93) = g (3 − 0.07) ≈ g (3) + g ′(3)( −0.07)

−x
dy = (9 − x 2 ) ( −2 x ) dx =
1 −1 2

2 9 − x2
dx ( )
≈ 8 + − 12 ( −0.07) = 8.035

(b) g (3.1) = g (3 + 0.1) ≈ g (3) + g ′(3)(0.1)

y = x 1 − x2
( )
18.
≈ 8 + − 12 (0.1) = 7.95
⎛ −x ⎞ 1 − 2x2
dy = ⎜ x + 1 − x ⎟ dx =
2
dx
⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠ 1 − x2 28. (a) g ( 2.93) = g (3 − 0.07) ≈ g (3) + g ′(3)( −0.07)
≈ 8 + (3)( −0.07) = 7.79
19. y = 3x − sin 2 x
dy = (3 − 2 sin x cos x) dx = (3 − sin 2 x) dx (b) g (3.1) = g (3 + 0.1) ≈ g (3) + g ′(3)(0.1)
≈ 8 + (3)(0.1) = 8.3
sec 2 x
20. y = 2
x +1 1
29. x = 10 in., ∆x = dx = ± in.

dy = ⎢
( )
⎡ x 2 + 1 2 sec 2 x tan x − sec 2 x( 2 x) ⎤
⎥ dx
32
(a) A = x 2
⎢
( ) ⎥
2
⎣ x 2
+ 1 ⎦
dA = 2 xdx

= ⎢
( ) ⎥ dx
⎡ 2 sec 2 x x 2 tan x + tan x − x ⎤
⎛ 1⎞ 5
∆A ≈ dA = 2(10)⎜ ± ⎟ = ± in.2
⎢
( x + 1) ⎥
2
2 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 8
⎣ ⎦
(b) Percent error:
21. y = ln 4 − x = ln ( 4 − x 2 )
1 2 dA 58 5 1
2 = = = = 0.00625 = 0.625%
A 100 800 100
1 ⎛ −2 x ⎞ −x
dy = ⎜ ⎟ dx = dx
2 ⎝ 4 − x2 ⎠ 4 − x2 30. r = 16 in., ∆r = dr = ±
1
in.
4
22. y = e −0.5 x cos 4 x (a) A = π r 2
dy = ⎡⎣e −0.5 x ( − 4 sin 4 x) + (− 0.5)e −0.5 x cos 4 x⎤⎦ dx dA = 2π r dr
= e −0.5 x
[− 4 sin 4 x − 0.5 cos 4 x] dx ⎛ 1⎞
∆A ≈ dA = 2π (16)⎜ ± ⎟ = ± 8π in.2
⎝ 4⎠
23. y = x arcsin x
(b) Percent error:
⎛ x ⎞ 8π
dy = ⎜ + arcsin x ⎟ dx dA
= =
1
= 0.03125 = 3.125%
⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠ A π (16)
2
32

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Solutions
500 Manual
Chapter Calculus:
5 IntegrationEarly Transcendental Functions 6th edition by Larson & Edwards

dy ln x
50. = , (1, − 2)
dx x
ln x (ln x) 2
y = ∫ x dx = 2 + C
4
(a) y (b)
2

y(1) = −2 ⇒ −2 =
(ln 1)2 + C ⇒ C = −2 −1 11
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1
2
x

(ln x)
4 2 −4
−1
So, y = − 2.
−2
2

⎡5 ⎤
4 2 x2 − 2 2⎛ 1 ⎞
∫0 ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ x − 1 −
4 5 5 dx =
51. ∫0 3x + 1
dx = ⎢ ln 3 x + 1⎥ = ln 13 ≈ 4.275
⎣ 3 ⎦0 3
55.
x +1
⎟ dx
x + 1⎠
2
⎡1 ⎤
1 1 1 = ⎢ x 2 − x − ln x + 1 ⎥ = −ln 3
52. ∫
1
dx = ⎡⎣ln 2 x + 3 ⎤⎦ −1 ⎣ 2 ⎦0
−1 2 x + 3 2
≈ −1.099
1 1
= [ln 5 − ln 1] = ln 5 ≈ 0.805
2 2 1 x −1 1 1 −2
56. ∫ 0 x + 1 dx = ∫ 0 1 dx + ∫ 0 x + 1 dx
1
53. u = 1 + ln x, du = dx 1
= ⎡⎣ x − 2 ln x + 1 ⎤⎦ 0 = 1 − 2 ln 2
x
e (1 + ln x)
2
⎡1 3⎤
dx = ⎢ (1 + ln x) ⎥ =
7
e
≈ −0.386
∫1 x ⎣3 ⎦1 3 2 1 − cos θ
∫1 θ
2
57. dθ = ⎡⎣ln θ − sin θ ⎤⎦1
1 − sin θ
54. u = ln x, du = dx
x 2 − sin 2
= ln ≈ 1.929
e2 1 e2⎛ 1 ⎞1 e2 1 − sin 1
∫e x ln x
dx = ∫e ⎜ ⎟ dx = ⎡⎣ln ln x ⎤⎦ e = ln 2
⎝ ln x ⎠ x
≈ 0.693

π π π π
58. u = 2θ , du = 2 dθ , θ = ⇒ u = ,θ = ⇒ u =
8 4 4 2
π 4 1 π2
∫ π 8 (csc 2θ − cot 2θ ) dθ =
2 ∫π 4
(csc u − cot u ) du
1 π 2
= ⎡⎣− ln csc u + cot u − ln sin u ⎤⎦π 4
2
1⎡ 2⎤
= ⎢− ln (1 + 0) − ln (1) + ln
2 ⎣⎢
( )
2 + 1 + ln ⎥
2 ⎦⎥

1⎡ 2⎤
= ⎢ln
2 ⎣⎢
( 2 + 1 + ln) ⎥
2 ⎦⎥

1 ⎛ 2⎞
= ln ⎜1 + ⎟
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

59. ∫1 +
1
x
dx = 2 x − 2 ln 1 + ( )
x +C 62. ∫ x − 1 dx
x2
= ln x − 1 +
x2
2
+ x + C

1−
( ) ( )
x π 2 2
60. ∫1 + x
dx = 4 x − x − 4 ln 1 + x + C 63. ∫ π 4 (csc x − sin x) dx = ln 2 +1 −
2
≈ 0.174

x ⎛ x − 1⎞ π 4 sin 2 x − cos 2 x ⎛ 2 + 1⎞
61. ∫ x − 1 dx = ln ⎜⎜ ⎟ + 2
x + 1 ⎟⎠
x +C 64. ∫ −π 4 dx = ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 2
⎝ cos x ⎝ 2 − 1⎠
≈ −1.066

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