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Distribution power system reconfiguration using whale optimization

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Article in International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) · April 2020

DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v9.i1.pp48-57

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International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)
Vol. 9, No. 1, April 2020, pp. 48~57
ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v9.i1.pp48-57  48

Distribution power system reconfiguration using whale

optimization algorithm

Mahmoud Soliman1, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz2, Rabab M. El-Hassani3

1,3Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Egypt
2Department of Electrical Power and Machines Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Egypt

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This study discusses how to enhance the power distribution system and one of
the most important ways to do that is by reconfiguration of the power system.
Received Oct 7, 2019 Reconfiguration means changing the topology of the radial distribution
Revised Oct 22, 2019 network by changing the status of switches. The objective is to minimize the
Accepted Mar 3, 2020 total power loss and enhance the voltage profile. Many optimization
techniques were used to solve this problem such as classical optimization
which is proven to be time consuming method and heuristic methods which
Keywords: are more efficient in our problem here. In this paper,
the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) which is one of the modern heuristic
Network distribution optimization techniques and it has high efficiency to solve discrete
Power loss optimization problems, is used to get the optimum case in reconfiguration
Reconfiguration problem. WOA is applied to (33 bus system, 69 bus system, and 118 bus
Whale optimization system) and results are compared to other heuristic methods.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz,
Department of Electrical Power and Machines Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University,
El-Khalyfa El-Mamoun Street، El-Abaseya, Cairo, Egypt.
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Electric utilities are interested in reducing power loss to be more competitive. The voltage drop
problem can occur when using radial systems with long distances feeder and large loads. To overcome such
a problem, different methods can be applied such as: installing distributed generators (DGs) [1, 2], capacitor
placement [3] and network reconfiguration which is introduced in this paper. Network reconfigurations mean
changing the topology of the network by varying the status of switches (open/closed). There are two types
of switches in the distribution power systems:
‒ Sectionalized switches (normally closed)
‒ Tie switches (normally open)
These switches in power systems are used for:
‒ Protection in case of faults
‒ Reconfiguration of the power system.
The distribution network reconfiguration is considered as a mixed integer non-linear optimization
problem. There are many types of optimization techniques:
‒ Classical optimization: Depends on some mathematical methods to solve optimization problems such as
linear programming, Lagrange method. For large scale problem such as the problem here (reconfiguration),
the classical methods consume much time and may be trapped to local optimum solution not the global.

Journal homepage: http://ijape.iaescore.com

Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  49

‒ Heuristic optimization: This type depends on the behavior of something in the nature such as ant colony,
gray wolf method, whale optimization method…etc. The main advantage in heuristic methods is less time
consuming to solve large scale problems unlike classical methods. The disadvantage in it is that it gives
less accurate results.
‒ Artificial intelligence: Depends on programming and machine learning such as particle swarm.
The network reconfiguration for power loss reduction was firstly introduced by Merlin and Back
in 1975 [1]. They used heuristic approach called a branch and-bound-type optimization technique.
This technique has a main disadvantage that it is a very time consuming as it has to try 2n configuration where
n is the number of branches in the power system. The whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [4] presented in
this study mimics the behavior of whales in exploring and hunting the prey. The main difference between this
method and other heuristic methods is in the hunting mechanism to catch the prey using either spiral net
mechanism or circular net mechanism. WOA has proved its efficiency in solving 29 mathematical optimization
problems and 6 structural optimization problems [4]. At section 2 in this article, reconfiguration problem will
be formulated in mathematical form. The whale optimization algorithm will be expressed in
a mathematical form at section 3, section 4 is dedicated for the implementation of the proposed algorithm to
minimize power loss of 33, 69, and 118 bus systems. Then the obtained results are compared to previously
applied heuristic methods to prove its efficiency at section 5.
In the last few years, many researchers tried to solve the reconfiguration problem using different
methods trying to reach less time-consuming methods and looking for the global optimum. Authors of [5] use
grey wolf optimization algorithm which is inspired from hunting strategy of grey wolves to solve
reconfiguration problem for (33 bus system, 69 bus system, and 118 bus system). Authors of [6] use fireworks
algorithm for solving reconfiguration problem on 33 and 119 bus system. The fireworks algorithm depends on
the sparks generated in the explosion. This algorithm selects some quality points at each generation and the
search process continues until a spark reaches the optimum. The authors also mentioned that the main
disadvantage of the previous methods is represented in the computational time and work done under normal
conditions.
Authors of [7] use a binary group search algorithm to solve the reconfiguration problem on IEEE 33
and 69 bus systems. This algorithm depends on animal searching behavior and scanning methodology to get
the optimum searching strategy. Authors of [8] use gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to apply on
reconfiguration problem 33 and 69 bus system. This algorithm depends on the law of gravity and mass
interaction due to Newton’s law. Authors of [9] use ant colony optimization and musician’s behavior inspired
to apply on 33 and 118 bus system reconfiguration problems. The ant colony optimization method depends on
the behavior of ant to find the shortest path between food and nest via pheromone as indirect communication.
The harmonic search optimization depends on the harmony between musicians to come up with a nice
harmony. Authors of [10] use a modified particle swarm as a metaheuristic optimization algorithm to solve the
reconfiguration problem on 32 nodes and 69 nodes system. This algorithm developed by Kennedy and Eberhart
in 1995 and it is inspired by the social behavior of bird flocks and fish schools.
Authors of [11] use bacteria foraging behavior optimization algorithm to solve the reconfiguration
problem. This optimization technique is inspired from social foraging behavior of Escherichia coli and it
has high ability to solve real optimization applications. This method was applied to 33 bus system.
Authors of [12] use bee colony optimization algorithm which is inspired from intelligent foraging behavior
of honeybee swarm to solve reconfiguration problem on 33 and 119 bus system. Authors of [13] use cuckoo
search optimization algorithm which is inspired from brood parasitism of cuckoo species to lay their eggs in
the nests of the other species of birds for optimization problems. This algorithm is applied on three different
power systems and it proves its efficiency. In this paper, a new heuristic optimization technique is used which
is called whale optimization algorithm (WOA). This algorithm is inspired from the whale hunting behavior. It
is was proven its efficiency in solving many mathematical optimization models and its high ability to avoid
local optimal and its fast convergence. In this article, at section 2 the reconfiguration problem is being
formulated in mathematical model. At section 3, the WOA is being illustrated in detail in
a mathematical form. At section 4, the algorithm of applying the WOA on the reconfiguration problem is being
stated. At section 5, the results are discussed and compared to other heuristic methods.

2. PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR NETWORK RECONFIGURATION

Objective function: minimize power loss Ploss   I 2 R for all connections between buses.
Constraints:
Voltage constraint : Vmin  Vi  Vmax , i  1, 2,..., number of buses
Load constraint : I min  Ii  I max , i  1, 2,..., number of branches

Distribution power system reconfiguration using whale optimization algorithm (Mahmoud Soliman)
50  ISSN: 2252-8792

Topology constraint : the system must be radial after reconfiguration

Note:
Ploss : total power loss in the system
Ii : the magnitude of the current flowing through branch i
Vi : voltage of bus i
The objective function is calculated from the solution of power flow equations such as the Newton
Raphson method. To check system radiality, incidence matrix A is formed with dimensions equal. Number of
branches (M) * number of buses (N) and the elements of this matrix can be formed as follows:

0 in case of the branch i not connected to bus j


Aij   1 in case of the branch i from bus j
1
 in case of the branch i is to bus j

Then the column referring to the reference node (usually first column) must be omitted.
If determinant (A) equals 1 or -1 then the system is radial. If det (A) equals zero, then the system is not radial,
and some loads may be disconnected.

3. WHALE OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

It is a heuristic method discovered in 2016 and it mimics humpback whale hunting strategy. It has
many advantages such as local optimum avoidance and fast convergence. Search agents are initialized firstly
to search for the optimum (prey) (exploration phase) and then update their positions toward the best search
agent near the optimum. We can mathematically express that by (1).

3.1. Exploration phase

D | Cx * (t )  x (t ) | (1)
x (t  1)  x (t )  A.D
*

A  2a. r  a
C  2r

*
Where t is the current iteration, A , C are the coefficient vectors, x (t ) is the position of best search
agent, x (t ) is the position vector, a is linear decrease from 2 to 0 and r is random vector in [0, 1].

3.2. Exploitation phase

In exploitation phase, whales use a bubble net attacking method to catch the prey. There are 2
mechanisms for bubble net as shown in Figure 1.
‒ Shrinking encircling mechanism

x (t  1)  x * (t )  A.D (2)

‒ Spiral updating position

x (t  1)  Debl cos(2 l )  x * (t ) (3)

*
where D | x (t )  x (t ) | is the distance between search agent and the prey.
b: constant (usually 1)
l: random number in [0,1]
Usually, humpback uses each mechanism with probability 50% so we can summarize
the exploitation phase in the following equations:


 x (t )  A.D
*
if p  0.5;
x (t  1)  

 D e bl
cos(2 l )  x *
(t ) if p  0.5,

where p is random number in [0, 1]

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  51

(a) (b)

Figure 1. Bubble-net search mechanism implemented in WOA (X∗ is the best solution obtained so far),
(a) shrinking encircling mechanism, (b) spiral updating position

The WOA algorithm can be summarized in the following pseudo code:

Initialize the whales population Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n)

Calculate the fitness of each search agent
X*=the best search agent
while (t < maximum number of iterations)
for each search agent
Update a, A, C, l, and p
if1 (p<0.5)
if2 (|A| < 1)
Update the position of the current search agent by the Eq. (1)
else if2 (|A|
Select a random search agent (Xrand )
Update the position of the current search agent by the Eq. (2)
end if2
else if1 (p> 0.5)
Update the position of the current search by the Eq. (3)
end if1
end for
Check if any search agent goes beyond the search space and amend it
Calculate the fitness of each search agent
Update X* if there is a better solution
t=t+1
end while
return X*

4. FORMULATION OF WOA FOR SOLVING MINIMUM POWER LOSS RECONFIGURATION

PROBLEM
The distribution systems can be described as a matrix with dimensions MxL. Where M is number of
branches and L is number of buses. It can be assumed that whales move between branches and select which
one is to be open.
Step (1): Initializing the position of search agents
Initial random positions for each search agent are set and selecting random switches to be opened
(tie switches). Then the initial configuration is checked whether it is a radial system or not. If the system is
radial, we can run a power flow analysis on it to calculate total power loss in the system and minimum bus
voltage. Now, we can assume that the best configuration is the initial configuration and then start the next step
to change the reconfiguration of the system.
Step (2): Updating positions of search agents
In each iteration (i), a new configuration is produced using (WOA) by selecting some switches to be
open. The configuration must be evaluated by 3 important actions:
1. Check system radiality: by forming incidence matrix (A), the system is checked if it is radial or not if
the system is not radial, the configuration is discarded and the fitness function (power loss) is set to equal
infinity.
Distribution power system reconfiguration using whale optimization algorithm (Mahmoud Soliman)
52  ISSN: 2252-8792

2. Run power flow analysis: “Newton Raphson method” is the method used for load flow of the system
and check the bus voltage limit. Vmin  0.91 and Vmax  1. If the system does not satisfy voltage limit
condition, the configuration is discarded also, and the fitness function is set to equal infinity.
3. Evaluate fitness function ( Ploss )
Step (3): Determination of best configuration to get minimum power loss
The process continues until reaching the maximum number of iterations. At each iteration, if fitness
function<initial fitness function, then the current configuration is set to be the best configuration

5. RESULTS AND COMPARING WITH OTHER HEURISTIC METHODS

Applying the WOA on 33, 69, and 118 bus systems respectively for minimum power loss
reconfiguration problem using MATLAB V2019 executed on processor core i5-7200u @2.5GHz with
8 GB RAM. The number of search agents used in the reconfiguration optimization problems at this study is
between (30-50) search agents and the maximum number of iterations equals 500. Newton Raphson power
flow algorithm is used in power flow analysis during reconfiguration process to get power loss and minimum
voltage of the system. The time consumed to simulate the 33-bus system and get the optimum solution is
3.3 seconds, for 69 bus system 8.8 seconds, and for 118 bus system is 18.34 seconds.

5.1. For 33 bus system

The specifications of the system are shown in Table 1 and initial configuration of 33 bus system is
shown in Figure 2. From simulation, as shown in Figure 3 and Table 2 that power loss decreased by 31.1% and
voltage profile improved to 0.9372. The results of applying WOA on 33 bus system are compared to other
heuristic techniques on the same system in Table 3 and the results were very competitive.

Table 1. Specifications of 33 bus system [14-17]

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 9, No. 1, April 2020: 48 – 57

Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  53

Figure 2. 33-bus single-line diagram Figure 3. Voltage profile of each bus

(33 bus system)

Table 2. Simulation results on 33 bus system using WOA

Simulation results of 33 bus distribution network
Before reconfiguration After reconfiguration
Tie switches: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 7, 9, 14, 32, 37
Power loss: 202.7052 kW 139.5697 kW
Power loss reduction: - 31.1465%
Minimum voltage: 0.91308 pu 0.93781 pu

Table 3. Comparing results with other heuristic methods

Heuristic method used in reconfiguration Before reconfiguration After reconfiguration
Grey wolf algorithm [5] Tie switches: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Tie switches: 7, 14, 9, 32, 28
Ploss = 202.67 kW Ploss = 139.51 kW
Vmin = 0.9131 Vmin = 0.9378
Fireworks algorithm [6] Tie switches: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Tie switches: 7, 14, 9, 32, 28
Ploss = 202.67 kW Ploss = 139.98 kW
Vmin = 0.9131 Vmin = 0.9413
Binary group search [7] Tie switches: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Tie switches: 6-7, 13-14, 8-9, 31-32, 24-28
Ploss = 202.67 kW Ploss = 139.5 kW
Vmin = 0.9131 Vmin = 0.9378
Gravitational search algorithm [8] Tie switches: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Tie switches: 7, 14, 28, 9, 32
Ploss = 202.4 kW Ploss = 134.61 kW
Vmin = 0.9237 Vmin = 0.9604
Ant colony optimization [9] Tie switches: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Tie switches: 6-7, 13-14, 8-9, 31-32, 24-28
Ploss = 203 kW Ploss = 139.5 kW
Vmin = 0.9131 Vmin = 0.9378
Modified particle swarm [10] Tie switches: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Tie switches: 7-8, 14-15, 9-10, 28-29
Ploss = 202.67 kW Ploss = 139.5 kW
Vmin = 0.9131 Vmin = 0.9378
Bacteria foraging optimization algorithm [11] Ploss = 202.7053 kW Ploss = 135.78 kW
Tie switches: 7, 9, 13, 14, 32
Bee colony optimization [12] Ploss = 202.7053 kW Ploss = 139.5 kW
Vmin = 0.91308 Vmin = 0.9437
WOA (proposed method) Tie switches: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Tie switches: 7-8, 9-10, 14-15, 32-33, 25-29
Ploss = 202.7053 kW Ploss = 139.5697 kW
Vmin = 0.91308 Vmin = 0.93781

5.2. For 69 bus system

The initial configuration of 69 bus system is shown in Figure 4 and the specifications of the system
are shown in Table 4. It is shown from simulation results in Figure 5 and Table 5 that power loss reduced by
55.57% and voltage profile improved to 0.9427. It is shown from simulation results that applying WOA on 69
bus reconfiguration problem helps in reducing power loss by 55.58% and improving voltage profile to 0.942
instead of 0.909. The results of applying WOA on 69 bus system are compared to other heuristic techniques
on the same system in Table 6 and the results were very competitive.

Distribution power system reconfiguration using whale optimization algorithm (Mahmoud Soliman)
54  ISSN: 2252-8792

Table 4. The specifications of 69 bus system [16, 17]

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 9, No. 1, April 2020: 48 – 57

Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  55

Figure 4. 69-bus single-line diagram

Figure 5. Voltage profile of each bus (69 bus system)

Table 5. Simulation results for applying WOA on 69 bus system

Simulation results of 69 bus distribution network
Before reconfiguration After reconfiguration
Tie switches : 69 70 71 72 73 12 13 55 61 69
Power loss : 225.0007 kW 99.949 kW
Power loss reduction: - 55.5784 %
Minimum voltage : 0.90919 pu 0.94275 pu

Table 6. Comparing results with other heuristic methods

Heuristic method used in 69 bus case Before reconfiguration After reconfiguration
Grey wolf optimizer [5] Ploss = 224.78 kW Ploss = 99.58 kW
Vmin = 0.909 Vmin = 0.942
Binary group search [7] Tie switches: 11-43, 13-21, 15-46, 50-59, 27-65 Ploss = 98.78 kW
Ploss = 224.99 kW Vmin = 0.9495
Vmin = 0.909
Gravitational search algorithm [8] Ploss = 225.007 kW Ploss = 98.5718 kW
Vmin = 0.909
Modified particle swarm [10] Ploss = 20.89 kW Ploss = 9.4 kW
WOA (proposed method) Ploss = 225.007 kW Tie switches: 12, 13, 55, 61, 69
Vmin = 0.909 Ploss = 99.949 kW
Vmin = 0.942
Distribution power system reconfiguration using whale optimization algorithm (Mahmoud Soliman)
56  ISSN: 2252-8792

5.3. For 118 bus system

The initial configuration of 118 bus system is shown in Figure 6. The specification of the 118 bus
distribution system is mentioned in [18]. It is shown from Table 7 and Figure 7 that reconfiguration of 118 bus
system contributes to decrease power loss of the system by 32.999% and enhance the minimum voltage profile
of the system from 0.8686 per unit to 0.932 per unit. The results of applying WOA on 118 bus system are
compared to other heuristic techniques on the same system in Table 8 and the results were very competitive.

Figure 6. 118 bus distribution system

Table 7. Simulation results after reconfiguration of 118 bus distribution system

Simulation results of 69 bus distribution network
Before reconfiguration After reconfiguration
Tie switches : 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 23 26 34 39 42 51 58 71 74 95
126 127 128 129 130 131 132 97 109 122 129 130
Power loss : 1298.0861 kW 869.7271 kW
Power loss reduction: - 32.9993 %
Minimum voltage : 0.8698 pu 0.93229 pu

Figure 7. Voltage profile of each bus before and after reconfiguration (118 bus system)

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 Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  57

Table 8. Comparing results with other heuristic methods

Heuristic method used in 118 bus case Before reconfiguration After reconfiguration
Fireworks Algorithms (FWA) [6] Ploss = 1298.09 kW Ploss = 854.06 kW
Vmin = 0.8688 Vmin = 0.9323
Binary group search [7] Ploss = 1294.3 kW Ploss = 806.3 kW
Vmin = 0.9825 Vmin = 0.9711
Ant colony optimization algorithm [9] Ploss = 1294.3 kW Ploss = 865.32 kW
Vmin = 0.9825
Tabu search algorithm [18] Ploss = 1294.3 kW Ploss = 884.63 kW
Vmin = 0.9825 Vmin = 0.9323
Improved tabu search (ITS) [18] Ploss = 1294.3 kW Ploss = 865.86 kW
Vmin = 0.9825 Vmin = 0.9323
Grey wolf optimizer [5] Ploss = 1297.86 kW Ploss = 905.19 kW
Vmin = 0.8688 Vmin = 0.9323
Whale optimization algorithm (proposed method) Ploss = 1298.09 kW Ploss = 877.15 kW
Vmin = 0.8688 Vmin = 0.9323

6. CONCLUSION
This paper introduces the whale optimization algorithm as a new heuristic technique for
reconfiguration of distribution systems. The main advantages of this heuristic method is its simplicity
and saving time for solving large size problems as 33 bus system and 69 bus system. The obtained results in
33 bus system are very completive to other heuristic methods applied in this system and WOA is the fast
convergent to the optimum. The results in the 69 bus system are less completive to others as the minimum
result is 99.94 kW while other heuristic techniques obtain 98.57 kW but the main advantage of WOA still local
optimum avoidance and fast convergence. The results in 118 bus system are competitive and close to other
heuristic methods as minimum results are 869.7 kW with enhanced minimum voltage profile 0.932 per unit.

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