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Bradley s Neurology in Clinical Practice 2 Volume Set
Expert Consult Online and Print 6e 6th Edition Robert B.
Daroff Md Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Robert B. Daroff MD, Gerald M Fenichel MD, Joseph Jankovic
MD, John C Mazziotta MD PhD
ISBN(s): 9781437704341, 1437704344
Edition: 6
File Details: PDF, 133.33 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
 Bradley’s Neurology
in Clinical Practice

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 Bradley’s Neurology
in Clinical Practice
Volume I: Principles of Diagnosis and Management
Sixth Edition

Robert B. Daroff, MD
Professor and Chair Emeritus of Neurology
School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio

Gerald M. Fenichel, MD
Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics
Department of Neurology/Pediatrics
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Neurologist-in-Chief
Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital of Vanderbilt
Nashville, Tennessee

Joseph Jankovic, MD
Professor of Neurology
Distinguished Chair in Movement Disorders
Director, Parkinson Disease Center and Movement
Disorders Clinic
Department of Neurology
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas

John C. Mazziotta, MD, PhD

Chair, Department of Neurology
Pierson-Lovelace Investigator
Stark Chair in Neurology
Director, Brain Mapping Center
Associate Director, Semel Institute
David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California–Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899

BRADLEY’S NEUROLOGY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE ISBN: 978-1-4377-0434-1

Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1991 by Saunders, Volume 1 Part Number: 9996085309
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Volume 2 Part Number: 9996085368

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Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bradley’s neurology in clinical practice.—6th ed. / [edited by] Robert B. Daroff … [et al.].
   v. ; cm.
Neurology in clinical practice
Rev. ed. of: Neurology in clinical practice / edited by Walter G. Bradley … [et al.]. 5th ed. c2008.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. Principles of diagnosis and management—v. 2. Neurological disorders.
ISBN 978-1-4377-0434-1 (set : hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 9996085309 (v. 1 : hardcover : alk. paper)—
ISBN 9996085368 (v. 2 : hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Daroff, Robert B. II. Bradley, W. G. (Walter George) III. Neurology in clinical practice. IV. Title:
Neurology in clinical practice.
[DNLM: 1. Nervous System Diseases. 2. Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological. WL 140]
616.8—dc23
   2011030671

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Contributors
Bassel W. Abou-Khalil, MD Joachim M. Baehring, MD, DSc Marvin Bergsneider, MD
Professor of Neurology Associate Professor of Neurology, Medicine, and Professor
Director, Epilepsy Division Neurosurgery Department of Neurosurgery
Vanderbilt University Yale University School of Medicine Director, Adult Hydrocephalus Program
Nashville, Tennessee New Haven, Connecticut Co-Director, Benign Skullbase and Pituitary
Tumor Program
Peter Adamczyk, MD Laura J. Balcer, MD, MSCE University of California–Los Angeles Medical
Vascular Neurology Fellow Professor of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Center
Department of Neurology Epidemiology Los Angeles, California
University of California–Los Angeles Medical Department of Neurology
Center University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Francois Bethoux, MD
Los Angeles, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Director, Rehabiliation Services
The Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis
Bela Ajtai, MD, PhD Robert W. Baloh, MD Treatment and Research
Clinical Assistant Professor of Neurology Professor, Department of Neurology The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Neuroimager Division of Head and Neck Surgery Cleveland, Ohio
Dent Neurologic Institute University of California School of Medicine
Amherst, New York Los Angeles, California José Biller, MD, FACP, FAAN, FAHA
Professor and Chair
Jeffrey C. Allen, MD Garni Barkhoudarian, MD Department of Neurology
Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology Pituitary and Neuroendoscopy Fellow Loyola University Chicago
New York University Brigham and Women’s Hospital Stritch School of Medicine
Langone Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Maywood, Illinois
New York, New York
J.D. Bartleson, MD David F. Black, MD
Anthony A. Amato, MD Consultant, Department of Neurology Assistant Professor of Neurology
Vice-Chairman of Neurology Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Associate Professor of Neurology Rochester, Minnesota
Professor of Neurology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic
Harvard Medical School Rochester, Minnesota Christopher J. Boes, MD
Boston, Massachusetts Associate Professor of Neurology
Tracy T. Batchelor, MD Consultant, Department of Neurology
Michael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc Professor of Neurology Mayo Clinic
Professor, Department of Neurology Harvard Medical School Rochester, Minnesota
University of California–San Francisco Chief of Neuro-Oncology
San Francisco, California Massachusetts General Hospital Nicholas Boulis, MD
Boston, Massachusetts Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery
Liana G. Apostolova, MD, MSc Emory University
Assistant Professor of Neurology J. David Beckham, MD Atlanta, Georgia
Department of Neurology Assistant Professor Adjunct Assistant Professor of Neurology
David Geffen School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases University of Michigan School of Medicine
University of California–Los Angeles Department of Medicine, Neurology, and Ann Arbor, Michigan
Los Angeles, California Microbiology
University of Colorado Helen M. Bramlett, PhD
Alon Y. Avidan, MD, MPH Anschultz Medical Campus Associate Professor
Associate Professor of Neurology Aurora, Colorado University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Director, UCLA Sleep Disorders Center Miami, Florida
Director, UCLA Neurology Clinic Leigh Beglinger, MD
UCLA, Department of Neurology Associate Professor, Neuropsychology Michael H. Brooke, MD
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Professor Emeritus, Departments of Medicine
Los Angeles, California Iowa City, Iowa and Neurology, University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Joseph R. Berger, MD
Ruth L. Works Professor and Chairman
Neurology
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky

v
vi Contributors

Joseph Bruni, MD, FRCP(C) Tanuja Chitnis, MD Steven T. DeKosky, MD, FACP, FAAN
Consultant Neurologist Assistant Professor in Neurology Vice President and Dean
Division of Neurology Department of Neurology James Carroll Flippin Professor of Medical
St. Michael’s Hospital Brigham and Women’s Hospital Science
Associate Professor of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Professor of Neurology
Division of Neurology University of Virginia School of Medicine
University of Toronto Sudhansu Chokroverty, MD, FRCP Physician in Chief
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Professor of Neuroscience University of Virginia Medical Center
Seton Hall University Charlottesville, Virginia
W. Bryan Burnette, MD, MS South Orange, New Jersey
Assistant Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics Professor and Co-Chair of Neurology W. Dalton Dietrich, PhD
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Program Director of Sleep Medicine and Scientific Director
Nashville, Tennessee Clinical Neurophysiology The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis
New Jersey Neuroscience Institute at JFK Professor of Neurological Surgery, Neurology,
Edgar A. Buttner, MD, PhD Medical Center and Cell Biology and Anatomy
Instructor of Psychiatry Edison, New Jersey University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Harvard Medical School Clinical Professor of Neurology Miami, Florida
Boston, Massachusetts Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Director of the Pharmacogenomics Section New Brunswick, New Jersey Bruce H. Dobkin, MD
Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory Professor of Neurology
McLean Hospital Paul E. Cooper, MD, FRCPC David Geffen School of Medicine
Belmont, Massachusetts Professor of Neurology University of California–Los Angeles
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences Los Angeles, California
David J. Capobianco, MD Division of Neurology
Associate Professor Department of Medicine Richard L. Doty, BS, MA, PhD
Department of Neurology Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Director
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine University of Western Ontario Smell and Taste Center
Jacksonville, Florida Interim Chair/Chief Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology:
London Health Sciences Centers and St. Joseph’s Head and Neck Surgery
Alan Carson, MBChB, MPhil, MD, FRCP Health Care University of Pennsylvania Medical Center
Consultant Neuropsychiatrist London, Ontario, Canada Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Robert Fergusson Unit
Royal Edinburgh Hospital Jeffrey L. Cummings, MD Gary Duckwiler, MD
Edinburgh, Scotland Director Professor of Radiology
Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center Director of Clinical Affairs and Fellowship
Robert Cavaliere, MD for Brain Health Director
Assistant Professor of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Las Vegas, Nevada Division of Interventional Neuroradiology
and Oncology Fellowship Program
Department of Neurosurgery F. Michael Cutrer, MD David Geffen School of Medicine
Ohio State University Associate Professor University of California–Los Angeles
Columbus, Ohio Mayo Medical School Los Angeles, California
Consultant in Neurology
David A. Chad, MD Mayo Clinic Joshua R. Dusick, MD
Associate Professor of Neurology Rochester, Minnesota Research Associate
Harvard Medical School Department of Neurosurgery
Neurologist Josep Dalmau, MD, PhD University of California–Los Angeles
Massachusetts General Hospital Adjunct Professor of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts University of Pennsylvania University of California—Los Angeles
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Los Angeles, California
Gisela Chelimsky, MD Research Professor at Institució Catalana de
Pediatric Gastroenterology Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), IDIBAPS, Ronald G. Emerson, MD
Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Hospital Clínic Attending Neurologist
Cleveland, Ohio University of Barcelona Hospital for Special Surgery
Barcelona, Spain New York, New York
Thomas Chelimsky, MD
Professor of Neurology Robert B. Daroff, MD Gerald M. Fenichel, MD
Department of Neurology Professor and Chair Emeritus of Neurology Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics
Director, Autonomic Disorders, Neuromuscular School of Medicine Department of Neurology/Pediatrics
Center, Neurologic Institute Case Western Reserve University Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio Neurologist-in-Chief
Case School of Medicine Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital
Cleveland, Ohio Ranan DasGupta, MA, MD, MRCS, MBBChir of Vanderbilt
Consultant Urological Surgeon Nashville, Tennessee
William P. Cheshire, Jr., MD St. Mary’s Hospital
Professor of Neurology London, United Kingdom
Mayo Clinic
Jacksonville, Florida
 Contributors vii

Richard G. Fessler, MD, PhD Daniel H. Geschwind, MD Fred H. Hochberg, MD

Professor Gordon and Virginia MacDonald Distinguished Neuro-Oncology
Department of Neurosurgery Chair Attending Neuro-Oncologist
Northwestern University Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Human Massachusetts General Hospital
Chicago, Illinois Genetics Boston, Massachusetts
University of California–Los Angeles
Laura Flores-Sarnat, MD Los Angeles, California Maria K. Houtchens, MD, M. Msci
Paediatric Neurologist Assistant Professor of Neurology
Division of Paediatric Neurology Michael D. Geschwind, MD, PhD Harvard Medical School
Department of Paediatrics Associate Professor Director, Women’s Health Program
Alberta Children’s Hospital Neurology Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Memory and Aging Center Brigham and Women’s Hospital
University of California–San Francisco Boston, Massachusetts
Brent L. Fogel, MD, PhD San Francisco, California
Assistant Professor Monica P. Islam, MD
Neurology Meredith R. Golomb, MD, MSc Assistant Professor
University of California–Los Angeles Associate Professor Clinical Pediatrics—Child Neurology
Los Angeles, California Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Ohio State University
Neurology Columbus, Ohio
Clare J. Fowler, MSc, FRCP, MBBS Indiana University School of Medicine
Professor of Uro-Neurology Indianapolis, Indiana Joseph Jankovic, MD
Institute of Neurology Professor of Neurology
University College London Nestor Gonzalez, MD Distinguished Chair in Movement Disorders
Consultant Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery and Director, Parkinson Disease Center and
National Hospital for Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology Movement Disorders Clinic
Neurosurgery Ruth and Raymond Stotter Chair in Department of Neurology
London, United Kingdom Neurosurgery Baylor College of Medicine
Neurosurgery and Radiology Houston, Texas
Jennifer E. Fugate, DO David Geffen School of Medicine
Department of Neurology University of California–Los Angeles Michael Jansen, MBBCh (Witwatersrand),
Mayo Clinic Los Angeles, California DTM&H (Witwatersrand), FRCPath
Rochester, Minnesota Consultant Neuropathologist
Mark Hallett, MD Neuropathology
Martin J. Gallager, MD, PhD Chief, Human Motor Control Section Beaumont Hospital
Assistant Professor of Neurology National Institute of Neurological Disorders Dublin, Ireland
Vanderbilt University and Stroke
Nashville, Tennessee National Institutes of Health S. Andrew Josephson, MD
Bethesda, Maryland Associate Professor of Neurology
Sharon L. Gardner, MD University of California–San Francisco
Associate Professor Aline I. Hamati, MD San Francisco, California
Pediatrics Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatric
New York University Neurology Matthias A. Karajannis, MD, MS
New York, New York Indiana University Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children New York University School of Medicine
Ivan Garza, MD Indianapolis, Indiana New York, New York
Assistant Professor of Neurology
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Leif A. Havton, MD Carlos S. Kase, MD
Consultant, Department of Neurology Assistant Professor Professor of Neurology
Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine
Rochester, Minnesota University of California–Los Angeles Neurologist-in-Chief
School of Medicine Boston Medical Center
Carissa Gehl, PhD Attending Neurologist, Neurologic Rehabilitation Boston, Massachusetts
Staff Neuropsychologist and Research Unit
Mental Health Service Line University of California–Los Angeles Medical Bashar Katirji, MD
Iowa City VA Health Care System Center Director, Neuromuscular Center and EMG
Iowa City, Iowa Los Angeles, California Laboratory
Neurological Institute
David S. Geldmacher, MD, FACP Reid R. Heffner, Jr., MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Patsy and Charles Collat Endowed Professor and Chair Professor, Department of Neurology
Scholar in Neuroscience Department of Pathology and Anatomical Case Western Reserve University School
Professor of Neurology Sciences of Medicine
University of Alabama at Birmingham University of Buffalo School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio
Birmingham, Alabama Buffalo, New York

Alan Hill, MD, PhD

Professor
Pediatric Division of Neurology
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
viii Contributors

Kevin A. Kerber, MD Abhay Kumar, MD Betsy B. Love, MD

Assistant Professor Fellow, Department of Neurology Adjunct Associate Professor
University of Michigan Health System Barnes-Jewish Hospital Department of Neurology
Ann Arbor, Michigan Washington University School of Medicine Loyola University Chicago
St. Louis, Missouri Stritch School of Medicine
Geoffrey A. Kerchner, MD, PhD Maywood, Illinois
Assistant Professor of Neurology and John F. Kurtzke, MD, FACP, FAAN
Neurological Sciences Professor Emeritus, Neurology Fred D. Lublin, MD
Stanford Center for Memory Disorders Georgetown University Saunders Family Professor of Neurology
Stanford University School of Medicine Washington, DC Department of Neurology
Stanford, California Distinguished Professor, Neurology Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Uniformed Services University Professor, Department of Neurology
Samia J. Khoury, MD Bethesda, Maryland Mount Sinai Hospital
Jack, Sadie and David Breakstone Professor Consultant, Neurology Service Director, Department of Neurology
of Neurology Veterans Affairs Medical Center Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Washington, DC Multiple Sclerosis
Co-Director New York, New York
Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center Anthony E. Lang, MD, FRCPC
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Professor Robert L. Macdonald, PhD, MD
Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Neurology Professor and Chair of Neurology
University of Toronto Professor of Pharmacology
Howard S. Kirshner, BA, MD Director of Movement Disorders Center and the Professor of Molecular Physiology and
Professor and Vice Chair Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease Biophysics
Department of Neurology Toronto Western Hospital Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Vanderbilt University Medical Center Toronto, Ontario, Canada Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville, Tennessee
Patrick J.M. Lavin, MB, BCH, BAO, MRCPI William Mack, MD
Daniel Koontz, MD Professor of Neurology Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery
Neurological Institute Professor of Ophthalmology University of Southern California
University Hospitals Case Medical Center Vanderbilt Eye Institute Los Angeles, California
Assistant Professor Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Case Western Reserve University Nashville, Tennessee Neil Martin, MD
Cleveland, Ohio Professor and Chair of Neurosurgery
David S. Liebeskind, MD University of California–Los Angeles Stroke
Anita Koshy, MD Professor of Neurology Center
Instructor Neurology Director, Stroke Imaging Director, Aneurysm and AVM Program
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Co-Medical and Co-Technical Director, UCLA University of California–Los Angeles
Disease Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory Los Angeles, California
Instructor Program Director, Stroke and Vascular
Department of Neurology and Neurological Neurology Residency Joseph C. Masdeu, MD, PhD
Sciences Associate Neurology Director Head, Molecular Neuroimaging Group
Stanford University School of Medicine UCLA Stroke Center Section on Integrative Neuroimaging
Stanford, California Los Angeles, California National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Sarah A. Kremen, MD Eric Lindzen, MD, PhD Adjunt Professor of Neurology
Associate Physician Jacobs Neurological Institute New York Medical College
Department of Neurology School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Valhalla, New York
Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease State University of New York at Buffalo
Research Buffalo, New York John C. Mazziotta, MD, PhD
David Geffen School of Medicine Chair, Department of Neurology
University of California–Los Angeles Alan H. Lockwood, MD Pierson-Lovelace Investigator
Los Angeles, California Emeritus Professor Stark Chair in Neurology
Neurology and Nuclear Medicine Director, Brain Mapping Center
Roger W. Kula, MD University at Buffalo Associate Director, Semel Institute
Associate Professor of Neurology and Buffalo, New York David Geffen School of Medicine
Neurosurgery University of California–Los Angeles
Hofstra North Shore–LIJ School of Medicine David N. Louis, MD Los Angeles, California
Hempstead, New York Benjamin Castleman Professor of Pathology
Medical Director, The Chiari Institute Department of Pathology Mario F. Mendez, MD, PhD
Cushing Neuroscience Institutes Harvard Medical School Director, Neurobehavior
North Shore University Hospital Pathologist-in-Chief, Pathology Service Neurology
Great Neck, New York Massachusetts General Hospital VA of Greater Los Angeles
Boston, Massachusetts Professor
Neurology, Psychiatry, and Biobehavioral
Sciences
David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California–Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
 Contributors ix

Matthew N. Meriggioli, MD Evan D. Murray, MD Gregory M. Pastores, MD

Director Instructor in Neurology Associate Professor
Division of Neuromuscular Medicine Harvard Medical School Neurology and Pediatrics
Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Boston, Massachusetts New York University School of Medicine
University of Illinois Consultant Neurologist New York, New York
Chicago, Illinois McLean Hospital
Belmont, Massachusetts Jane S. Paulsen, PhD
Philipp T. Meyer, MD, PhD Assistant in Neurology Professor
Department of Nuclear Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurosciences,
University Hospital Freiburg Boston, Massachusetts and Psychology
Freiburg, Germany University of Iowa
Ruth Nass, MD Iowa City, Iowa
Dominique S. Michaud, ScD Professor of Child Neurology, Child and
Associate Professor of Epidemiology Adolescent Psychiatry, and Pediatrics Timothy A. Pedley, MD
Department of Epidemiology New York University Langone Medical Center Professor of Neurology
Brown Public Health New York, New York Department of Neurology
Brown University Columbia University Medical Center
Providence, Rhode Island John G. Nutt, MD New York, New York
Visiting Reader, School of Public Health Professor of Neurology, Physiology, and
Imperial College Pharmacology Arie Perry, MD
London, United Kingdom Oregon Health and Science University Associate Professor, Department of Pathology
Portland VA Medical Center Division of Neuropathology
Aaron E. Miller, MD Portland, Oregon Washington University School of Medicine
Professor, Department of Neurology Associate Pathologist
Maimonides Hospital Marc R. Nuwer, MD, PhD Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s Hospitals
Brooklyn, New York Professor, Department of Neurology Saint Louis, Missouri
Professor, Department of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine
Mount Sinai School of Medicine University of California–Los Angeles Alan Pestronk, MD
Mount Sinai Hospital Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Professor
Medical Director, Department of Neurology Ronald Reagan University of California–Los Neurology, Immunology, and Pathology
Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Angeles Medical Center Director
Multiple Sclerosis Los Angeles, California Neuromuscular Clinical Laboratory
New York, New York Washington University School of Medicine
Michael S. Okun, MD Saint Louis, Missouri
Karl E. Misulis, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Neurology
Clinical Professor Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery Ronald F. Pfeiffer, MD
Neurology University of Florida Center for Movement Professor and Vice Chair
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Disorders and Neurorestoration Neurology
Nashville, Tennessee McKnight Brain Institute University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Neurologist Gainesville, Florida Memphis, Tennessee
West Tennessee Neurosciences
West Tennessee Healthcare Justin J.F. O’Rourke, MA Sashank Prasad, MD
Jackson, Tennessee Departments of Psychiatry and Instructor in Neurology and
Counseling Psychology Neuro-Ophthalmology
Hiroshi Mitsumoto, MD University of Iowa Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Wesley J. Howe Professor of Neurology Iowa City, Iowa Harvard Medical School
Department of Neurology Psychology Service Boston, Massachusetts
Columbia University College of Physicians South Texas Veterans Health Care System
and Surgeons San Antonio, Texas David C. Preston, MD
Director, The Eleanor and Lou Gehrig Professor of Neurology
MDA/ALS Research Center Ajay K. Pandey, MD Program Director
Head, Neuromuscular Diseases Division Neurology Resident Neurology Residency
Columbia-Presbyterian Hospitals University of Florida College of Medicine University Hospitals Case Medical Center
New York, New York Gainesville, Florida Cleveland, Ohio

Brian Murray, MB, BCh, BAO, MSc Jalesh N. Panicker, MD, DM, DNB, Bruce H. Price, MD
Consultant Neurologist MRCP(UK) Associate Professor, Department of Neurology
Hermitage Medical Clinic Consultant Neurologist Harvard Medical School
Blackrock Clinic Department of Uro-Neurology Boston, Massachusetts
Dublin, Ireland National Hospital for Neurology and Chief, Department of Neurology
Neurosurgery McLean Hospital
Honorary Senior Lecturer Belmont, Massachusetts
UCL Institute of Neurology Associate Neurologist
London, United Kingdom Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
x Contributors

Louis J. Ptáček, MD Richard B. Rosenbaum, MD David Schiff, MD

John C. Coleman Distinguished Professorship Neurology Division Harrison Distinguished Teaching Professor of
of Neurology The Oregon Clinic Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and Medicine
University of California–San Francisco Medical Director (Hematology-Oncology)
Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Providence Center for Parkinson’s Disease Co-Director, Neuro-Oncology Center
San Francisco, California Affiliate Professor of Neurology University of Virginia
Oregon Health and Science University Charlottesville, Virginia
Alejandro A. Rabinstein, MD Portland, Oregon
Professor of Neurology James W. Schmidley, MD
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Gary A. Rosenberg, MD Professor of Neurology
Consultant, St. Mary’s Hospital–Mayo Clinic Professor of Neurology, Neurosciences, and Cell Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine
Rochester, Minnesota Biology and Physiology Roanoke, Virginia
Chairman
Tyler Reimschisel, MD Department of Neurology Michael J. Schneck, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery
Director, Division of Developmental Medicine Center Vice Chair, Department of Neurology
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico Loyola University Chicago
Nashville, Tennessee Stritch School of Medicine
Myrna R. Rosenfeld, MD, PhD Medical Director, Neurointensive Care Unit
Bernd F. Remler, MD Professor of Neurology Associate Director, Stroke Unit
Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology Hospital Clinic/IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona Loyola University Medical Center
Medical College of Wisconsin Barcelona, Spain Maywood, Illinois
Section of Neurology Adjunct Professor of Neurology
Clement Zablocki VA Medical Center University of Pennsylvania D. Malcolm Shaner, MD, FAAN
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Consultant in Neurology
Southern California Permanente Medical Group
Michel Rijntjes, MD Gail Ross, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Neurology
Department of Neurology Associate Professor of Psychology in Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine
University Clinic Freiburg and Psychiatry Los Angeles, California
Freiburg, Germany Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, New York Barbara E. Shapiro, MD, PhD
E. Steve Roach, MD Associate Professor of Neurology
Professor of Child Neurology Janet C. Rucker, MD Department of Neurology
Ohio State University Associate Professor of Neurology and Case Western Reserve University
College of Medicine Ophthalmology School of Medicine
Columbus, Ohio Mount Sinai Medical Center Director, Neuromuscular Research
New York, New York Department of Neurology
David Robertson, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Elton Yates Professor of Medicine, Donald B. Sanders, MD Cleveland, Ohio
Pharmacology, and Neurology Professor, Medicine/Neurology
Director, Clinical Research Center Duke University Medical Center Patrick Shih, MD
Vanderbilt University Durham, North Carolina Clinical Instructor
Nashville, Tennessee Neurological Surgery
Harvey B. Sarnat, MD, FRCPC Northwestern University
Lisa R. Rogers, DO Professor Chicago, Illinois
Director, Medical Neuro-Oncology Departments of Paediatrics, Pathology
The Neurological Institute (Neuropathology), and Clinical Neurosciences Roger P. Simon, MD
University Hospitals Case Medical Center University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine Adjunct Professor
Professor of Neurology Alberta Children’s Hospital Departments of Neurology, Physiology, and
Case Western Reserve University School Calgary, Alberta, Canada Pharmacology
of Medicine Oregon Health and Sciences University
Cleveland, Ohio Aman Savani, MD Director and Chair
Neurology Center for Sleep Disorders Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories
Michael Ronthal, MbBCh, FRCP, FRCPE Bethesda, Maryland Legacy Research
Neurology Portland, Oregon
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Anthony H.V. Schapira, MD, DSc, FRCP,
Professor of Neurology FMedSci Yuen T. So, MD, PhD
Harvard Medical School Professor Professor
Boston, Massachusetts Department of Clinical Neurosciences Neurology and Neurological Sciences
UCL Institute of Neurology Stanford University
Karen Roos, MD London, United Kingdom Stanford, California
John and Nancy Nelson Professor of Neurology
Indiana University School of Medicine Young H. Sohn, MD, PhD
Indianapolis, Indiana Professor
Yonsei University College of Medicine
Seoul, Korea
 Contributors xi

Marylou V. Solbrig, MD, MS Robert L. Tomsak, MD, PhD Mitchell T. Wallin, MD, MPH
Professor of Medicine (Neurology) and Medical Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology Associate Professor of Neurology
Microbiology Wayne State University School of Medicine Georgetown University School of Medicine
University of Manitoba Neuro-Ophthalmologist Neurology Department
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Kresge Eye Institute VA Medical Center
Detroit, Michigan Washington, DC
Martina Stippler, MD
Assistant Professor Po-Heng Tsai, MD Leo H. Wang, MD, PhD
Director of Neurotrauma Department of Neurology Assistant Professor
Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Florida Department of Neurology
University of New Mexico Weston, Florida University of Washington School of Medicine
Albuquerque, New Mexico Seattle, Washington
Bryan Tsao, MD
A. Jon Stoessl, CM, MD, FRCPC, FAAN, Chair, Department of Neurology Cornelius Weiller, MD
FCAHS Associate Professor of Neurology Director, Neurological Clinic
Professor and Head, Neurology Loma Linda University School of Medicine University Medical Center
Canada Research Chair in Parkinson’s Disease Loma Linda, California Freiburg, Germany
Director, Pacific Parkinson’s Research Center and
National Parkinson Foundation Center of Chris Turner, BSc, MB, CHb, MRCP, PhD Patrick Wen, MD
Excellence Consultant Neurologist Professor of Neurology
University of British Columbia and Vancouver MRC Center for Neuromuscular Disease Harvard Medical School
Coastal Health National Hospital for Neurology and Director, Center for Neuro-Oncology
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Neurosurgery Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer
London, United Kingdom Institute
Jon Stone, MB, ChB, FRCP, PhD Director, Division of Cancer
Consultant Neurologist and Honorary Senior Kenneth L. Tyler, MD Department of Neurology
Lecturer Reuler-Lewin Family Professor and Chair Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Department of Clinical Neurosciences of Neurology Boston, Massachusetts
University of Edinburgh Professor of Medicine and Microbiology
Western General Hospital University of Colorado School of Medicine Eelco F.M. Wijdicks, MD, PhD, FACP
Edinburgh, United Kingdom Aurora, Colorado Professor of Neurology
Neurology Service Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
S.H. Subramony, MD Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center Chair, Division of Critical Care Neurology
Professor of Neurology Denver, Colorado Mayo Clinic
McKnight Brain Institute at the University Rochester, Minnesota
of Florida Bert B. Vargas, MD
Gainesville, Florida Neurology Department Guangbin Xia, MD
Mayo Clinic Arizona Assistant Professor
Jerry W. Swanson, MD, FACP Phoenix, Arizona Department of Neurology
Professor of Neurology College of Medicine
College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Ashok Verma, MD, DM, MBA University of Florida
Consultant, Neurology Professor of Neurology Gainesville, Florida
Mayo Clinic Medical Director, Kessenich Family MDA ALS
Rochester, Minnesota Center Marco Zenteno, MD
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Division of Surgical Neurology and
Satoshi Tateshima, MD, DMSc Attending Neurologist Neuroradiology
Associate Clinical Professor Jackson Memorial Hospital National Institute of Neurology and
Interventional Neuroradiology Miami, Florida Neurosurgery
Ronald Reagan University of California–Los Mexico City, Mexico
Angeles Medical Center Fernando Vinuela, MD
Los Angeles, California Professor of Radiology Jiachen Zhou, MD
Department of Radiological Sciences PhD Candidate
Philip D. Thompson, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP Ronald Reagan University of California–Los Department of Epidemiology
Department of Neurology Angeles Medical Center Brown University
Royal Adelaide Hospital Los Angeles, California Providence, Rhode Island
Professor of Neurology
University Department of Medicine Michael Wall, MD YiLi Zhou, MD, PhD
University of Adelaide Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology Medical Director
Adelaide, South Australia University of Iowa Florida Pain and Rehabilitation Center
Staff Physician Courtesy Research Associate Professor
Matthew J. Thurtell, BSc(Med), MBBS, Department of Neurology University of Florida
MSc(Med), FRACP VA Health Care System Gainesville, Florida
Fellow Iowa City, Iowa
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Emory University Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia
Foreword
The first ideas that led to Neurology in Clinical Practice (NICP) highest quality reproduction of halftone illustrations and
originated in Newcastle upon Tyne in the mid-1970s. Profes- chose top-quality china clay paper for the book. The first
sor John Walton—now Lord Walton of Detchant, then profes- edition, divided into Volume I, Principles of Diagnosis and
sor of neurology and dean of the university’s medical Management, and Volume II, The Neurological Disorders,
school—and several of us on the faculty believed we should encompassed 1941 pages plus 88 pages of index and weighed
write a Newcastle neurology textbook. We decided that the 16 pounds; we may have been responsible for a number of
first section would describe how experienced neurologists hernias among our readers. The first edition of NICP received
approach common neurological conditions such as headache, the Most Outstanding Book award for 1991 from the Associa-
walking difficulty, loss of vision, and so on. The second section tion of American Publishers and was greeted with very favor-
would deal with neurological investigations such as neuro- able reviews by all the neurological journals. It soon established
physiology and neuroimaging. The third section would itself as a leading international textbook of neurology.
provide an introduction to related neuroscience disciplines Wishing to keep NICP up to date, we published the second
such as neurogenetics and neuroimmunology. The fourth edition in 1996. We were fortunate to be joined by Susan Pioli,
section would outline the principles of management of neu- then director of medical publishing for Butterworth-
rological conditions, and the fifth would cover all the indi- Heinemann and later neurology publisher for Elsevier. Susan
vidual neurological diseases. The textbook would be divided continued to work with us through the fifth edition. For the
into two volumes, with volume I containing the first four sec- second edition, we selected a number of new authors, and the
tions and volume II the neuro­logical diseases. text was completely rewritten. In editing it, we embraced
The “Newcastle textbook” never got beyond the planning the digital age and went electronic with an added CD version.
stage, and in 1977 I moved to Tufts New England Medical The five sections were merged into three: Part 1, Approach to
Center. There I started the journal, Muscle and Nerve, and was Common Neurological Problems; Part 2, Neurological Inves-
its founding editor for 10 years. However, the concept of an tigations and Related Clinical Neurosciences; and Part 3,
innovative practical textbook of neurology remained at the Neurological Diseases. By slightly reducing the grade of paper,
back of my mind. The opportunity to return to this project we were able to produce a lighter book and accommodate
presented itself in 1987 when a small medical publisher much new material in 2128 pages plus a 117-page index. We
approached me to write a book about neurology. A multi- also produced the Pocket Companion to Neurology in Clinical
author textbook of the magnitude that I conceived needed at Practice, Second Edition, which was almost entirely the work
least four editors who were not only clinicians and research of Gerry Fenichel. It became very popular with residents, who
workers with expertise in the major neurological subspecial- came to refer to it as “the Baby Bradley.”
ties, but who were also established leaders across the breadth For the third edition (published in 2000), besides recruiting
of neurology. I approached Bob Daroff, Gerry Fenichel, and new authors and adding new material, we persuaded Butter-
David Marsden—all giants in the field—and they agreed to worth-Heinemann to publish NICP online, and it became
join me in this project. the first major neurology textbook to be available in that
We chose the title, Neurology in Clinical Practice, because we format. Our initial discussions had revolved around how
wanted the book to be used not only by neurologists in training much material we could get onto a CD—at that time, 500
and practice but also by others whose specialties border upon MB was the maximum capacity—but that was enough space
neurology, such as internists and neurosurgeons. Together, to include only the text and not the illustrations. In the end,
Bob, Gerry, David, and I selected the authors for the 84 chapters we leapfrogged straight into online publishing with www.
that made up the first edition and laid out guidelines for the expertconsult.com, thereby allowing us to add much more
chapter, its content, and format. We set tough time schedules, content, particularly videos of electroencephalograms, elec-
and Bob Daroff, in particular, ensured that our authors met the tromyograms, and eye movements. Tragically, we were in the
deadlines. All four editors reviewed the manuscript for every final stages of production on the third edition when David
submitted chapter to ensure uniformity of style and content. Marsden died; that edition was dedicated to his memory.
During this time, the small medical publishing company For the fourth edition, published in 2004, we invited Joe
was bought by Houghton Mifflin, which was then acquired by Jankovic to join us in David’s place. Joe brought his expertise
Butterworth (later Butterworth-Heinemann), which eventu- in movement disorders and was responsible for adding videos
ally became part of the Elsevier group. Nancy Megley was the of these fascinating conditions to www.expertconsult.com.
publishing editor with Butterworth for the first edition. The This unparalleled teaching tool greatly expanded the educa-
fact that NICP was published at the end of 1990 with a 1991 tional role of NICP. Following the publication of our fourth
copyright is proof of the support we had from our contribu- edition, in collaboration with Karl Misulis, we launched the
tors and Butterworth. Review Manual for Neurology in Clinical Practice, a book of
We devoted a great deal of attention to the technical aspects questions and answers intended as an introduction to board
of textbook production. For instance, we wished to have the examinations.
xii
 Foreword xiii

Butterworth-Heinemann completely revamped the fifth of NICP. It had been an exciting and satisfying 20 years, and
edition of NICP, published in 2008. It was printed in color editing each new edition provided me personally with a com-
with completely redrawn figures to bring it into line with plete neurological update course. For this, the sixth edition of
standard textbook format. Again, with rigorous editing we NICP, my editorial colleagues and the publishers have been
incorporated much new material and removed out-of-date fortunate to persuade John Mazziotta to take my place. He
work. Despite the major explosion of knowledge in the clinical brings a wealth of knowledge about the expanding field of
and basic neurosciences in the previous 17 years, the NICP functional imaging of the nervous system. The NICP sixth
fifth edition had expanded to only 2488 pages. edition retains the structure of the textbook that was concep-
In the 22 years since the first publication of NICP, it has tualized nearly 40 years ago in Newcastle, but the clinical and
become the major international textbook of neurology and scientific contents remain ever new. I have no doubt of the
been translated into Spanish, Italian, Polish, and Turkish. continuing success of our textbook and wish it well.
When making academic visits to medical centers in other
countries, I have found myself lauded as an editor of “the bible, Walter G. Bradley DM, FRCP
Neurology in Clinical Practice.” I know that Bob Daroff, Gerry Professor and Chairman Emeritus
Fenichel, and Joe Jankovic have had the same experience. Department of Neurology
When I stepped down as chair of the Neurology Depart- Miller School of Medicine
ment at the University of Miami in 2007, I decided it was time University of Miami
to move on to other interests and retire from the editorship Miami, Florida
Preface
Neurology in Clinical Practice is a practical textbook of neurol- Neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer disease (AD) in par-
ogy that covers all the clinical neurosciences and provides not ticular, continues to be a worldwide crisis. The financial
only a description of neurological diseases and their patho- aspects associated with AD alone are staggering and have
physiology but also a practical approach to their diagnosis and the capacity to bankrupt the modern world. For example,
management. In the preface to the 1991 first edition of this if no treatment or means to delay AD is found by 2050,
book, we forecasted that major technological and research the annual cost of care for such patients in the United
advances would soon reveal the underlying cause and poten- States will exceed $1 trillion, and the 40-year interval
tial treatment of an ever-increasing number of neurological aggregate cost will exceed $20 trillion. The costs in terms
diseases. of suffering and hardship for patients and their families is
The 20 years that have passed since that prediction have too immense to quantify. As such, there is an urgent need
been filled with the excitement of new discoveries resulting for basic and clinical neuroscience to make progress in
from the blossoming of neurosciences. Clinical neurosci- finding ways to delay the onset of neurodegenerative dis-
ence has taken on the important and challenging problems orders and, ultimately, prevent them.
of neuroprotection in both neurodegenerative disorders There is evidence of some startling new advances in
and acute injuries to the nervous system, such as stroke, neuroscience that are only just being considered today. The
multiple sclerosis, and trauma. In line with this effort, engineering of nanotechnologies into strategies to treat
basic science progress in areas of neuroplasticity and patients with neurological disorders is just beginning. One
neural repair are yielding important results that should can envision a future that includes smart nanoimaging
translate into clinical utility in the near future. Advances agents, nanopumps that can help regulate deranged circuitry
in the genetics of neurological diseases have not only facil- on a local basis, and nanostimulators to participate in the
itated genetic testing but also provided important insights growing field of neuromodulation. In addition, other part-
into the pathogenesis of diseases and helped identify nerships with nanoengineers will produce sensors that can
potential therapeutic targets. Significant advances have monitor not only the external condition of a patient by
taken place in the management of patients with both isch- tracking movements, vital signs, and sleep behaviors but
emic and hemorrhagic stroke. When the first edition of also internal states when such sensors are developed on a
this textbook was published, there was essentially no effec- nano scale.
tive means of treating acute ischemic stroke. Today we We still have a long way to go to reach the ultimate goal
have numerous opportunities to help such patients, and a of being able to understand and treat all neurological dis-
campaign has begun to educate the general public about eases. Neurology remains an intellectually exciting discipline,
the urgency of seeking treatment when stroke symptoms both because of the complexity of the nervous system and
occur. because of the insight that the pathophysiology of neuro-
The advent of teleneurology is also beginning to provide logical disease provides into the workings of the brain and
treatment for patients who lack access to neurological special- mind. Accordingly, we offer the sixth edition of Neurology
ists or whose problems are too complicated for routine man- in Clinical Practice as the updated comprehensive and most
agement in the community. Teleneurology consults are authoritative presentation of both the art and the science
beginning to be provided nationwide across all subspecialties of neurology.
of our discipline, with a particular emphasis on patients who For this edition, the text has been completely rewritten, and
need intraoperative monitoring, critical care neurology, and almost a fifth of the chapters have been prepared by authors
stroke interventions. new to the cadre of contributors. The layout of the pages has
To the benefit of patients, clinical neuroscience has been completely redesigned to provide a user-friendly envi-
partnered with engineering. Neuromodulation has become ronment for accessing the material. The companion website,
an important part of clinical therapy for patients with www.expertconsult.com, has been refined and expanded and
movement disorders and has applications in pain man- includes video and audio material, additional illustrations and
agement and seizure control. Along these same lines, brain- references, and chapters on key related material from other
controlled devices will soon help provide assistance to established neurology texts. It also is regularly updated with
individuals whose mobility or communication skills are minireviews of important new publications in the neuro­
compromised. Recent advances in optogenetics have led logical literature.
to development of techniques that allow exploration and A work of this breadth would not have been possible
manipulation of neural circuitry, which may have thera- without the contributions of many colleagues throughout
peutic applications in a variety of neurologic disorders. the world. We are deeply grateful to them for their selfless
Finally, a search for biomarkers that reliably identify a devotion to neurological education. We are also grateful to
preclinical state and track progression of disease is a our Elsevier counterparts, Lotta Kryhl, content strategist,
promising goal in many neurodegenerative disorders. and Lucia Gunzel, content development manager, who were
xiv
 Preface xv

key in drawing this project together. Additionally, we thank Practice and the website has been invaluable in enhancing
Cindy Thoms, project manager, without whose energy and our educational goals.
efficiency the high quality of production and rapidity of Robert B. Daroff, MD
publication of this work would not have been achieved. Gerald M. Fenichel, MD
Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the contributions of our Joseph Jankovic, MD
readers, whose feedback regarding Neurology in Clinical John C. Mazziotta, MD, PhD
Video Contents

32A Electrocephalography and Evoked Potentials 32B-27 Complex Repetitive Discharge—Abruptly

32A-1 Seizure 1 Stopping
32A-2 Seizure 2 32B-28 Complex Repetitive Discharge—Abrupt
32A-3 Seizure 3 Change in Configuration
32B Clinical Electromyography 32B-29 Complex Repetitive Discharge—Multiple
32B-1 End-Plate Noise Quantal Jumps
32B-2 End-Plate Spikes 32B-30 Complex Repetitive Discharge—Extremely
Complex
32B-3 Fibrillation Potential
32B-31 Neuromyotonic Discharge
32B-4 Positive Sharp Wave
32B-32 Cramp Discharge
32B-5 Fibrillation Potential Changing to a
Positive Sharp Wave with Needle 32B-33 Normal Potential at Slight Concentration
Movement 32B-34 Normal Activation and Recruitment
32B-6 Fibrillations / Positive Sharp Waves 1+ 32B-35 Polyphasic
32B-7 Fibrillations / Positive Sharp Waves 2+ 32B-36 Early Reinnervation
32B-8 Fibrillations / Positive Sharp Waves 3+ 32B-37 Reinnervation—Long Duration and
32B-9 Fibrillations / Positive Sharp Waves 4+ Polyphasic

32B-10 Fasciculation Potential 32B-38 Chronic Reinnervation—Long Duration

and Increased Amplitude
32B-11 Fasciculation Potential—Reinnervated
Potential 32B-39 Slightly Decreased Recruitment

32B-12 Fasciculation Potential—Very Slow 32B-40 Moderately Decreased Recruitment

Frequency 32B-41 Markedly Decreased Recruitment
32B-13 Fasciculation Potential—Multiple 32B-42 Reduced Recruitment with Normal MUAP
Potentials Morphology
32B-14 Myotonic Discharges 32B-43 Satellite Potentials
32B-15 Myotonic Discharges and Positive Sharp 32B-44 Two Satellite Potentials
Waves 32B-45 Polyphasic Motor Unit Action Potential
32B-16 Myokymic Discharge with Satellite Potentials
32B-17 Myokymic Discharge—Two Overlapping 32B-46 Satellite Potential with Intermittent
Discharges Blocking
32B-18 Myokymic Discharge—Very Long 32B-47 Unstable
Discharge 32B-48 Polyphasic and Unstable
32B-19 Myokymic Discharges, Doublets, and 32B-49 Nascent Units
Multiplets 32B-50 Brief Duration, Short Amplitude, and
32B-20 Myokymic Discharges and Fasciculation Polyphasic Motor Unit Action Potentials
Potentials 32B-51 Poor Activation
32B-21 Myokymic Discharges—Multiple 35 Neuro-ophthalmology: Ocular Motor System
Discharges 35-1 Internuclear Opthalmoplegia
32B-22 Myotonia/Myokymia—Translational 35-2 Gaze-Evoked Nystagmus
Waveform
35-3 Forced Ductions
32B-23 Rest Tremor
37 Neuro-otology: Diagnosis and Management of
32B-24 Doublets Neuro-otological Disorders
32B-25 Doublets, Triplets, and Singlets 37-1 Acute Peripheral Vestibular Nystagmus
32B-26 Complex Repetitive Discharge 37-2 Ocular Flutter
xxi
xxii Video Contents

37-3 Gaze-Evoked Nystagmus and Imparied (in Contrast to Patients with Parkinson’s
Smooth Pursuit Disease Who Turn En Bloc)
37-4 Gaze-Evoked Downbeating Nystagmus Supp Video 8 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy;
37-5 Hypermetric Saccades Marked Vertical Ophthalmoparesis,
Perseveration of Gaze to Left even though
37-6 Head-Thrust Tests the Body Faces Forward
37-7 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Supp Video 9 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy;
37-8 Epley Maneuver Typical Facial Expression with Deep Facial
Folds, Square Wave Jerks on Primary
70 Cranial Neuropathies
Gaze, Slow Saccades, Inappropriate
70-1 Large Left Hypertropia Secondary to Right
Laughter (Pseudobulbar Palsy), Right
Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
Arm Levitation
70-2 Left Appendicular Ataxia
Supp Video 10 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy;
70-3 Prominent Left Ptosis Deep Facial Folds, Vertical
70-4 Impaired Adduction, Elevation, and Ophthalmoplegia, Marked Postural
Depression with Intact Abduction of the Instability, Slumps into a Chair
Left Nerve Supp Video 11 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy;
70-5 Bilateral Abduction Deficits Secondary Deep Facial Folds, Apraxia of Eyelid
to Demyelinating Bilateral Abducens Opening, in Addition to Vertical
Palsies Ophthalmopareses, Patient Demonstrates
70-6 Esotropia Evidence of Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia,
the Presence of Right Arm Tremor (Atypical
70-7 Facial Nerve Function in a Patient with a for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy)
History of Right Facial Palsy 2 Years ago Suggests the Co-Existence of Parkinson’s
and Current Left Facial Palsy Disease
74 Disorders of the Upper and Lower Motor Neurons Supp Video 12 Multiple System Atrophy; Patient
74-1 Patient 2 Showing Fasciculations in Describes Symptoms of Dysautonomia,
Quadriceps Demonstrates Flexion of the Neck and
74-2 Patient 3 (Babinski Sign) Apraxia of Eyelid Opening, Typical of
MSA
74-3 Walking Showing Footdrop Because of
Dorsifelxor Weakness Supp Video 13 Corticobasal Degeneration; Patient
Describes Apraxia of Left Leg,
Supp Video Movement Disorders Demonstrates Ideomotor Apraxia in Left
Supp Video 1 Parkinson’s Disease: Marked Flexion More than Right Hand and Marked Left
of the Trunk (Camptorcormia Because of Leg and Foot Apraxia
PD-Related Skeletal Deformity
Supp Video 14 Corticobasal Degeneration; Patient
Supp Video 2 Parkinson’s Disease: Marked Neck Describes Alien Hand Phenomenon in the
and Trunk Flexion (Camptocormia) Due to Right Arm, Demonstrates Marked Apraxia
PD-Related Dystonic Neck and Trunk in the Right More than Left Hand,
Flexion, Improved after Botulinum Toxin Spontaneous and Evoked Myoclonus in
Injections into Rectus Abdominus Bilaterally the Right Hand, Markedly Impaired
Supp Video 3 Parkinson’s Disease; Striatal Hand Graphesthesia
Deformity Supp Video 15 Corticobasal Degeneration; Evoked
Supp Video 4 Parkinson’s Disease; Patient with Hand and Arm Myoclonus
Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease and Gait Supp Video 16 Corticobasal Degeneration;
Difficulty Due to Freezing (Motor Blocks) Patient Describes Right Alien Hand
Supp Video 5 Parkinson’s Disease; Patient Phenomenon, Right Hand Myoclonus,
Describes Levodopa-Induced Visual Marked Ideomotor Apraxia in the Right
Hallucinations (e.g., Seeing and Picking More than Left Hand
Worms) Supp Video 17 Vascular Parkinsonism; Broad-
Supp Video 6 Parkinson’s Disease; Levodopa- Based Gait, Freezing on Turning (Lower
Induced Dyskinesia Body Parkinsonism) Associated with
Binswanger’s Disease (See Head MRI)
Supp Video 7 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy;
Typical Worried, Frowning Facial Supp Video 18 Vascular Parkinsonism; Gait
Expression (Procerus Sign), Apraxia of Initiation Failure (Pure Freezing)
Eyelid Opening, Although Vertical Supp Video 19 Essential Tremor; Marked
(Downward) Gaze is Preserved, Vertical Improvement in Right Hand Tremor with
Optokinetic Nystagmus is Absent, When Contralateral Deep Brain Stimulation of
Walking Patient Pivots on Turning the VIM Thalamus
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 Music - Mind Map
Fall 2025 - Faculty

Prepared by: Instructor Williams

Date: August 12, 2025

Review 1: Best practices and recommendations

Learning Objective 1: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Topic 2: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 16: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 19: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 3: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 20: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 34: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 35: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 36: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 5: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 43: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 47: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Part 6: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 55: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 57: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 58: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 8: Key terms and definitions
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 71: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 72: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 76: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 78: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 9: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 85: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 88: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 10: Interdisciplinary approaches
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 11: Experimental procedures and results
Practice Problem 100: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 102: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 105: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 107: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 12: Best practices and recommendations
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 111: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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