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 Why are dogs superior to some who wear clothes? What strange burial practice did the Vikings
lave a„ thoi
^"sandyears ago? Why are the two dispositions, anxiety’ and worry, as hurtful when
present in excess, as the scarcity’ of them? Can a man living alone discover God without a
revelation? Why is L that fool riding backward on his donkey? A thousand years ago Muslims
on(j hundred of other topics. During their golden age of literature, Muslims
___
everything including poetry, theology, spirituality, philosophy, geography, history,
science,"s
ence, sociology, psychology, belle letters, biography, autobiography and memoirs,
lesn’t even include the science, mathematics, and medical science which are not
in this book.

Authors who are represented in this Treasury ofMuslim Literature are al-Shafi’i and
al-Bu theology); al-Jahiz and al-Hariri (belle letters); al-Tabari, al Mas’udi, and Nizam
id political science); Ibn Sina and al-Razi (autobiography and psychology);
jphical novel) and Umar al-Khayyam (poetry). And who is that wise fool
;up?

he Tn yof 'uslim Literature is an introduction to a literature that too many of us are

It is also an overview of the Muslim world’s literary excellence that students in
srtiary education should be exposed to.

I
Dr. Fre la Shamma is an educator :ator who has worked on devekdeveloping Islamic curriculum on
three continiiv: received ixwx her jLyirx
MA mvui
from the University
uiv oxxx of x^aiuuiiiia,
vtaariiy vi Berkeley,
California. uvi and uci
tvcxt-j, auu EdD
her mu
from the University of Cincinnati. She has traveled widely collecting Muslim literature from as far
away as China, and as close as the nearest used book store.
She has been a book content editor for American Trust Publications, and has long been
Jr active in the educational activities of the Islamic Society of North America which, in 2010. honored
ommitment and service to Islamic Education.
>he is the co-editor ofAyatJamilah: Beautiful Signs, a book of Islamic wisdom for children,
and has c<contributed to both Muslims and Islamization in North America: Problems and Prospect,
and Mushim Women Activists in North America.
Dr. Shamma currently lives in Cincinnati, Ohio with her husband Dr. Mohammed Shamma.
TI; - have five children and twelve (and counting) grandchildren. She is the Director of F.A.D.E.L.
They *
(F<oundation for the Advancement and Development of Education and Learning) and has established
the FADEL Islamic Library in Cincinnati

amana publications ISBN: c17fi-l-Se100a-07b-4

52155
10710 Tucker Street. Beltsville, MD 20705
Tel: (301) 595-5777 • Fax: (301) 595-5888
E-mail: [email protected]
www.amana-publications.com t ?ai55D oaovm
Treasury of Muslim Literature
THE GOLDEN AGE (750-1250 CE)

I
Treasury of Muslim Literature
THE GOLDEN AGE (750-1250 CE)

Dr. Freda Shamma, Editor

amana publications
Beltsville, Maryland, USA
First Edition
(1433 AH/2012AC)

Copyright © 1433 AH/2012 AC

amana publications
10710 Tucker Street
Beltsville, MD 20705-2223 USA
Tel. 301.595.5777
Fax 301.595.5888
Email [email protected]
www.amana-publications.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Treasury of Muslim literature : the golden age (750-1250 CE) / Dr. Freda Shamma, Editor,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-59008-076-4
1. Arabic literature—750-1258. 2. Islamic literature, Arabic. I. Shamma, Freda.
PJ7617.T74 2012
892.7'08004—dc23
2012046610

Cover calligraphy by
Samiya Shamma

who takes the path ofknowledge,

w
Allah makes the path easy for him to Jennah.
-Sahih Muslim [1245]
 !
Table of Contents I

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Note to the Reader. xv

Introduction xvi

Joha’s Address to Youth xviii

Timeline 1

PART ONE: The Muslim World 750-850 CE (132-235 AH) 5-63

1. Imam Abu Hanifa ........................... 11

Abu Hanifa and the Atheist 13
Fiqh al-Akbar 16

2. Malik Ibn Anas .................................. 18

Joha’s Hints 20
Muwatta-. The Witr Prayer 21
JOHA AND INSHA ALLAH (THE ARAB JOHA) 23

3. Rabi'a al-’Adawiya of Basra ...... 25

Some Sayings of Rabi'a TJ

4. Ibn al-Muqaffa ............................................ 29

Kalila wa Dimna-. What the Birds Know 31
The Raven and the Snake 33

V
 Treasury of Muslim Literature: The Golden Age (750-1250 CE)

5. Mohammed Idris al-Shafi'i ................... 39.

Reliance ofthe Traveler. Slander 42

Joha and Gossip 50

6. Al-Jahiz .................................................................... 51
Essay: The Disadvantages of Parchment 53
Essay: Superiority of the Blacks to the Whites 55
Essay: The Friend 57

7. Ahmad Ibn Hanbal ............................. 58

Developing Humility in Prayer 60

PART TWO: The Muslim World 850-1000 CE (235-390 AH) 64-161

8. Al-Bukhari ................................................... 68
Sahih al-Bukhari 5:245: Abu Bakr 70

Joha and the Moon 76

9. Abu Husain al-Muslim .............................................................. 77

Sahih Muslim-.
964. From the Book on Characteristics of the Prophet M 79
971. Hatred of Sin 80
986. Follow the Prophet^ 81

Joha and the Basket 82

10. Al-Tirmidhi ...................................................................................................... 83

Interpreting the Self. The Autobiography of al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi 83

vi
 I

Table of Contents

11. Ibn al-Marzuban ...................................................................................................... 88

The Book ofthe Superiority ofDogs over Many of Those Who Wear Clothes 89

12. Al-Tabari ............................................................................... 94

The History ofthe Prophets and the Kings:
Vol. 1: From the Creation to the Flood: 96
The Events that took place in Nuh's time 97
Vol 32: The Events of the Year 208 (823 CE) 101
The Events of the Year 218 (833 CE):
The Time of al-Ma'mun's Death 102

13. Al-Razi ......................................................................................................... 103

Spiritual Physick:
Of Repelling Anger 104
Of Repelling Excessive and Hurtful Anxiety and Worry 105

14. Ibn 'Abd Rabbih ..................................... 107

The Unique Necklace (al- 'Iqd al-Farid) 109

Mullah Nasruddin (The Persian Joha) and the Miser 115

15. Ibn Fadlan................................. 116

Risala-. Journey to Russia
Rus/Rusiya (Vikings) 117

16. Al-Mas'udi .......................................................................... 123

Meadows of Gold:
Address to the Reader 123
VII: 1 The Caliphate of al-Ma'mun 125
VII: 26 The Caliph and the Poet 125
VII: 33 The Caliph’s Cooking 127
IX: 38 Final words at the end of the book 128

vii
 Treasury of Muslim Literature: The Golden Age (750-1250 CE)

17. A Thousand and One Nights .................... 131

The Tale of the Envier and the Envied 133
Sindbad 136

18. Al-Mutanabbi ......................................................................... 148

Panegyric to Saif al-Dawla on his departure from Antioch 149
Elegy on the death of the mother of Saif al-Dawla 150

19. Abul Qasem Ferdausi ..................................................... 153

Shah Nameh — Epic of the Kings: The Story of Sohrab 154

PART THREE: The Abbasid Period of Political Decline 1000-1250 CE 162-320

20. Al-Biruni .................................................................. 166

The Existent Monuments ofthe Bygone Centuries:
On the Festivals of the Muslims 167

Nasruddin Hodja and the 47th of Ramadan (The Turkish Joha) 173

21. Al-Mawardi ............................................ 174

Ordinances of Government: Selection 175

Goha Judges a Dispute (The Egyptian Joha) 178

22. Ibn Sina .............. 179

Autobiography 179

Mullah Nasruddin’s Wise Advice 186

viii
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 Table of Contents

23. Ibn Hazm ............................................... 187

The Ring of the Dove:
Of Falling in Love at First Sight 189
Of the Helpful Brother 192

24. Al-Bakri ................................................ 195

The Book ofRoutes and Realms-. Ghana 196

25. Nizam al-Mulk .................................................. 202

The Book of Government: Advice to Governors 204

Nasruddin Hodja and the Missing Donkey 208

26. Umar al-Khayyam ....................................................... 209

Rubiyyat-. Selections 210
Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra 215

Nasruddin Hodja in the Bakery 216 •:

27. Al-Hariri ... .217

Maqamat 218 i

28. Al-Ghazali .................................................................. 226

Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din\ On the Duties of Brotherhood 227

29. Samarqandi ............................................................ 237

Chahar Maqala (The Four Discourses)-. Selections 237

30. 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani ..................................................................... .246

Revelations ofthe Unseen-. 18 th Discourse: On Not Complaining 249

ix
 ♦

Treasury of Muslim Literature: The Golden Age (750-1250 CE)

31. Usama Ibn Munqidh ........................................................................... 252

The Book ofReflections: Observations on the Crusades: Selection 252

32. Ibn Tufayl ............................... 259

Hayy Ibn Yaqzan-. Selection 260

Mullah Nasruddin and his Guests 271

33. Farid ud-Din Attar ................................. 272

The Conference ofthe Birds: Selections 273
The Pious Wife 278

34. Ibn Jubayr ............................................................................................... 290

Travels ofIbn Jubayr. The Month of Rajab the Unique in Makkah 291

35. The Setting and Telling of the Epic of Sundiatcr. Selections 296

36. Arab and Andalusian Poetry 313

JOHA AND THE PRINCE’S POETRY 321

Appendices .......................................................................... 322

A. Sufism 322
B. Other important writers during Abbasid times 324
C. Index of Names 326
D. Index of Places 332

Bibliography 335

Illustration Credits 340

x
Preface
n 1995, my family moved to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia where my husband and I worked
I for the International Islamic University. My job was to develop a curriculum for full-time
JL K-12 Islamic schools for students speaking English as their primary language. My two
daughters were enrolled as students there, becoming part of a student body derived from over
ninety, mostly Muslim-majority, countries. As I began collecting Muslim writings, I was struck
by literary traditions in vastly different regions evolving into culturally diverse literature while
still demonstrating common Islamic principles.
Having been blessed with a family that loves to travel, I have been to many countries, from
Morocco to Turkey, Malaysia, Uzbekistan and China, gathering their Muslim literature along
the way. I began to see that each cultural heritage was influenced by Muslim history and values,
and the Islamic ideal of seeking beneficial knowledge wherever it can be found. It is the literature
of the Golden Age of the Abbasids which beautifully demonstrates integration of culture and
religion, and integrated fields of study.
Once I began collecting material I realized that I couldn't even include one sample
from each genre that the Muslims of this time period wrote. This anthology includes 19 different
literary genres but there are still more genres from this time period, and to make it even more
difficult to choose, many Muslim writers were polymaths, writing in many fields. Given
the enormous volume of scientific and mathematical works, I decided against including this
material. Fortunately the recent publication of the beautiful 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage
in our World has brought at least some of these works and scientists to our attention.
The Treasury ofMuslim Literature was begun with students in mind, but it will be beneficial
for everyone wishing to promote understanding and tolerance of others. Come take a look
at great writing from the Golden Age of Muslim literature spanning three continents and five
hundred years.

xi
Acknowledgements
11 praise and gratitude to Allah, the Most Bountiful, Who taught the use of the pen,
taught mankind that which he did not £wou,.(Qur’an 96:3-5) It has taken me over 14
years to complete this anthology. I started while working at the International Islamic
University in Malaysia where encounters with Muslims from over 90 countries convinced
me that there must be a common thread of Islamic culture beyond that of religious doctrine
which supplements, rather than diminishes, local cultures. Nawal al-Shazli, may Allah bless her
soul, was the first to help. Her encouragement and knowledge of several Muslim languages
were invaluable.
I initially thought I would have to have most of the selections translated, so I am very
grateful to all the scholars past and present who have translated so much of the desired
material.
I am indebted to my student evaluators who faithfully read the initial drafts, giving me
valuable feedback as to whether the material was informative and/or interesting, and relevant
or irrelevant. Special thanks go to the three students who gave valuable feedback for the entire
anthology: Abdul Muhaymin Abdul Moheeth, Haneefah Cummings and Jeanine Murrar.
My appreciation goes to Dr. Fareeha Khan and my daughter Noura who did their best to
correct my mistakes in history, biography and religion. Barbara Pouros came into my life at
just the right time. She has been a tremendous help in preparing the anthology for publication,
editing, keeping track of deadlines, and in general going the “extra mile” to make sure even
the little things are as correct as possible. Jo Ellen Thomas’s lesson plans for each chapter
(found online) are appreciated not only by me but by teachers wanting to use the anthology as
a class text.
Special thanks and appreciation go to my family, especially to my husband Mohammed,
who put up with me so patiently and steadfastly from the beginning glimmer to the final

xiii
 Treasury of Muslim Literature: The Golden Age (750-1250 CE)

publication, and to my granddaughter, Samiya, who drew the calligraphy for the front cover.
Finally I would be remiss if I do not thank my close friend, Joha, who was kind enough to
help me navigate the many lands and many years of great Muslim literature.
Ultimately my grateful thanks is to Allah, The Exalted and Glorified, The Provider, The
Most Generous, Who alone guides our lives, Who has given me the opportunity and time after
time, has “dropped into my lap” whatever I needed at the time I needed it (whether I knew it
at the time or not).
Allah provides for one from sources he never could imagine, and if anyone puts his trust in
Allah, sufficient is Allah for him. (Qur’an: 65-3)
May Allah bless all those that worked on this anthology and all those who read it.

xiv
Note to the Reader
ccording to Islamic custom, when the name of Prophet Muhammad is mentioned,
the words sallallahu alaihi wasallam (peace and blessing of God be upon him) should
be added. In this anthology, we are including the complete phrase of blessing the
first time it appears in an introduction or chapter. At other times the Prophets name is followed
by a calligraphic icon (M) in Arabic.
Some of the selections have been modified to provide short cohensive pieces of writing.
This included omitting paragraphs and revision of awkward literal translations. Every attempt
was made to remain true to the original style and intent of the authors.

XV
 Treasury of Muslim Literature: The Golden Age (750-1250 CE)

Introduction

T
' he Treasury ofMuslim Literature introduces readers to some of the literary treasures
to be found in the Muslim areas of the world. Literate readers of the English world
are generally exposed to writing from other languages, but except for a very few
exemptions, the authors are from Christian lands. The few works that are familiar to English
readers are considered lesser quality by Arab readers. The familiar A Thousand and One Nights
(sometimes titled Arabian Nights in English) is considered only pulp fiction by Arabs; and
Umar Khayyam is honored, not by his inferior poetry, but for his work in mathematics and
astronomy.
It may be asked why this anthology is not titled Treasury of Islamic Literature or Treasury
of Arab Literature. Although Muslim culture in predominately Muslim lands is definitely
influenced by the religion, not everything was written about the religion, nor was everything
Islamically based. The term Arabic Literature is similarly a misnomer. Although during the time
period of this anthology most literature was written in Arabic, the authors themselves were
mostly non-Arabs, originating from al-Andalus in the Iberian Peninsula to the Caspian Sea in
Central Asia on to Africa, with the majority having Persian ancestry.
The time period of this anthology reflects the Golden Age of Muslim written work. Unlike
other areas of the world, where writing was often limited to court and religious authorities,
Muslims of every walk of life were encouraged to become educated. They wrote on a vast variety
of subjects, from religious writings to fables, from travelogues to advances in mathematics, from
advice to rulers, to a treatise on why dogs are sometimes superior to those who wear clothes.
So many books were written that some felt the need to list the names and titles of
who wrote what. It is thanks to these biographical dictionaries that over 1000 years later we
still know much about so many authors.
The intellectual outpouring was so great that it is not possible to give even a sample of every

XVI
 Treasury of Muslim Literature: The Golden Age (750-1250 CE)

type of writing. For the purposes of this anthology, scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers
are not included unless they also wrote literary works. This anthology also does not include
non-Muslims who lived and benefited from the Muslim culture. However we would like to
acknowledge the importance of these writers, specifically the Christians and Jews who brought
the Greek writings and translated them into Arabic, as well as those who were the physicians
and scientists interested in medical research. Not counting the excluded writings, we still have
nineteen different genres included in this anthology.
Muslims benefited from the intellectual contribution of non-Muslims, and non-Muslims
benefited from the tolerance, respect and harmony they found in Muslim lands. It was indeed
a golden age for the written word.

Freda Shamma

xvii
I

Joha’s Address
to Youth
Assalamu alaikum. May I introduce
myself? My name is Joha and I have a
particular affinity for Muslim literature.
You see, I am a folk character. People
in Arabia and the surrounding area
have been telling stories of me since the
time of Prophet Muhammad, may Allah
grant him peace and blessings. Of course
at that time much of the knowledge
and stories were oral. However, Prophet
Muhammad did a really astounding
thing: he encouraged Muslims to learn
how to read and write! One of the main
reasons for this was so everyone could The Arab Joha carrying his Turkish and Persian turbans
read the Qur'an for themselves, and to make a copy of it if they wanted or needed
to. Nevertheless, by the year 700 CE (81 AH), at least one person wrote something
in which he mentioned me by name! So you see, I've been around for centuries
traveling throughout the time and space of the world's Muslims. I even traveled
on the Silk Routes as far as China. You may have heard of me by another name. As
you can see from the illustration above, I'm a man of many turbans. In the area of
the old Persian Empire I'm known as Mullah Nasruddin, so of course I wear a
Persian turban. In the Turkic countries I'm known as Nasruddin Hodja and I wear
a Turkish turban. Along the way I ve met so many famous Muslim writers and
I would like to introduce some of them to you.

xviii
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