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Applications of
Nanomaterials in
Human Health

Firdos Alam Khan

Editor

123
Applications of Nanomaterials in Human
Health
Firdos Alam Khan
Editor

Applications
of Nanomaterials
in Human Health
Editor
Firdos Alam Khan
Department of Stem Cell Biology
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Dammam, Saudi Arabia

ISBN 978-981-15-4801-7    ISBN 978-981-15-4802-4 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4802-4

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

Over the past few years, there has been tremendous interest in the nanomaterials
field because of their nanosize, better biocompatibility, better targeting of the dis-
ease and most important is the effective treatments of many diseases. The nanoma-
terials have revolutionized almost all the fields, especially their applications in the
biomedical sciences are the most promising ones. The nanomaterials are synthe-
sized by using different methods and they can be obtained from both natural and
synthetic sources. One of the remarkable characteristics of these nanomaterials is
that they can be conjugated, linked, and encapsulated with other materials, chemi-
cals, drugs, and molecules, which make them most attractive for various biological
applications. Over the past few years, several nano-based products have been cre-
ated for many clinical conditions. There are many more under different phases of
the trials (preclinical or clinical) for a variety of biological applications such as drug
delivery, diagnosis, and treatment. As the field of nanotechnology is expanding, we
thought it is time to overview the impact of the nanomaterials on human health and
to write an exclusive book dedicated towards the application of nanomaterials in
human health. This book provides comprehensive and updated information on all
aspects of the nanomaterials related to human health. There are many books written
on the application of nanomaterials on different topics, but there is no single book
available that discusses all topics of nanomaterials related to human health.
In this book, we have tried to include all the topics which are directly or indi-
rectly related to fields of nanomaterials. The primary objective of this book is to
provide the students, researchers, and professionals a single source of information
about different nanomaterials and their biological and medical applications. There
are 15 chapters in this book and each chapter contains the updated information with
beautiful illustrations. We have discussed the various topics like nanomaterials and
their types and classifications, synthesis of nanomaterials, and characterization of
nanomaterials. The topics such as application of nanomaterials in stem cells, tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine, neuronal differentiation, neuronal protec-
tion, neurotoxicity, neurological diseases, diagnosis and treatment of genetic disor-
ders, cancer diagnosis, drug delivery, treatment of microbial and viral infections,
treatment of endocrine diseases have also been discussed. We have also discussed

v
vi Preface

major nano-based products related to nanomedicine, nanosensors, nanorobots,

nanodiagnostics, commercialization of nanomaterials, IPR, and marketing of nano-
products. In addition, we have also explained the negative effects of nanomaterials
on human health along with ethical issues. The last chapter deals with the next-­
generation nanomaterials—smart nanomaterials.

Dammam, Saudi Arabia Firdos Alam Khan

Acknowledgments

No one walks alone in the journey of life, but when one is walking, it is where you
start to thank those that joined you, walked beside you, and helped you along the
way. First, I am grateful to the Almighty Allah who gave me the strength to com-
plete this edition of the book in the stipulated time. I am thankful to many people,
especially to Dr. Bhavik Sawhney, Editor-Biomedicine, Springer Nature who sup-
ported me to complete the task and to all the production team members of Springer
Nature especially to Mr. Salmanul Faris Nedum Palli for the support and cooperation.
I am grateful to all the authors and especially to all the corresponding authors,
namely Prof. Ebtesam Al-Suhaimi, Prof. Shahid Siddiqui, Prof. Peter Hollands,
Prof. Samuel Sam, Dr. Sultan Akhtar, Dr. Alaa A A Aljabali, Dr. Adeeb Shehzad, Dr.
Amani Alhibshi, Dr. Ayman Vakil, Dr. Santhini Elango, Dr. Vijaya Ravi Nayagim,
and Dr. Suresh Thangudu for their immense contributions and timely completion of
the work.
I would like to thank the entire management team of Institute for Research and
Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University,
Dammam, Saudi Arabia for their support, especially to Professor Ebtesam
Al-Suhaimi, Dean, IRMC, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam,
Saudi Arabia for her constant encouragement.
I am thankful to all my teachers and mentors especially to Professor Nishikant
Subhedar and Late Professor Obaid Siddiqi FRS for their immense contributions in
shaping my research career. I am also thankful to all my friends, well-wishers, and
colleagues for their support and cooperation.
I am grateful to my entire family members, especially to my father (late)
Nayeemuddin Khan and mother Sarwari Begum, my brothers (Aftab Alam Khan,
Javed Alam Khan, Intekhab Alam Khan, and Sarfaraz Alam Khan), my sisters
(Syeeda Khanum, Faheemida Khanum, Kahkashan Khanum, and Aysha Khanum),
my wife Samina Khan, my sons (Zuhayr Ahmad Khan, Zaid Ahmad Khan, and
Zahid Ahmad Khan) and daughter (Azraa Khan), and my father-in-law (Abdul
Qayyum Siddiqi) and mother-in-law (Uzma Siddiqi). All of them, in their own
ways, supported me.
Enjoy reading!

vii
Contents

1 Nanomaterials: Types, Classifications, and Sources����������������������������    1

Firdos Alam Khan
2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Methods & Technology ��������������������������   15
Firdos Alam Khan
3 Characterization of Nanomaterials: Techniques and Tools ����������������   23
Sultan Akhtar and Sadaqat Ali
4 Application of Nanomaterials: Overview and Historical
Perspectives����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   45
Samuel Sami-Howard
5 Application of Nanomaterials in Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering
and Regenerative Medicine ��������������������������������������������������������������������   65
Peter Hollands
6 Applications of Nanomaterials in Neurological Diseases, Neuronal
Differentiation, Neuronal Protection, and Neurotoxicity ��������������������   83
Amani H. Alhibshi, Widyan A. Alamoudi, and Rai K. Farooq
7 Application of Nanomaterials in the Diagnosis and Treatment of
Genetic Disorders������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 125
Alaa A. Aljabali, Mohammad A. Obeid, Haneen A. Amawi,
Meriem M. Rezigue, Yassmen Hamzat, Saurabh Satija,
and Murtaza M. Tambwala
8 Application of Nanomaterials in Cancer Diagnosis, Drug Delivery,
and Therapy���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 147
Shahid S. Siddiqui, Mashael Saeed Al-Qahtani, Faisal Ahmed Khalil
Al Allaf, Loganathan Sivakumar, and Zeba Kidwai Siddiqui
9 Application of Nanomaterials in Treatment of Microbial and Viral
Infections�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173
Adeeb Shehzad, Raheem Shahzad, Hanan Aldossary,
and Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi

ix
x Contents

10 Application of Nanomaterials in Treatment of Endocrine Diseases������ 191

Khulood M. Al-Khater and Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi
11 Major Nano-based Products: Nanomedicine, Nanosensors,
and Nanodiagnostics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 211
Firdos Alam Khan
12 NANOMATERIALS: Global Research Publication,
Research Quality, and Patent Trends���������������������������������������������������� 229
Ayman Akil and Walid Hassan
13 Nanomaterials and Their Negative Effects on Human Health������������ 249
Vijaya Ravinayagam and B. Rabindran Jermy
14 Nanomaterials and Ethical Issues���������������������������������������������������������� 275
Oodhimalai Elango Santhini and Selvaraj Dinesh Kirupha
15 Next Generation Nanomaterials: Smart Nanomaterials,
Significance, and Biomedical Applications�������������������������������������������� 287
Suresh Thangudu
About the Editor

Firdos Alam Khan is a Professor and Chairman of the Department of Stem Cell
Biology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam
Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. He completed his
Ph.D. in Zoology with a specialization in Neuroscience at Nagpur University, India,
and has been involved in teaching various courses including Cell Biology,
Pharmacology, Business of Biotechnology, Biomedicine, Cell and Tissue
Engineering, and Bioethics and IPR to undergraduate and postgraduate students. He
was a Professor and Chairman of the School of Life Sciences and served as Chairman
of the Research and Development program at Manipal University (now Manipal
Academy of Higher Education), Dubai Campus, United Arab Emirates. He holds
three US patents in the field of stem cell biology, has authored two books:
Biotechnology Fundamentals (textbook) and Biotechnology in Medical Science,
and has published numerous research articles on stem cell biology, neuroscience,
and nanomedicine. He is an editor and reviewer for various high-impact journals,
including Scientific Reports, Nanomedicine, IET Nanobiotechnology, Drug Design,
Development and Therapy, 3 Biotech, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and
Dynamics, and the International Journal of Nanomedicine.

xi
Nanomaterials: Types, Classifications,
and Sources 1
Firdos Alam Khan

Abstract

Over the past few years, nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted the research-
ers because of their nanosize, physical, biological, and chemical properties com-
pared to their bulk materials. These NMs are classified based on their size,
chemical composition, shape, and sources. Different types of NMs have been
synthetized from different sources and they are being classified accordingly.
Many NMs have been produced in large quantities based on the requirements for
many industrial applications. The two main sources through which NMs are
being produced are synthetic source and naturally occurring nanoparticles (NPs).
In this chapter, we discuss the types and classifications of NMs and broadly dis-
cuss the different types of nanomaterials isolated from natural and synthetic
sources.

Keywords

Nanomaterials · Types · Classifications · Sources

1.1 Introduction

Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted many researchers due
to their unique properties such as nanosize, better biocompatibility and bioavail-
ability, and most importantly their effective drug delivery capabilities. There are
many factors which are responsible to make these NPs and NMs the most desirable

F. A. Khan (*)
Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam
Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 1

F. A. Khan (ed.), Applications of Nanomaterials in Human Health,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4802-4_1
2 F. A. Khan

candidates for many biological and medical applications. Some of them are better
thermal and electrical conductivity, better catalytic activity, and better light absorp-
tion capabilities. The definition of nanomaterials is basically related to their sizes
and the materials which have diameter from 1 to 100 nm are normally known as the
nanomaterials and nanoparticles. There are several rules and regulation to measure
the diameter of NPs and NMs are being used by the researchers in European Union
(EU) and the USA, however, there is no specific accepted definition for nanomateri-
als does not exist. In addition, different establishments have different definitions of
nanomaterials (Boverhof et al. 2015).
As per Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) nanomaterials display excep-
tional properties different than the equivalent chemical compounds (United Nations
2014). In addition, the US FDA also denotes to nanomaterials as materials that have
at least one dimension from 1 to 100 nm and exhibit dimension dependent phenom-
ena (US-FDA 2016). Correspondingly, International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) has named nanomaterials as a material having internal
nanoscale surface structure (ISO/TS 2010). The nanomaterials such as nanospheres,
nanoplates, quantum dots, nanowires, nanofibers, and other NMs have been defined
based on this ISO definition (Bleeker et al. 2012). Likewise, the word “nanomate-
rial” is called as a produced or natural material that gets unbound, agglomerated
materials where external dimensions are between 1 and 100 nm ranges according to
the EU Commission (Potocnik and Off 2011). The British Standards Institution has
suggested the definitions (Table 1.1) for the nanomaterials:
The field of nanotechnology is growing rapidly, and tremendous amount of NMs
have been produced over the past few years, and it caused many challenges in many
countries’ as the laws for the NMs are not well established and accepted materials
for the biological applications. This is the major hurdle for many nanomaterial pro-
ducing companies which produce materials for biological and biomedical

Table 1.1 Definitions as per the British Standards Institution

Nomenclature Definition
Nanoscale 1–1000 nm range
Nanoscience The study of matter that deals with size and structure-dependent
properties
Nanotechnology Modification of materials on the nanoscale dimension for the industrial
and biomedical applications
Nanomaterials Materials with internal or external structures on the nanoscale dimension
Nanoparticles Materials with three external nanoscale dimensions

Nanofibers Two similar exterior nanoscale dimensions and a third larger dimension
are present in a nanomaterial, it is referred to as nanofiber
Nanocomposites The combination of two or more nanomaterials is called as
nanocomposites
Nanostructured Materials containing internal or surface nanostructure
materials
1 Nanomaterials: Types, Classifications, and Sources 3

applications. It is a big challenge to nanomaterials producing companies to get easy

approval for the biological applications.

1.2 Types and Classifications

As the field of nanotechnology is growing rapidly, tremendous amount of NMs have

been produced and all these NMs must be identified based on the structure, shapes,
size, and chemical synthesis in order to differentiate from each other. Interestingly,
NMs can be broadly classified into four categories which are described below.

1.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterials

The NMs which contain carbon are called carbon nanomaterials, and these carbon
nanomaterials can be synthetized in different shapes such as (1) hollow tubes or (2)
spheres (Kumar and Kumbhat 2016). In addition, carbon nanofibers, graphene,
fullerenes, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and carbon onions are also classified as
carbon nanomaterials (Fig. 1.1).

1.2.2 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials

The metal and metal oxide can also be used to produce NMs which are called as
metal and metal oxide nanomaterials or inorganic nanomaterials. Some of these
NMs are gold (Au), silver (Ag) nanomaterials and metal oxides-based nanomateri-
als are titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials.

Fig. 1.1 Different carbon-based nanomaterials

4 F. A. Khan

1.2.3 Organic Nanomaterials

This type of NMs mostly contains organic matter, without carbon or inorganic based
nanomaterials. One of the characteristics of these organic nanomaterials is that they
possess noncovalent bonds (weak in nature, which can be easily broken). These
organic materials can be easily modified to produce different shapes of nanomateri-
als like liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, and polymers (Fig. 1.2).

1.2.4 Nanocomposites

The combination of one type of nanomaterials with another type of nanomaterials is

called as nanocomposites. The nanomaterials either combine with other types of
nanowires, nanofibers, or can be combined with larger size materials. These nano-
composites may be any combinations of metal-based, carbon-based, or organic-­
based nanowires, nanofibers, with any form of ceramic, metal, polymer bulk
materials (Fig. 1.3).

Fig. 1.2 Different types of organic nanomaterials

Fig. 1.3 Structure of nanocomposites

1 Nanomaterials: Types, Classifications, and Sources 5

1.3 Classification of Nanomaterials

1.3.1 Dimensions and Sizes

As different types of nanomaterials are produced for a variety of applications, it

becomes necessary to categorize these nanomaterials for proper applications. The
nanomaterials are mostly solid particles, and their size and dimensions can be easily
measured by using different methods. The idea for classification of nanomaterials
was proposed by a scientist in the year 2000 (Gleiter 2000), he classified the nano-
materials based on their crystalline forms and chemical compositions. Still, this
method of measuring was not fully complete as it did not measure dimensions of the
nanomaterials (Tiwari et al. 2012). In another study, different groups of researchers
have made a new classification which was primarily based on 0 Dimension, 1
Dimension, 2 Dimension, and 3 Dimension nanomaterial (Pokropivny and
Skorokhod 2007).
The classification of nanomaterial is basically dependent on the movement of
electrons in the nanomaterial. The presence of electrons is generally fixed in “0”
dimension nanomaterials, whereas for “1” dimension nanomaterials, electrons can
move freely along the x-axis, which is commonly less than 100 nm. Similarly, “2”
dimension and “3” dimension nanomaterials have better electron movements along
the x- to y-axis or x-, y-, z-axis, respectively. It has been found that the ability to
predict the properties of nanomaterials determines the classification of the nanoma-
terials. Moreover, the characteristics of nanomaterials are basically dependent on
the grain boundaries as per the Gleiter’s classification, whereas the classification by
Pokropivny and Skorokhod suggested that the characteristics of nanomaterials are
ascribed to the nanoparticle shapes and dimensionalities (Pokropivny and
Skorokhod 2007).

1.3.2 Origin of Nanomaterials

The nanomaterials can be classified based on their source of origin, which means,
the source materials to produce nanomaterials. They can be classified as naturally
origin nanomaterials or synthetically produced nanomaterials.

1.3.2.1 Natural Nanomaterials

Natural nanomaterials can be formed in biological species such as microbes, or
plants and also through anthropogenic actions. The creation of natural nanomateri-
als is an accessible process as they are present in the hydrosphere, atmosphere,
lithosphere, and biosphere. Interestingly, our planet is comprised of nanomaterials
that are naturally formed and are present in the rivers, groundwater oceans, lakes,
rocks, soils, magma, or lava as well as in the microbial organisms and also in
humans (Hochella Jr et al. 2015; Sharma et al. 2015).
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